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Food and Health > Health and Disease > Flashcards

Health and Disease Flashcards

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1
Q

How does a pathogen cause disease?

A
  1. The pathogen must travel from one host to another.
  2. The pathogen gets into the host’s tissues.
  3. The pathogen reproduces.
  4. The pathogen will cause damage to the host’s tissues.
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2
Q

What does HIV stand for and what causes it?

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus caused by a virus that infects the T lymphocytes.

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3
Q

How is HIV transmitted?

A

Through blood, breast milk, semen and vaginal fluid.

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4
Q

How can the risk of contracting HIV be increased?

A

Unprotected penetrative sex, breast feeding, blood transfusions and exchanging needles.

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5
Q

What can’t HIV be transmitted through?

A

Kissing, hugging, shaking hands or sharing food utensils.

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6
Q

What does TB stand for and what is it caused by?

A

Tuberculosis and is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

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7
Q

How is TB transmitted?

A

Inhaling water droplets that have been coughed or sneezed out by an infected person.

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8
Q

How are people more at risk of contracting TB?

A

Not vaccinated against TB, homeless or malnourished, overcrowded home, consume milk or meat from infected cattle, poor ventilation, weakened immune system or prolonged contact.

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9
Q

How is Malaria spread and what is it caused by?

A

female Anopheles mosquito. Caused by Plasmodium

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10
Q

How does malaria make someone ill?

A

When the mosquito bites an uninfected person, she injects saliva into the blood stream, which contains the Plasmodium.

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11
Q

How are people more at risk of getting malaria?

A

Fail to sleep under a mosquito net, not take antimalarial drugs, wear short-sleeved shirts/shorts or fail to wear insect repellent spray.

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12
Q

Where is malaria found?

A

Tropical regions

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13
Q

How many people are killed from malaria and how many prevalences are there?

A

3 million people annually. 300 million people

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14
Q

Where is HIV most common?

A

Sub-Saharan Africa, but spreading into a pandemic.

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15
Q

How many people incidents are there of HIV?

A

5 million people each year

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16
Q

How many people are living with HIV?

A

45 million people.

17
Q

How many people have died from HIV ?

A

30 million

18
Q

How many incidents of TB are there?

A

1% of population each year

19
Q

How many people are living with TB?

A

30%of the worlds population

20
Q

How many people have died from TB?

A

1.6 million per year.

21
Q

Name 5 examples of primary defences.

A 
Tears
Skin
Urine
Vagina
Respiratory system
22
Q

How do tears act as a primary defence?

A

Lysozymes in tear secretions are antimicrobial

23
Q

How does skin act as a primary defence?

A

Acts as a physical barrier to micro-organisms and skin flora outcompetes pathogenic microorganisms.

24
Q

How does the Urine act as a primary defence?

A

Urine in the urethra is an antimicrobial.

25
Q

How does the respiratory system act as a primary defence?

A

Mucus lining the respiratory system traps microorganisms and cilia moves them to the back of the throat.

26
Q

How does the vagina act as a primary defence system?

A

An acidic environment prevent the growth of pathogens.

27
Q

Describe the process of phagocytosis.

A
  1. The phagocyte has a receptor on its CSM and detects the antigen on the pathogen.
  2. They become attached.
  3. Pathogen is engulfed by infolding or phagocyte membrane. Become a phagosome.
  4. Lysosomes release lysins into the phagosome which breaks down the pathogen.
  5. The products are moved out of the cells my exocytosis.
28
Q

How are lymphocytes activated after phagocytosis?

A

Macrophages releases a chemical (histamine) which makes the the capillaries more leaky and so more fluid leaves the area of infection, so more tissue fluid passes into the lymphatic system.

29
Q

What two processes do antibodies undergo?

A

Neutralisation and Agglutination.

30
Q

What is the difference between T-helper cells and T-killer cells?

A

T-helper cells produce cytokines that stimulate the B-cells to develop.
T-killer cells bond to cells carrying the antigen and produce toxic chemicals which kill the infected body cells.

31
Q

Compare and contrast the primary and secondary immune response.

A

Primary- Starts to produce antibodies, which takes a few days. Memory cells are also produced.
Secondary- Recognises the pathogen, and antibodies are produced more rapidly.

32
Q

An example of natural passive immunity.

A

Antibodies provided via the placenta or the breast milk.

33
Q

An example of natural active immunity.

A

Provided by antibodies made as a result of an infection. Chicken pox.

34
Q

An example of artificial passive immunity.

A

Immunity provided by injection of antibodies made by another individual. Tetanus

35
Q

An example of artificial active immunity.

A

Provided by antibodies made in the immune system as a result of vaccination. Injected with a weakened, dead to similar pathogen. TB and Influenza.

36
Q

What is a herd vaccination?

A

Vaccinate the whole population in order to prevent a disease form spreading.

37
Q

What is a ring vaccination?

A

Used whenever a new disease breaks out. Also used to prevent disease against feedstock.

38
Q

How are new medicinal drugs discovered?

A

Accidentally
From traditional medicine
Observation of wildlife
Research

Food and Health (4 decks)

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