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Health and disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is the synapse

A

Gaps between two neurons where the actual communication neurotransmitters are released

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2
Q

What are neurotransmitters

A

A chemical released from a neuron tino the synapse to communicate with another neuron.

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3
Q

The 8 main body systems include

A

The endocrine - regulates hormones
Immune system - regulate 1st 2nd 3rd line of defense against infections

Skeletal system - Bones

Muscular system - Muscles and bones for movement

Circulatory system - blood and heart around the body

Respiratory system - Breathing with the lungs and the diaphragm expelling waste

Digestive system - Digestion dn the breaking down of food and converting it into energy and nutrients

Nervous system - CNS

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4
Q

What is the nervous system

A

Chemical and electrical signals carried from the brain to different parts of the body using the spine

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5
Q

What is a stimuli?

A

Stimuli are changes in the environment that trigger a response or reaction in an organism.

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6
Q

What is the central Nervous System (CNS)?

A

The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. It is responsible for processing and integrating sensory information, coordinating motor responses

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7
Q

What is the peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?

A

The peripheral nervous system includes all the nerves and clusters of nerve cells outside the central nervous system. It connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body, transmitting sensory information to the CNS and carrying motor commands from the CNS to muscles and glands.

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8
Q

What is a Neuron?

A

Neurons are specialized cells that transmit signals in the form of nerve impulses.

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9
Q

What is a Synapse?

A

Connection between two neurons or between a neuron and a target cell, such as a muscle or gland. It’s where communication between neurons occurs.

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10
Q

What is a neurotransmitter?

A

Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers released by neurons into the synapse to transmit signals from one neuron to another or to a target cell

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11
Q

What is a cell body?

A

Maintains the neuron structure which provides the neuron energy to function

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12
Q

What is a dendrite?

A

Receive chemical signals coming form other neurons and transmits the signals to the cell body

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13
Q

What is an Axon

A

Transmits an electrical signals from oe end to another (action potential)

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14
Q

What is a Myelin Sheath?

A

Protects signal is it travels down the axon, and prevents the degradation of speed

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15
Q

What are Axon terminals?

A

Release the signal to the synapses

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16
Q

What is the endocrine system

A

The endocrine system is responsible for regulating bodily functions through the secretion of hormones to keep the body balanced.

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17
Q

What are Glands?

A

Are smaller organs in the body that produce and release substances like hormones.

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18
Q

What is Homeostasis?

A

Is the bodies ability to maintain a stable balance

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19
Q

What are Hormones?

A

Chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream to target cells or organs.

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20
Q

What is Feedback?

A

The body monitors its internal conditions and adjusts its responses to maintain stability. Positive and negative feedback

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21
Q

What is the Endocrine system role in Homeostasis?

A

The endocrine system releases and produces hormones into the bloodstream so they can target organs and cells so that they will produce their bodily function correctly and timely. The system has positive and negative feedback from the body that allows it to either maintain or change.
If the endocrine system responses with negative feedback the body knows that ideal conditions have shifter and the ES can respond accordingly

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22
Q

What is the Nervous Systems role in Homeostasis?

A

The nervous system accomplishes to have a balanced body through various mechanisms that monitor, detect, and respond to deviations from the body’s optimal conditions. These generally relate to reflexes and the body’s outer sensory input and detectors that can detect if the body’s ideal point is not maintained they send signals to the brain and CNS to indicate motory response to remove the body from that state.

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23
Q

What is a Disease?

A

An infectious condition or pathogen that negatively affects the bodies normally functions and triggers the immune system.

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24
Q

What is a Non - infectious disease?

A

medical condition that is not caused by pathogens (such as bacteria or viruses).
Immunity:
body’s ability to resist and defend against harmful agents like pathogens

25
Q

Pathogen

A

A pathogen is a microorganism, such as a bacterium, virus, fungus, or parasite, that can cause disease when it enters a host organism.

26
Q

Health:

A

state of physical, mental, and social well-being where an individual’s body and mind are functioning optimally.

27
Q

Infectious Disease?

A

An illness that is caused by pathogens and triggers the immune system to kill the disease

28
Q

Vaccine?

A

A vaccine contains a smaller pathogen or weakened pathogen. That triggers the immune system so it will release memory cells so the body know how to fight the infection/disease

29
Q

Cause transmittion and prevention of a non-Infectious disease?

A

Cause: Caused by factors other than microorganisms, such as genetics, lifestyle, environmental factors, and age.
Transmission: Generally not spread from person to person; not contagious
Prevention: Prevention involves adopting a healthy lifestyle, managing risk factors, and regular medical checkups.

30
Q

Cause transmittion and prevention of a Infectious disease?

A

Cause: Caused by microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites.
Transmission: Can spread from person to person through direct contact, airborne droplets, contaminated surfaces, and vectors.
Prevention: Can often be prevented through measures such as vaccination, good hygiene, and avoiding exposure to infected individuals.

31
Q

First types of pathogens?

A

Bacteria:
Pathogen: Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms.
Diseases: Examples of bacterial diseases include strep throat (Streptococcus), tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis), urinary tract infections (Escherichia coli), and cholera (Vibrio cholerae).

32
Q

second viruse type of pathogens?

A

Pathogen: Viruses are tiny infectious agents that can only replicate inside living cells.
Diseases: Viral diseases include the common cold (rhinoviruses), influenza (influenza virus), HIV/AIDS (human immunodeficiency virus), COVID-19 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), and hepatitis (hepatitis viruses).

33
Q

Five steps of a vaccine?

A

Introduction of Antigens
Immune Response Activation
Memory Cells Formation
Rapid Response
Herd Immunity

34
Q

What is the Introduction of Antigens

A

When a vaccine is administered, it contains harmless pieces of the pathogen, such as proteins or sugars, or a weakened or inactivated form of the pathogen itself. These components are called antigens.

35
Q

What is Immune Response Activation (vaccines)

A

The antigens in the vaccine stimulate the immune system to recognize them as foreign invaders. This triggers an immune response, including the production of antibodies and the activation of immune cells like T cells and B cells.

36
Q

What are Memory Cells Formation?

A

The immune system “learns” from the encounter with the antigens and creates memory cells specific to the pathogen. These memory cells “remember” how to respond if the real pathogen enters the body in the future.

37
Q

What is the Rapid Response?

A

If the vaccinated person is exposed to the actual pathogen later on, the immune system recognizes it quickly and mounts a strong defense. This prevents the pathogen from causing a full-blown infection or reduces the severity of the illness.

38
Q

What is Herd Immunity?

A

Vaccination not only protects individuals but also contributes to community protection. When a significant portion of a population is vaccinated, it reduces the opportunity for the pathogen to spread, leading to herd immunity. This protects vulnerable individuals who cannot be vaccinated, such as those with weakened immune systems or allergies.

39
Q

What is the first line of defence?

A

It is a physical barrier that stops the pathogen from entering the body. These include; Skin, Mucus barrier, cilia, and one chemical barrier which is hydrochloric acid. All these barriers attempt to kill or destroy the pathogens

40
Q

What is the second line of defence?

A

The three main parts of the second line of defence is the
Inflammatory response - causes more blood to reach the site of infection the heat also slows the movement of pathogens.
phagocytes - are a type of white blood cells that can absorb foreign matter digest it and release the harmless remains to the lymph nodes.
Lymph systems - produces white blood cells

41
Q

What is the third line of defence?

A

If the cells detect or are infected the body will send out chemicals that tell the body they are being attacked. It produces t and b cells (They are designed to attack specific ones) instead of white blood cells which attack anything. And finally they produce memory cells that while memorise that secifc pathogen.

42
Q

What is the innate Immune System:

A

The innate immune system is the body’s first line of defense against infections and harmful substances. It’s a general, rapid response that’s always ready. This system includes physical barriers like the skin and mucous membranes, as well as cells like macrophages and neutrophils that quickly recognize and attack invaders. The innate immune system doesn’t change much over time and doesn’t have a memory of past encounters with specific pathogens.

43
Q

What is the Adaptive Immune System:

A

The adaptive immune system is a more specialized defence that develops over time. It creates specific responses to particular pathogens or substances. This system involves cells called T cells and B cells, which learn to recognize and remember specific invaders. Once the adaptive immune system has encountered a pathogen, it can respond more effectively if that same pathogen attacks again. This is how vaccinations work – they train the adaptive immune system to “remember” pathogens without causing illness.

44
Q

First step of the nervous system?

A

Sensory Input:. These receptors convert the outside change into electrical signals.

45
Q

Second step of the nervous system?

A

Transmission of Signals: The electrical signals are transmitted as nerve impulses towards the central nervous system (CNS).

46
Q

Third step of the nervous system?

A

Processing in the CNS: In the CNS, the sensory information is processed. Your brain quickly recognizes the signals as pain and extreme heat.

47
Q

Fourth step of the nervous system?

A

Decision and Response: Your brain then sends signals to motor neurons, which carry messages from the CNS to your muscles.

48
Q

fifth step of the nervous system?

A

Feedback Loop: Simultaneously, your brain may also trigger other responses, such as releasing endorphins

49
Q

Sixth step of the nervous system?

A

Conscious Awareness: Alongside the reflexive response, you become consciously aware of the pain and the situation.

50
Q

Explain the role of reproductive hormones in controlling ovulation

A

Reproductive hormones play a central role in regulating this process, primarily through a complex feedback loop between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovaries.

51
Q

Explain the role of reproductive hormones in changing in hormone concentration?

A

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) causes the maturation of an egg in the ovary.
luteinising hormone(LH) - stimulates the release of the egg.
Oestrogen is involved in repairing and thickening the uterus lining
Progesterone - maintains the uterus lining

52
Q

What is the Testicles?

A

The production of sperm cells through meiosis

53
Q

What is the Scrotum?

A

Protect and support the testicles (temperature regulation)

54
Q

What is the Epididymis?

A

Where sperm cells mature and gain mobility (stores before ejaculation)

55
Q

What is the Sperm Duct?

A

Carries mature sperm from the epididymis to ejaculatory duct

56
Q

What is the Prostate?

A

Produce nutritious fluid that help sperms health and mobility

57
Q

What is the Seminal Vesicle?

A

Produce fluids rich in fructose and other nutrient for energy

58
Q

What is the Penis?

A

External sex organ for reproduction and elimination of waste

59
Q

What is the Urethra?

A

Common passageway for both urine and semen

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