Health and Diseases Flashcards
health is…
state of complete physical, mental & social well-being
what is Infant mortality rate (IMR)
no. of infants that die before reaching 1 year of age per 1000 live births per year
life expectancy is….
avg no. of years from time of birth that a person can expect to live
LDCs tend to have higher/lower infant mortality rate, higher/lower life expectancy
IMR: higher
Life expectancy: lower
Social factors affecting health of people DCs and LDCs
education
lifestyle choices
diet
Economic factors affecting health of people DCs and LDCs
poverty & affluence
investment in healthcare
Environmental factors affecting health of people DCs and LDCs
Living conditions
access to safe drinking water
proper sanitation
How does education affect health of people?
education> ppl know how to live healthy>have higher income>enable better medical treatment
how does lifestyle choices affect people’s health?
smoking in LDCs make up 80% of 1B smokers
healthy lifestyle reduce risk of diseases> high quality of life
How does diet affect health of people?
poor diet> malnutrition
excess nutrients> overweight/obese,
both cannot function properly
how does poverty affect health of people?
limits purchasing power>cannot afford healthcare>face health risks
they also cannot afford vaccinations
how does investment in healthcare and access to health services affect health of people?
higher investment in healthcare>more available, accessible, affordable to people>more people have capacity to get healthcare
How does living conditions affect health of people?
durable house: protect against extreme condition
sufficient living space: no overcrowding reduce risk of virus outbreak
how does safe drinking water affect health of people?
less water-borne diseases e.g. cholera
less breeding ground for mosquitoes
how does proper sanitation affect health of people?
control & manage human waste, solid/liquid waste
reduce amt of waste for pest to feed on>less pests
2 types of disease in both LDCs and DCs
Degenerative
Infectious
infectious diseases are…
communicable/contagious transmitted by microorganisms
more prevalent in LDCs
Degenerative diseases…
are not contagious, gradual break down
more prevalent in DCs b/c people lifestyle & diet
2 different scales of disease outbreak
epidemic
pandemic
epidemic is…
infectious disease spread rapidly to many ppl in short time
2010 cholera haiti
pandemic is…
spread of disease across large area
e.g. SARS 2003
how is malaria transmitted
female mosquito(anopheles)
mode of malaria transmission
human-mosquito-human chain
human infected, mosquito bite blood>infected then infect another human
1 social factor that contribute to spread of malaria
lack of proper sanitation
1 economic factor that contribute to spread of malaria
limited provision of and access to healthcare
3 environmental factors that contribute to spread of malaria
overcrowded living conditions
poor drainage & stagnant water
effect of climate
how does limited provision of & access to healthcare contribute to spread of malaria?
costly for treatment
people tend to seek cheaper & ineffective treatment
how does overcrowded living conditions contribute to spread of malaria?
large no. of people together
enable diseases to spread quickly & easily b/c people tend to share same spaces, use same items
how does poor drainage & stagnant water contribute to spread of malaria?
poor drainage>formation of stagnant water
suitable for mosquitoes to breed
how does climate contribute to spread of malaria?
temperature, precipitation & relative humidity can make it more suitable for mosquitoes to thrive
state 2 social impacts of malaria
- death rate
- infant mortality rate
state 3 economic impacts of malaria
burden of malaria on households
cost of healthcare
loss of productivity
describe impact of malaria in terms of death rate
0.9 Mill out of 216 mill ppl died from malaria cases worldwide
describe impact of malaria in terms of infant mortality rate IMR
in Nigeria 140 infants died out of every 1000 babies
when pregnant woman infected with malaria, can affect unborn child
describe impact of malaria in terms of burden on households
as high as 34% of household income in Ghana
describe impact of malaria in terms of cost of healthcare
more funds set aside for healthcare to cover various costs such as construction & maintenance of hospital and clinics
describe impact of malaria in terms of loss of productivity
less people> more people sick> poor health> unable to work > slower economic growth
What is HIV
human immunodeficiency virus, destroy white blood cells(fights infections)
What is AIDS
acquired immune deficiency syndrome
body lose ability to fight infections
final stage of HIV
How to transmit HIV/AIDS
sexual contact
infected needles
blood transfusion
pregnant mother to baby
what is relocation diffusion
when disease spread to new areas outside current geographical range whilst still present in location of origin
what is expansion diffusion
when the spreading disease has a source and diffuses outwards into new areas
difference between expansion diffusion and relocation diffusion
expansion:
spread outwards
happens when people interact
relocation:
outside current range
spreads great distance
happens when community migrates
4 social factors which contribute to spread of HIV/AIDS
education
lifestyle choices
social stigma related to disease
lapses in medical practices
2 economic factors which contribute to spread of HIV/AIDS
vice trades
mobility
describe how education contribute to spread of HIV/AIDS
ppl may not understand transmission of HIV/AIDS, more vulnerable as they dont know how to protect themselves
describe how lifestyle choices contribute to spread of HIV/AIDS
drug abuse, unsafe sexual practice
drug can affect people’s judgement
describe how social stigma to the disease contribute to spread of HIV/AIDS
HIV people discriminated against, disapproval from healthcare and/or family
describe how lapses in medical practices contribute to spread of HIV/AIDS
blood transfusions might be tainted with HIV/AIDS
describe how vice trades contribute to spread of HIV/AIDS
vice trades is business e.g. drug trafficking & prostitution
ppl with limited education and job training no job security > low pay > become sex workers
describe how mobility contribute to spread of HIV/AIDS
modern transportation accelerates spread of HIV/AIDS
men who move to another area to work might feel tempted to engage in risk-taking activities
Social impacts of HIV/AIDS
life expectancy and IMR
orphan crisis
Economic impacts of HIV/AIDS
loss of productivity > lower economic growth
cost of healthcare
