Health and Disease Flashcards
1
Q
what is the definition of being healthy
A
a state of physical,mental and social well being, not just the absence of disease
2
Q
what are carbs needed for
A
energy released by respiration in cells
2
Q
what does a balanced diet include
A
carbohydrates,proteins,fats/oils,fibres,minerals,vitamins,water
3
Q
what are proteins needed for
A
growth and repair
4
Q
what are the 5 types of pathogen
A
bacteria,viruses,protists,fungi,worms
4
Q
what are fats and oils needed for
A
energy storage,insulation
5
Q
what does mucus and cilia do
A
trap pathogens and move them up and out of the lungs
5
Q
how do pathogens make us ill
A
by causing infectious diseases
5
Q
what are fibres needed for
A
aids digestive transit,preventing constipation
6
Q
what is water needed for
A
making cytoplasm/blood
7
Q
what are the body’s physical barriers
A
-continuous, strong waterproof skin on the surface
-mucus and cilia
8
Q
what does HCL in the stomach do
A
denature’s pathogen enzymes
8
Q
what do enzymes in the stomach do
A
digest pathogens
9
Q
what are the chemical barriers we have
A
-acid(HCL) in stomach
-enzyme in stomach
-lysozyme
10
Q
what is lysozyme
A
its a bacteria-destroying enzyme in tears, saliva, nasal mucus
11
Q
what are the 4 modes of infection by pathogens
A
-inhaling droplets(sneezing/coughing)
-eating/drinking contaminated food/water
-direct contact(skin/bodily fluids)
-breaks in skin
12
Q
Tuberculosis
A
-bacterial disease
-caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis
-symptoms:excessive coughing,fatigue,weight loss
-spread through air(coughing/sneezing)
-treated by antibiotics
13
Q
chalara ash dieback
A
caused by the hymenoscyphus fungi
-symptoms=loss of leaves/bark
-spread can be reduced by removing young infected ash trees
13
Q
cholera
A
-bacterial
-spread by vibrio cholerae in water sources
-symptoms:coughing+lung damage,weight loss
-treated by using drugs
14
Q
malaria
A
caused by plasmodium protist
symptoms=high fever,loss of appetite
prevention=mosquito repellant
treatment=anti malarial medication
15
Q
Stomach Ulcers (bacteria)
A
-caused by heliobacter pylori
-symptoms= burning pain in stomach, nausea, vomiting, weight loss
-spread can be reduced with clean water supplies
-treatments=antibiotics
16
Q
ebola(virus)
A
-symptoms= haemorrhagic fever, vomiting, diarrhoea
-isolating individuals have been infected and streilising areas where viruses may be present
17
Q
what are viruses
A
-particles made of a protein coat around a genetic material
-viruses are host cell species and type specific, can only bind/insert their DNA into specific cells
18
Q
HIV
A
-caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, attacks wbc’s
-symptoms: fever, sore throat, body rash
-spread through sharing needles, unprotected sex
-treatments= antivectorial medicines
19
What are the stages of the Lytic pathway?
1) Virus attaches itself to a specific host cell receptors and injects its genetic material
2) Virus then uses proteins and enzymes in the host cell to replicate its genetic material and produce the components of new viruses
3) Once all the viral components are produced, they assemble to form new viruses
4) The host cell splits open, releasing the new viruses, which can go and infect new cells
20
What are the stages of the lysogenic pathway?
1)The virus attaches itself to a specific host cell receptor and injects its genetic material into the cell
2) The genetic material is incorporated into the genome (DNA)of the host cell
3) The viral genetic material gets replicated along with the host DNA every time the cell divides, at this point the virus is dormant and no new viruses are made
4) A trigger, presence of a chemical causes the viral genetic material to leave the genome and enter the lytic pathway
21
white blood cells
when phagocytes engulf and destroy pathogens
21
non-specific defences
-inflammation
-white blood cells
21
What is the effect of clotting the blood to seal vessels
blood loss is reduced
entry of pathogens in blood stream, so chance of infection is restricted
22
what is inflammation
when blood capillaries widen and more blood flows to the scene
23
what can mAbs do
1, kill the pathogen themselves
2, "label" the pathogen to be ingested by a phagocyte
23
what are lymphocytes
B-lymphocytes are specific, they only recognise one pathogen(by antigens)
B-lymphocytes release mAbs, which fit on the antigen of the pathogen
24
what is an antigen
unique protein molecules on the surface of cells/pathogens
25
what do antigens enable cells to do
allows cells to recognise each other, means that an organism can recognise foreign cells that would be pathogens
26
what do phagocytes do
-firstly they surround and engulf the pathogens
-then digestive enzymes destroy the pathogens
27
what is the process surrounding B-lymphocytes
-only the B-lymphocyte with the correct antigen will bind
-binding stimulates cell division and antibody production
-antibodies bind onto antigen and label the pathogen for destruction
28
what happens when you get infected by the same pathogen twice
-memory cells will recognise the antigen and start producing a vast no. of the correct antibody, killing the pathogen quickly
28
what is the primary immune response
-when you get infected by a new pathogen, and you are fighting it, but it's a slow process, so the pathogen has time to multiply and damage tissue and cause disease symptoms
29
what are the 3 differences between primary and secondary responses
-time between day of infection-response is more in primary
-concn of antibody in peak primary response is less in primary
-speed of antibody production is less in primary
30
what do vaccines contain
-antigen of the pathogen
-more harmless verison of the pathogen
-dead pathogen
-weakened pathogen
31
epidemic
when lots of people have an infectious disease a the same time
32
pandemic
when an epidemic spreads world wide
32
what is herd immunity
the minimum amount of people in a community that must be vaccinated to prevent an epidemic
33
how to create monoclonal antibodies in the lab
-antigen injected into mouse which makes lymphocytes
-B-lymphocyte from mouse is fused with a myeloma (cancer) cell, resulting in a hybridoma cell which can multiply to make mAbs.
34
what are antibodies used for in the medical world
-diagnosis
-treatment
-testing for the prescence of molecules
35
What is the hormone only found in pregnant women
HCG
36
What is the role of the Control zone in pregnancy tests, how does it work?
to show whether the test has worked correctly.Contains antibodies complimentary to the antibodies attached to the blue beads.
once the blue beads reach the control zone, the antibodies attached to them will bind to the antibodies in the control area.This turns the control strip blue, showing that the test has worked.
37
What is the process for positive pregnancy test
After weeing on the stick, the HCG hormone will bind to the antibodies specific to its shape. These antibodies are stuck to a blue bead in the test zone. The urine moves up the stick, carrying the binded hormone and the beads. In the test zone there are immobilised anti - HCG antibodies, which will bind to the antibodies which have already binded to the hormone. This will turn the strip blue, showing the presence of the hormone.
38
What do antibiotics do
Antibiotics inhibit processes such as protein synthesis+ cell wall production by disrupting bacterial enzymes, in bacterial cells w/o affecting the host organism
39
why won't antibiotics harm the host cell organism
as the host cell's enzymes/ribosomes+processes are different to bacterial ones
40
how are mAbs used to treat cancer
cancers have unique molecules on their surfaces compared to normal body cells, called markers.
-antibodies can be manufactured to match these antigens, other useful chemicals can be added such as; radioactive elements, toxic chemicals, anti-cancer drugs
41
how are mAbs used to diagnose cancer
if radioactive element have been added to these antibodies, doctors can use X-rays/body scans to locate tumours, determine their size and whether the cancer is spreading.
42
how are mAbs used to find blood clots
-clots are formed from blood protein, which are stimulated to become insoluble and bind together to seal the damaged vessel
-we can manufacture antibodies to these insoluble blood proteins, if a radioactive marker is added- we can use a X-ray/scan to discover if clots exist
43
What are the steps for Developing and Testing a new drug
-target a disease
-screening of hundreds of thousands of chemicals
-possible drugs are synthesised in the lab
-in-vitro screening(testing on animal cultures)
-animal testing
-clinical testing on humans(healthy patients)
-human II testing( few number of patients suffering)
-human III testing( larger number of patients)
-IV testing (monitoring when the drug is in use)
44
What is a placebo
a placebo is used to compare results with the actual drug, to identify "real" improvements as posed to patients perceived improvements
45
what is an open trial
where both the patient and doctor know whcih group is getting the placebo
46
what is a blind trial
where the doctor knows who has the drug and who has placebo.The patient's don't know
47
what is a double-blind trial
where neither the doctor or patient know who has the placebo/real drug
48
what is the effect of a double trial
so that any doctors who are monitoring the patients aren't subconsciously influenced by the knowledge
49
what are the 5 types of anti-microbial substances
antiseptics
antibiotics
antiviral drugs
plant-based structures
disinfectants
50
how do we provide ideal conditions for bacterial growth
culture medium(solid agar jelly/nutrient broth sol)
temp(can't be> 25 degrees)
51
what are the advantages of using mAbs to test for pathogens
Specific to one particular antigen
Very accurate
Quick results
52
What is a myelome cell?
A type of tumor cell that fuses with a B-Lymphtocyte to form a hybridoma
53
preparing an uncontaminated culture: aseptic techniqiue
-petri dishes/growth mediums must be sterilised b4 use. An autoclave will use high temps to kill any pathogens.
-If an inoculating loop is used, it must be sterilised by passing it through a hot flame
-the lid of the petri dish should be lightly taped, to allow oxygen to enter the dish
-dish should be stored upside down to prevent condensation drops falling on the agar
54
why is working next to a bunsen burner when performing aseptic technique good
the bunsen flame will kill air-borne microbes due to convection currents
55
why can we not catch non-communicable diseases
because they are not caused by infectious pathogens, so don't spread through communities
56
what are the 3 categories of non-communicable diseases
-genetic diseases that are inherited
-life style choices
environmental exposure
57
give examples of genetic diseases that can be inherited
Huntingtons,Sickle cell anemia,cystic fibrosis
58
what is a multifactorial disease
a disease that can be caused by multiple factors
59
give some examples of factors that will develop a disease
smoking tobacco
obesity
alcohol consumption
age
sex
60
what does nicotine do
increases heart rate, which increases BP, which can damage artery walls and contribute to the build-up of fatty deposits in arteries-limiting blood supply to heart muscle and/or brain
61
what do carcinogens do
cause mutations in the genes, could lead to cancer
62
what effect does drinking alcohol have on the body
liver cells may be damaged due to enzymes in the liver breaking down alcohol into toxic products
63
what is an overweight waist:hip ratio for men/women
men=1
women=0.85
64
what is malnutrition
a condition where someone does not have the right balance of nutrients to stay healthy
65
why is BMI not the best obesity indicator
athletic people have more muscle than fat, and muscle is more dense increasing the mass of a person
66
why is waist:hip ratio more reliable than calculating BMI
abdominal fat is closely linked to CVD
67
what are the effects of atherosclerosis
-damage to artery walls, build up of fatty deposits in artery walls, potential blockage of arteries, increase in BP due to the narrowing of vessels-Lumen(opening), increased risk of blood clots
68
what is the effect of reduced blood supply to the heart/brain
cells will die due to lack of O2 and glucose meaning that they cannot respire aerobically=stroke/heart attack
69
what are the 7 treatments for CVD's
lifestyle changes, statins, antihyperintensives, anticoagulants, stents, coronary bypass surgery, heart transplant
69
treatments for CVD:antihypertensives
reduce BP=Prevents damage to blood vessels, reducing risk of fatty deposits forming
70
what are the disadvantages of statins
muscle pain
headaches
dizziness
71
treatments for CVD:statins
reduces the amount of LDL-cholestrol in bloodstream
slow down the rate of fatty deposits forming
reduces the risk of strokes+heart attacks
72
what are the disadvantages of antihyperintensives
side effects like headaches and dizziness
72
treatments for CVD:anticoagulants
make blood clots less likely to form,reduced risk of heart attacks
73
disadvantages of anticoagulants
slow to take action
patients can suffer excessive bleeding
risk of internal bleeding
74
treating CVD:stents
wire mesh tubes inserted into arteries to widen them and keep them open
keep coronary arteries open,making sure blood can pass through
74
what are the disadvantages of stents
-risk of infection from surgery
-artery can narrow again as the stents can irritate artery and make scar tissue grow
75
treating CVD:coronary bypass surgery
piece of healthy vessel taken from elsewhwere in the body to bypass a blocked section of the arteries
76
disadvantages of coronary bypass surgery
risk of bleeding/blood clots
longer recovery time than stents
77
disadvantages of heart transplant
the human immune system would recognise the heart as foreign and attack it.patients have to take immunosuppresants, making them more susceptible to other illnesses.
77
treating CVD's:donor heart
-whole heart can be replaced from donor to patient
78
what are the signs of diseases in plants
-plant leaves may damage colour to yellows/browns
-may be areas of damage(lesions) on leaves/bark
-wilting/leaf loss
-stunted growth
79
how to calculate BMI
weight(kg)/height^2(m^2)
80
how can a vaccine protect u for life
memory lymphocytes will stay in the body for a long time(20yrs)
If you catch the disease again, these memory lymphocyte cells will produce antibodies very quickly and at a high concn
81
examples of physical defence systems within plants
Waterproof waxy cuticle - surface barrier preventing entry of pathogens
Cellulose cell wall - further barrier against pathogen, unless there are enzymes to break it down
82
how do pathogens get to plants
-carried to the plant by;
1,wind-blow fungal spores
2,water-splash
3,infected animals-pollinating plants
83
examples of chemical defence systems within plants
plants produce chemicals to prevent damage, some plants produce antiseptics which kill pathogens
84
what does vitamin A defiency lead to
night blindless, severe defiency may lead to total blindness
85
what does vitamin D defiency lead to
restricted development of the bones, which can cause rickets
86
what does vitamin C defiencey lead to
causes the disease scurvy
87
what is a communicable disease
a disease that can be spread from person to person
