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Pharmacy > Health and Disease Week 8 > Flashcards

Health and Disease Week 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 major regions of the brain?

A

cerebral cortex, cerebellum, midbrain, brain stem

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2
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the cerebral cortex?

A

frontal, pariental, temporal, occipital

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3
Q

What further regions are the lobes of the cerebral cortex divided into?

A

Brodmann’s areas that are responsible for different functions and emotions

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4
Q

What is the somatosensory cortex responsible for?

A

processes sensory information including touch and pain

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5
Q

What are the steps involved in the ascending pathway into the somatosensory cortex?

A
  1. mechanoceptors detect a signal
  2. send action potential
  3. action potential comes into spinal cord through dorsal root
  4. reaches synapse
  5. crosses to other side of the body
  6. reaches another synapse
  7. reaches the somatosensory cortex
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6
Q

What is the prefronal cortex invovled in?

A

personality and traits

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7
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

motor memory and movement of skeletal muscle

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8
Q

What are 2 examples of ‘fast’ neurotransmitters in the brain?

A

glutamate and GABA

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9
Q

What does glutamate do?

A

excitatory neurotransmitter than opens ligand-gated Na+ ion channels

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10
Q

What does GABA do?

A

inhibitory neurotransmitter than opens ligand-gated chloride ion channels Cl-

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11
Q

What are examples of ‘slow’ neurotransmitters?

A

5-HT, acetylcholine, dopamine, noreadrenaline

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12
Q

What do ‘slow’ neurotransmitters do?

A

activate G protein-coupled receptors

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13
Q
A
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14
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system do?

A

act on tissue that is NOT under voluntary control

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15
Q

What are examples of tissues that are NOT under voluntary control?

A

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glandular tissue

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16
Q

What 2 divisions make up the autonomic nervous system?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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17
Q

How are efferent neurones arranged in the somatic nervous system?

A

the somatic motor neurone connects the CNS to skeletal muscle

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18
Q

What is different about the autonomic nervous system?

A

there are 2 motor neurones that exist in collections of cell bodies called ganglion

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19
Q

define ganglion

A

a collection of neuronal cell bodies found in the autonomic division of the peripheral nervous system

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20
Q

What is the structure of motor neurones in the sympathetic nervous system?

A
  • short preganglionic neurones
  • long postganglionic neurones after the synapse
  • preganglionic neurones usually project to the paravertebral sympathetic chain
  • postganglionic neurones in the sympathetic chain send long axonal projections that synapse on the target organ
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21
Q

What is the structure of motor neurones in the parasympathetic nervous system?

A
  • long preganglionic neurones
  • short postganglionic neurones
  • preganglionic neurones send long axonal projections to parasympathetic ganglia (near or in target organ)
  • postganglionic neurones send short axonal projections which synapse on the target organ
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22
Q

What are physiological effects of activation of the sympathetic nervous system?

A
  • pupils dilate
  • inhibits saliva
  • relaxes airways
  • heart rate increase
  • blood pressure increase
  • blood vessels constrict except going to skeletal muscle
  • liver converts glycogen to glucose
  • secretions of epinephrine and norepinephrine from adrenal medulla
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23
Q

What are physiological effects of activation of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A
  • stimulates digestion
  • dilates blood vessels in the gut
  • stimulates pancreas to release insulin and digestive enzymes
  • stimulates sexual arousal
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24
Q

Which neurotransmitters and receptors work in the sympathetic nervous system?

A
  1. preganglionic neurones release acetylcholine
  2. acetylcholine acts on nicotinic receptors
  3. postganglionic neurones release noradrenaline
  4. acts on adrenoceptors
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25
Q

What are the two exceptions to this?

A

sweat glands and adrenal medulla

26
Q

Which neurotransmitters and receptors are involved in the parasympathetic nervous system?

A
  1. preganglionic neurones release acetylcholine
  2. acetylcholine acts on nicotinic receptors
  3. postganglionic neurones release acetylcholine
  4. acetylcholine acts on muscarinic receptors
27
Q

What are the 3 main types of G protein-coupled receptors?

A
  1. Gs-coupled receptors
  2. Gi/Go-coupled receptors
  3. Gq-coupled receptors
28
Q

What do Gs-coupled receptors do?

A

activate adenylate cyclase, which produces cAMP

29
Q

What do Gi/Go-coupled receptors do?

A

inhibit adenylate cyclase and affect ion channels

30
Q

What do Gq-coupled receptors do?

A

activate phospholipase C, which leads to production of IP3

31
Q

Which 2 subtypes are adrenoreceptors in the sympathetic nervous system divided into?

A

alpha and beta

32
Q

What are the subdivisions of alpha adrenoreceptors?

A

a1 and a2

33
Q

Which hormone has more influence on alpha receptors?

A

noradrenaline over adrenaline

34
Q

What are the main actions of alpha 1 adrenoceptors?

A
  1. vasoconstriction
  2. relaxation of GI tract
35
Q

What are the main actions of alpha 2 adrenoceptors?

A

inhibit noradrenaline release

36
Q

What is the main action of beta 1 adrenoceptors?

A

increase heart rate

37
Q

What are the main actions of beta 2 adrenoceptors?

A
  1. bronchodilation
  2. vasodilation
38
Q

What is the main function of beta 3 adrenoceptors?

A

lipolysis

39
Q

What are the 3 subtypes of muscarinic receptor in the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

M-1, M-2, M-3

40
Q

What type of receptor is M1? Where is it located?

A

neural, CNS

41
Q

What type of receptor is M2 and where is it located?

A

cardiac, heart

42
Q

What type of receptor is M3 and where is it located?

A

glandular, smooth muscle

43
Q

What do M1 and M3 receptors do?

A

increase IP3

44
Q

What do M2 receptors do?

A

decrease cAMP

45
Q

Which receptors are responsible for change in heart rhythm in sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system?

A

beta 1 and M2

46
Q

Which type of receptor is responsible for affecting blood vessels in the sympathetic NS?

A

alpha 1

47
Q

What are the 2 muscles on each side of a limb called?

A

agonist and antagonist muscles

48
Q

How does the knee jerk reflex work with agonist and antagonist muscles?

A
  1. there is still a monosynaptic network provide input to the agonist muscle to contract, but also input to an inhibitory interneurone
  2. input to inhibitory interneurone causes the inhibition of motor neurone on antagonist, decreasing acetylcholine release
  3. antagonist muscle relaxes
49
Q

What is an example of a reflex involving the eyes?

A

the pupil constriction reflex

50
Q

What is different about the pupil constriction reflex compared to the knee jerk reflex?

A

involves the cranial nerves instead of the spinal cord as eyes are above the neck

51
Q

How does the pupil constriction reflex work?

A
  1. eyes are exposed to bright light
  2. the optical tract innervates the pretectal nucleus in the brain stem
  3. the pretectal nucleus innervates the oculomotor nerve
  4. this causes a reflex that changes the pupil size in response to light to protect the retina
52
Q

How is sight interpreted by the brain?

A
  • the brain receives input from the eyes into the visual cortex
  • the association cortexes interpret feedback from the eyes
53
Q

How do touch receptors work?

A
  • in each nerve ending, there are touch receptors called mechanoceptors
  • mechanoceptors respond to pressure and touch opens ligand-gated ion channels which causes depolarisation
54
Q

How do taste receptors work?

A

there are specialised cells in taste buds that respond to chemicals in food

55
Q

How many different taste receptors are there and what are they?

A

5 = salt, sour, bitter, sweet, umami

56
Q

Where are action potentials from taste receptors received in the brain?

A

the primary gustatory cortex

57
Q

How do smell receptors work?

A
  • odorants move into the nasal cavity and come into contact with olfactory receptors cells -> like taste
  • the odorants activate G protein-coupled receptors
58
Q

How do sound receptors work?

A
  1. soundwaves vibrate the eardrum at same frequency as the sound
  2. the vibration is passed to the inner ear and bone, which causes hair cells in the cochlea that are mechanosensitive neurones to vibrate
  3. action potentials generated
59
Q

Which nerve do action potentials from sound go down?

A

the vestibulocochlear nerve

60
Q
A

Pharmacy (6 decks)

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