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BIOLOGY > Exchange and Transport > Flashcards

Exchange and Transport Flashcards

1
Q

what is metabolism

A

all the chemical reactions in all body cells, requires the presence of certain substances and the removal of others

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2
Q

what are the 2 types of chemical reactions

A

passive,active

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2
Q

what are some substances that must be delivered to all cells

A

O2,glucose,amino acids,water,mineral ions

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3
Q

what are some substances that must be excreted from cells

A

CO2,lactic acid,urea

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4
Q

what are the 3 factors affecting diffusion rate

A

surface area, concn gradient, diffusion distance

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5
Q

what is fick’s law

A

rate of diffusion is directly proportional to (surface area x concn gradient)/diffusion distance

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6
Q

Why do large muticellular organisms require specialised exchange surfaces?

A

Small surface area to volume ratio
Exchange surface increase the rate of diffusion and shorten diffusion distances

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7
Q

What are the 4 ways that lungs are adapted to maximise the rate of gas exchange

A

1,short diffusion distance
2,large SA
3,steep concn gradient
4,moist

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8
Q

how is a short diffusion distance acheived by the lungs

A

gases only have to diffuse across 2 cells (alveolus wall+capillary wall) to travel between air and plasma

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9
Q

how is a large SA acheived by the lungs

A

millions of alveoli for gas exchange

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10
Q

how is a steep concn gradient of CO2 and O2 acheived by the lungs

A

1, blood constantly flows in the capillary taking oxygen away and bringing more CO2
2, lungs repeatedly ventilating - exhaling CO2 and refreshing with high O2 concn

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11
Q

how is the lungs moist

A

the mucus surface allows gases to dissolve and diffuse

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12
Q

Name substances transported into and out of the body?

A

Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Water
Dissolved food molecules
Urea

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13
Q

How does oxygen enter and carbon dioxide leave cells?

A

They diffuse into and out of cells

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14
Q

How does water enter cells?

A

By osmosis

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15
Q

How do food molecules and mineral ions enter cells?

A

They are dissolved in water which diffuses into cells

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16
Q

Why must urea be extracted from the body?

A

It’s a waste product

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17
Q

How is urea extracted from the body?

A

Urea diffuses out of cells into the blood plasma
Kidney filters urea out of the blood
Urea is excreted in urine

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18
Q

Why must the body exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide with the environmetn?

A

oxygen is needed by the body for respiration
co2 is a toxic product made from respiration

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19
Q

How do oxygen and CO2 enter and leave the blood stream?

A

Oxygen diffuses from the air into the alveoli into the blood in capillaries
Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood in the capillaries into air in the alveoli

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19
Q

Give some adaptations of the alveoli?

A

Large surface area
Network of capillaries so good blood supply
Rapid blood flow maintains a steep concentration gradient
Thin walls give a short diffusion distance
Moist lining, enables gases to dissolve

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20
Q

How does diffusion distance affect the rate of diffusion?

A

greater diffusion distance= molecules have to travel further, so slower rate of diffusion

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21
Q

how does concn gradient affect the rate of diffusion

A

steeper concn gradients mean a faster rate of diffusion

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22
Q

how does surface area affect the rate of diffusion

A

large surface area means more molecules can diffuse across in a given time, so a faster rate of diffusion

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23
what is the role of the arteries
carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
24
what is the role of the veins
carry blood back to the heart
25
why are the artery walls strong and elastic
to withstand the high blood pressure from the heart
26
what is the role of the capillaries
to allow exchange between substances in and out of the blood
27
what are the adaptations of the capillaries
walls are 1 cell thick, so low diffusion distance large SA:V ratio leaky walls to allow liquid to escape
28
what pressure is the blood at in the veins
low BP
29
how is backflow prevented in the veins
vein valves prevent blood flowing backwards
30
how does blood move in the veins
skeletal muscles squeeze the veins and push the blood towards the heart
31
what are the adaptations of red blood cells
biconcave shape to give them a large SA for absorbing oxygen contains haemoglobin which carries oxygen no nucleus, so more room for haemoglobin
32
what happens when oxygen diffuses into the blood
oxygen combines with haemoglobin in red blood cells to become oxyhaemoglobin
33
what is the role of wbc
help to defend against pathogens that cause disease
34
what are the types of wbc
phagocytes, lymphocytes
35
what is the role of platelets
to help blood clot, to stop excessive blood loss and pathogens entering
36
what is respiration
an exothermic reaction which releases energy (ATP) for the necessary metabolic processes and occurs continuously in every cell of living organisms
37
what is ATP
short term energy store in all cells
38
what type of reaction is respiration
exothermic
39
where do 1,plants 2, animals get the glucose required for respiration
1, made during photosynthesis 2, from the breakdown of carbohydrates that they have ingested
40
Write the word equation for anaerobic respiration in muscle cells
Glucose --> lactic acid + ATP
41
What are the four chambers in the heart called?
Left and right atrium and left and right ventricle
42
What are the four major blood vessels leading into and out of the heart?
vena cava, pulmonary artery, aorta and the pulmonary vein
43
Describe the flow of deoxygenated blood in through the heart
deoxygenated blood enters the heart through the superior/inferior vena cava into the right atrium goes from right atrium to right ventricle via AV valve. Ventricle contracts, deoxygenated blood moves from the right ventricle to the lungs via the pulmonary artery
44
Are atria walls thick or thin? Why?
Atria walls are quite thin, as they only need to pump blood a short distance to the ventricles
45
Are ventricle walls thick or thin? Why?
Ventricles have to pump blood much further, so their chamber walls are thicker than the ones in the atria
46
Which ventricle wall is thicker, left or right? Why?
Wall of the left ventricle is much thicker than the one on the rigth as it has to pump blood around the whole body at high pressure, whereas the right ventricle only has to pump blood to the lungs
47
What is the equation for cardiac output
cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume
48
What is stroke volume?
The volume of blood expelled for the heart in one contraction
49
Arteries Veins Capillaries (diameter and size of lumen)
A=generally large in diameter, with relatively small lumen V=generally large in diameter with relatively large lumen C=extremely small in diameter with relatively large lumen
50
Arteries Veins Capillaries (oxygenated or deoxygenated blood)
a=Carries mostly oxygenated blood (except pulmonary arteries) v=Carries mostly deoxygenated blood (except pulmonary veins) c=can carry both oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
51
Arteries Veins Capillaries(structure if vessel walls)
V=Thinner, less muscular, contains less elastic tissue A=Thick, muscular, and elastic C=Very thin (one-cell thick) for exchange
51
Arteries Veins Capillaries(direction of blood flow)
a=Away from the heart V=Toward the heart C=Between arteries and veins
52
Arteries,Veins,Capillaries(BP)
a=high v=low c= very low
53
arteries,veins,capillaries(pulse)
a=yes due to high pressure v=no c=no
54
arteries,veins,capillaries(valves)
a= no valves apart from aorta,pulmonary artery v=yes to prevent backflow c=no valves
55
arteries,veins,capillaries(from where to where)
a= heart to organs+tissues v= organs+tissues to heart c= connects arteries and veins, allows exchange of substances
56
describe the flow of oxygenated blood
oxygenated blood flows into the left atrium through the pulmonary vein atria contract, pushing blood through into the ventricles oxygenated blood moves from the left ventricle to the whole body via the aorta
57
what is the septum
tissue that seperates the left and right side of the heart to prevent oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from mixing
58
what is the word equation for aerobic respiration
glucose+oxygen--> carbon dioxide + water + 38ATP
59
what is the word equation for anaerobic respiration
glucose-->lactic acid + 2ATP
60
what does a respirometer do
measures the rate of respiration, inside the cells of living organisms
61
how does a respirometer work
the CO2 given out by the respiring organism is absorbed by the soda lime.The O2 taken in for respiration results in the volume of gas sealed inside the apparatus decreasing.results in the gas pressure inside reducing to below atmospheric pressure,causing the dye to be pushed towards the organism

BIOLOGY (6 decks)

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