Health and disease

Question 1

What is health?

Answer 1

State of physical and mental wellbeing

Question 2

What do diseases cause?

Answer 2

Ill health

Question 3

What are communicable diseases?

Answer 3

Those that can be spread from person to person or between animals and people

Question 4

What are communicable diseases caused by?

Answer 4

Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Parasites

Question 5

How are communicable diseases described?

Answer 5

Contagious

Infectious

Question 6

Give some examples of communicable diseases

Answer 6

Measles
Malaria
Cold
Flue

Question 7

What are non-communicable diseases?

Answer 7

Those that can not spread between people or between animals and people
Last a long time
Get worse slowly

Question 8

Give some examples of non-communicable diseases

Answer 8

Asthma
Cancer
Coronary heart disease

Question 9

Describe how immune system problems can interact

Answer 9

People with immune system problems have increased chance of suffering from communicable diseases because their body is less likely to defend itself against the pathogen that causes the disease

Sometimes a pathogen can trigger allergic reactions such as skin rashes or asthma

Question 10

Describe how cancer can interact

Answer 10

Some types of cancer can be triggered by infection by viruses Eg. hepatitis can cause long term infections in the liver or HPV can cause cervical cancer

Question 11

Describe how physical illness can interact with mental illness

Answer 11

Depression can be made worse by severe physical illness especially if they interfere with normal everyday functioning

Question 12

Give some examples of other factors that can influence your health

Answer 12

Diet
Exercise
Smoking
Stress
Alcohol
Life situation eg. wealth, access to medicine and healthcare

Question 13

What are risk factors?

Answer 13

Factors that are linked to an increase in the likelihood of developing a certain disease during your lifetime
Often aspects of someones lifestyle
Can also be the environment or genetic

Question 14

What are non-communicable diseases caused by?

Answer 14

A mix of environment and genetic risk factors

Question 15

How do lifestyle factors impact?

Answer 15

Locally
Nationally
Globally

Question 16

How is smoking a risk factor?

Answer 16

Directly causes cardiovascular disease, lung disease and lung cancer - damages the arteries and the cells lining the lungs

Question 17

How is obesity a risk factor for type 2 diabetes?

Answer 17

Make the body less sensitive or resistant to insulin

Question 18

How is alcohol a risk factor for liver disease?

Answer 18

Directly shown to cause it

Question 19

How is alcohol a risk factor for loss of brain function?

Answer 19

Neuron damage

Brain loses volume

Question 20

What is the name given to things which can cause cancer?

Answer 20

Carcinogens

Question 21

Give some examples of carcinogens

Answer 21

Ionising radiation such as UV

Question 22

How are risk factors identified?

Answer 22

By looking at correlations

Question 23

Correlation does not mean …

Answer 23

Causation

Question 24

Describe how non-communicable diseases affect finances

Answer 24

Human cost - many people, effect on family, bad quality of life, shorter duration of life
Financial cost- NHS, research, treatment, families may have to move or adapt home, patient may not be able to work (can affect country economy)

Question 25

What is cancer?

Answer 25

Uncontrolled cell growth and division resulting in the changes that occur to the cells and results in the formation of a tumour (mass of cells)

Question 26

Describe the two things a tumour can be

Answer 26

Malignant | Benign

Question 27

What is meant by benign?

Answer 27

Grows until there is no more room Tumour stays in one place rather than invading other tissues in the body Isnt normally dangerous Isnt cancerous

Question 28

What is meant by malignant?

Answer 28

Grows and spreads to neighbouring healthy tissue Cells break off and spread to other parts of the body by travelling in the bloodstream Cells break off and spread to other parts of the body by travelling in the bloodstream Malignant cells invade healthy tissue elsewhere in the body and form secondary tumours Dangerous - can be fatal - cancer

Question 29

What does having a risk factor for cancer mean?

Answer 29

Does not mean you will definitely get cancer but you are at an increased risk

Question 30

What has happened to cancer survival rates?

Answer 30

Increased due to medical advances

Question 31

Give some examples of risk factors for cancer

Answer 31

``` Smoking Bad diet Lack of exercise Obesity UV exposure Viral infection ```

Question 32

Describe how risk factors can be associated with genetics. Give an example

Answer 32

Inherit faulty genes that make you more susceptible to cancer Eg. mutations (changes) in BRCA genes linked to increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer