Global Tourism Flashcards
define tourism
activities of tourists either international or domestic
domestic tourism
tourism within a tourist’s own country
international tourism
tourism outside of own country
define tourists
people who go to & stay in places outside their own environment for >24h but <1 year
8 types of tourism [e.g. dark]
honeypot, dark, pilgrimage, heritage, MICE, medical, theme park, film induced
describe honeypot tourism and give a example
attract people b/c site scenic beauty
ex: grand canyon, eiffel tower
describe MICE tourism and give a example
Meeting, Incentives, Conventions, Events
ex: marina bay sands expo & convention centre
describe medical tourism and give a example
undergo medical procedures to enhance/restore health
ex: south korea, plastic surgery
describe theme park tourism and give a example
amusement park w/ central theme based on film, history/education
ex: disneyland shanghai
describe heritage tourism and give a example
experience culture, understand history
ex: great wall of china
describe film-induced tourism and give a example
visit locations in films
ex: avatar in zhangjiajie national park
describe dark tourism and give a example
associated with death/tragedy
ex: auschwitz, poland concentration camp
describe pilgrimage tourism and give a example
take part in religious activity
ex: mecca, saudi arabia
3 groups of people in promoting tourism
media
govt
international organisations
What is media?
channels through which news & info are communicated to public
How does media influence people’s decision to visit a place?
positive report, e.g. interesting culture/scenery can encourage people to visit, vice versa
examples on media promoting/affecting tourism
kidnapping of tourists at Singamata reef resort, sabah malaysia, deter visitors
nai harn beach thailand one of top 10 beaches in 2015 travellers choice
how does govt. play a role in tourism?
attract tourists & extend length of stay
set up agencies, ensure visitors’ safety
involved in funding & building tourist structure
Example of govt promoting tourism
Singapore Tourism Board is govt agency, facilitates investment of tourism business
how does international organisations promote tourism?
different countries work together to meet needs of economic development & environmental sustainability
examples of international organisations:
OECD, org. of economic cooperation & development:
produce guidelines and job opportunities
UNWTO, united nations world tourism org:
improve global tourism knowledge
WHO:
provide situation updates and health advisories
3 reasons for growth of global tourism
development in technology
demand factors
destination factors
2 FACTORS due to development in tech which promoted growth in tourism
better & affordable transport
ease of access to info
elaborate on better and affordable transport
improved safety, short travelling time, low costs
commercial airlines in 1950 vs now
can have non-stop flying, larger fuel, more comfortable, more seat accomodations
explain how ease of access to info promote growth of global tourism
online booking & research
less hassle, more available & accessible
people feel safer
3 demand factors that promote growth of tourism
higher disposable income
changing lifestyle
increase in leisure time
EXAMPLE of how ease of access to info promote tourism
major airlines such as singapore airlines
thai airways, jetstar allow booking and arrangements to be done easily
define disposable income
amount of income left to a person after to spend paying taxes
How does higher disposable income lead to growth in global tourism?
high income means people can spend more on goods services/activities that improve quality of life
How does increase in leisure time lead to growth in global tourism?
longer weekend breaks , travel plans are more common
define leisure time
part of a day, week or year when people have no work commitments
define changing lifestyle
change in way people live throughout their lifetime from generation to generation
how does changing lifestyle promote tourism?
rapid economic growth -> faster pace of life
people more inclined to travel as way to relax & take break from work
how does changing lifestyle promote tourism?
3 destination factors that promote growth of global tourism
Attractions
investment in infrastructure and services
access to info
define attractions
features/qualities that can be natural/ man-made that makes a place enjoyable/interesting
Example of attractions that promote tourism
dubai’s burj al-arab
palm islands
4 main factors that lead to regional fluctuations and affect tourism
Disasters
recession
political situations
diseases
How does disasters affect tourism?
discourage tourists b/c fear for own safety
disrupt essential tourist infrastructure
example of disaster affecting tourism
2011 japan earthquake and tohoku nuclear meltdown
significant drop in tourists from 8.2M to 6.2M
how does recession affect tourism?
people may lose their jobs, less disp income, save money, less likely to travel
e.g. greece morroco egypt, tourist stay for shorter time
define recession
period of general slowdown in economic actvities
How does political situations affect tourism?
poses danger to tourists as conflict can disrupt services, destroy infrastructure
how does disease affect tourism?
Tourists do not want to be infected
events postponed/cancelled
3 +ve impacts of tourism [economic]
employment opportunities
growth in income
development in infrastructure & facilities
4 -ve impact of tourism [economic]
economic leakages
seasonal unemployment
shortage of services
underuse of facilities
elaborate on employment opportunities
growth in tourism industry creates many direct jobs e.g. hotel operators, souvenir shops and indirect jobs e.g. taxi driver, restaurants
elaborate on growth in income
growth in tourism generates more revenue for countries from spending of money by tourists
elaborate on economic leakages
elaborate on seasonal unemployment
certain tourist activities are affected by climatic conditions-»jobs might be unavailable after a season
example of seasonal unemployment
sapporo japan, mountain ski resort operators from dec to feb, for activities such as skiing and snowboarding
elaborate underuse of facilities
facilities built specifically for certain events may become underused
example on underuse of facilities
2008 summer olympic games bejing, deteriorated needed maintenance cost
1 positive impact of tourism [socio-cultural]
preservation of culture & local customs
2 -ve impact of tourism [socio-cultural]
dilution of culture & local customs
increase in crime
elaborate preservation of culture
preservation can help locals to learn more about history of country and stronger sense of belonging
example for preservation of culture and local custom
christ church in malacca, malaysia,relic of colonial rule
elaborate on dilution of culture
local cultural activities and religious rituals modified to suit tourists, not authentic, become commercialised
elaborate on increased crime
tourists are easy target for scamming/ cheating
positive impact of tourism [environmental]
conservation of natural environments
-ve impact of tourism [environmental]
increased congestion
vandalism
littering and pollution
destruction of habitat
carbon footprint
[common sense]
example of vandalism
great wall of china 10M people go per year, thousands of stones covered in graffiti
example of destruction of habitat
Red Sea Coast Egypt, 1.2M tourist go snorkelling, damage reef
example of carbon footprints increment
passenger from sg to kl is 30kg of CO2
2 types of tensions caused by tourism
tension between
tourist & local
tourist & environment
example of tensions between tourists & locals
bali indonesia, island received 2.9M visitors, only have 4.2M locals. locals will experience shortage of services
example of tensions between tourists & environment.
Machu Picchu, Peru.
3300 tourist per day, use ‘inca trail’ b/c of scenic view, however they eroded trail and leave behind trash
what are the groups responsible for protecting tourist areas?
local
visitor
tour operator
non governmental organisations
planning authorities
elaborate on how visitor should behave to manage tourism impact.
behave responsibly, tourism sustainability group set up in 2004 for responsible tourists,
Limitation: there are ignorant visitors >damage tourist site>dilute culture, identity
how tour operators help manage impact of tourism?
promote effort in conserving environment
ex: Phuket Alternative Tours > conduct sustainable tourism
L: driven by profits, ignore guidelines
How non-governmental organisations help manage impact of tourism?
design guidelines, support efforts of various stakeholders in managing impact of tourism
ex: international ecotourism society provide training & technical assistance
L: financial constraint, no funding
how planning authorities help manage impact of tourism?
enforce certain rules, regulation, value, principle for sustainable tourism
ex: STB put effort in attracting tourist & implement measures to conserve national heritage
L: stakeholders might not agree > lack of cooperation
