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English Language 3/4 > Headstart Content > Flashcards

Headstart Content Flashcards

1
Q

Define Phonetics

A

Study of how we make speech sounds and how we organise these sounds

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2
Q

Define Phonology

A

Study of the patterns that speech sounds form within a language

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3
Q

Define Phonological Patterning

A

A set of phonological features in written and spoken texts

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4
Q

Why is Phonological Patterning’s used?

A
  • express creativity
  • persuasively
  • capture and maintain attention
  • act to set the tone
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5
Q

List the Phonological Patterning’s

A
  • Alliteration
  • Assonance
  • Consonance
  • Onomatopoeia
  • Rhythm
  • Rhyme
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6
Q

Define Alliteration and provide an example

A

Repetition of the same consonant sound in the initial position of nearby words.
“Reduce, reuse, recycle”

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7
Q

Define Assonance and provide an example

A

Repetition of vowel phonemes across phrases, clauses, or sentences.
“The stream meandered eerily along”

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8
Q

Define Consonance and provide an example

A

Repetition of consonant phonemes in phrases, clauses or sentences
“pitter, patter”

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9
Q

Define Onomatopoeia and provide an example

A

The creation of words to represent sounds
“chip chop chip chop”

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10
Q

What is the purpose of Onomatopoeia?

A
  • bring vivid imagery
  • sensory experience
  • lively & interesting
  • attract reader’s attention
  • memorable
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11
Q

What can Alliteration create?

A

A playful and catchy tone

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12
Q

What can Assonance create?

A
  • smoother/softer tone
  • melodic feel
  • slow down pace
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13
Q

What can Consonance create?

A

Percussive/rhythmic tone

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14
Q

Define Rhythm and provide an example

A

The creation of long and short patterns through stressed and unstressed syllables.
“Double, double, toil and trouble”

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15
Q

What does Rhythm achieve?

A
  • flow and emphasis
  • enhance tone or mood
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16
Q

Define Rhyme and provide an example

A

Two or more lexemes end with corresponding, matching phonology. The direct manipulation of assonance or consonance
“Sam I am”

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17
Q

What does Rhyme achieve?

A
  • musicality
  • emphasis
  • cohesion
  • aesthetic appeal
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18
Q

List the Prosodic Features

A
  • Pitch
  • Intonation
  • Volume
  • Tempo
  • Stress
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19
Q

Define Pitch

A

The height of sound production, either higher or lower

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20
Q

Define Intonation

A

Differences in the pitch level of the voice spoken

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21
Q

Define Volume

A

The degree of loudness in spoken discourse

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22
Q

Define Tempo

A

The rate or pace of spoken discourse

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23
Q

Define Stress

A

The degree of emphasis given to sounds or a syllable in speech.

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24
Q

What is an acronym used to recall phonological patterning’s?

A

RACORA

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25
Q

Define Vocal Effects

A

Paralinguistic feature of ‘noises’ that often accompany speech production
e.g. sighing, laughter, whispering, deliberate coughing

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26
Q

Define Elision and provide an example

A

The omission of certain sounds in connected speech.
eg. “how _bout that”

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27
Q

What is the purpose of connected speech processes?

A
  • link to identity
  • more efficient
  • creates informality
  • reflects relaxed context
  • signal close tenor
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28
Q

Define Assimilation and provide an example

A

Sounds of a lexeme change to be more like the ones nearby to ease manner or place of articulation.
Only relates to spoken texts
eg. “wonchu”

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29
Q

Define Vowel Reduction and provide an example

A

Unstressed vowels are reduced to a schwa
Only appear in spoken transcripts
eg. Where did ya go”

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30
Q

Define Insertion and provide and example

A

Inserting an extra sound or syllable in a word
eg. “athalete”

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31
Q

Define Morphology

A

The study of words and their parts

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32
Q

Define Free Morpheme and provide an example

A

Morphemes that can stand alone as a lexeme
eg. Chair, Build

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33
Q

Define Root Morpheme and provide an example

A

The stem and morpheme that carries the most amount f meaning, where other morphemes are added.
Eg. Restructuring

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34
Q

Define Bound Morpheme and provide an example

A

A morpheme that cannot stand alone eg. ing, ness

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35
Q

What information do Inflectional Morphemes provide?

A
  • tense
  • person
  • number
  • possession
  • comparative
  • superlative
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36
Q

Define Comparative

A

Used to compare two things or people. It indicates that one thing has more or less of a quality than another
eg. “er”

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37
Q

Define Superlative

A

A superlative is used to describe the highest degree of a quality, indicating that something has the most or the least of a particular quality out of a group of three or more things.
eg. est

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38
Q

What are Derivational Morphemes?

A

Can be prefixes or suffixes. Change the meaning of words, create new words and can sometimes change word class.
eg. Singer

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39
Q

What are Hypocoristic suffixes?

A
  • common in Australian English
  • Alternative forms of words or names that share the same denotation
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40
Q

What are Hypocoristic Suffixes also known as?

A

Diminutive Endings

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41
Q

How are Hypocoristic Suffixes created and provide examples.

A
  • Abbreviations and Suffixation
    eg. Mozzie, Servo, Toasty
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42
Q

How do Hypocoristic use of Suffixes function?

A
  • different connotations
  • level of formality
  • solidarity & playfulness
  • mark in group belonging
  • open-ended
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43
Q

What are the Morphological Word Formation processes?

A
  • Initialisms
  • Acronyms
  • Abbreviations
  • Shortenings
  • Blends
  • Compounding
  • Contractions
  • Conversion
  • Backformation
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44
Q

Define Initialism and provide examples.

A

A word formed with the initial letters of words in a phrase, pronounced separately
eg. RACV, FYI, AFL

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45
Q

Define Acronym and provide examples

A

Words formed from the initials of other words that can be said as a word
eg. Goat, Anzac

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46
Q

Define Abbreviation and provide examples

A

Words formed by removing the middle part of the word. Could be initialisms or acronyms
eg. Dr, Dept

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47
Q

Define Shortenings and provide examples

A

One or more syllables of a word ommitted.
eg. Sec, min, exam

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48
Q

Define Blends and provide examples

A

Words formed by joining more than one lexeme, where one or both have been shortened.
eg. Blog, Chillax, Smog, e-

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49
Q

Define Compounding and provide examples

A

A word formed by joining two free morphemes
e.g. skateboard firewall

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50
Q

Define Contraction and provide examples

A

A shortened word. A standard (although less formal) feature indicated through punctuation
eg. don’t, we’ll

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51
Q

Define Conversion and provide examples

A

Lexemes are created through broadening to more than one word class
e.g. google (proper noun to verb), a post.

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52
Q

Define Backformation and provide examples

A

Words formed through the omission of perceived derivation morphemes
e.g. edit from editor

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53
Q

Define Affixation

A

A morpheme that is attached to stems. Can be a prefix, suffix or infix.
eg. deconstruct

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54
Q

What are the types of Open Class words?

A
  • Nouns
  • Verbs
  • Adjectives
  • Adverbs
  • Interjections
    (content)
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55
Q

What are the types of Closed Class words?

A
  • prepositions
  • pronouns
  • conjunctions
  • determiners
  • auxiliary verbs
  • modal verbs
    (function)
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56
Q

What are the 3 tenses, and what is important to note?

A
  • Past
  • Present
  • Future
    Tense is not the same as time
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57
Q

What are the types of pronouns (draw a table)

A
  • Subject
  • Object
  • Reflexive
  • Possessive
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58
Q

Define Noun

A

A word class with a naming function, often a person, place or thing

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59
Q

What are the different types of nouns?

A
  • Common
  • Abstract
  • Proper
  • Collective
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60
Q

Define Verb

A

Express states, actions or processes.

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61
Q

Define Adjective

A

A word that describes or modifies a noun.

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62
Q

Define Word Class

A

Words that share similar grammatical characteristics

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63
Q

Define Adverb

A

Describes/ Intensifies/ Modifies the action of a verb or a meaning of an adjective/adverb

64
Q

Define Interjection

A

A sudden, brief utterance that is usually not part of a syntactic structure.

65
Q

Define Preposition

A

Denotes a positional relationship between nouns

66
Q

Define Pronouns

A

Replaces/stands in for a noun.

67
Q

Define Conjunction

A

Words that connect two words, phrases or clauses
Coordinating/Subordinating

68
Q

Define Determiners

A

Specifies the number and definiteness of a noun

69
Q

Define Auxiliary Verb

A

A verb that precedes the participle verb in a verb phrase. All modal verbs are auxiliaries.

70
Q

What do Auxiliary Verbs achieve?

A
  • help create tense
  • no meaning
71
Q

Define Modal Verbs

A

Auxiliary verbs that express obligation, possibility and prediction.

72
Q

What are the lexical word formation processes.

A

Commonisation
Nominalization
Neologisms
Borrowings

73
Q

Define Commonisation and provide examples.

A

A proper noun becomes a common noun through general use
eg. kleenex, bandaid

74
Q

Define Nominalisation and provide examples

A

When a word is formed into a noun to create an abstract quality or a more formal impersonal style.
e.g. decision, prohibition

75
Q

Define Neologisms and provide examples

A

A newly coined word or phrase e.g. selfie, photobombing

76
Q

Define Borrowings and provide examples

A

Lexemes that have entered English from other languages
e.g. Government (French)

77
Q

Define Syntax

A

How conventions and processes by which words are ordered create grammatically well-formed phrases, clauses and sentences.

78
Q

Define Clause

A

A syntactic phrase made up of at least a subject (NP) and predicate (VP)

79
Q

Define Phrase

A

A group of related words without an agreeing subject or verb. Identified through head word.

80
Q

Define Sentence

A

A grammatical structure made up of one or more clauses

81
Q

What are the types of phrases?

A
  • noun
  • verb
  • prepositional (adjectival/adverbial function)
  • adjectival
82
Q

What is important to note about noun phrases?

A

the noun often but does not always go at the end or can stand alone.

83
Q

How can you determine if a prepositional phrase functions as an adjective or adverb?

A

Note: Some are ambiguous and can be interpreted in more than one way.
e.g. I shot the man with the gun
adverb: where/when
adjective: which

84
Q

What are the functions in clause structure?

A
  • subject
  • object (indirect/direct)
  • predicate
  • adverbial
  • complement
85
Q

Define Subject

A

A noun phrase or pronoun that agrees/does the verb in a clause.

86
Q

Define Object

A

A sentence element (usually a pronoun or noun phrase) that is affected by the action of the verb.

87
Q

Define Indirect Object

A

A sentence element indirectly affected by the action of the verb. Can only exist if there is a direct object (can’t be on own)
eg. Bob gave his teacher a gift.

88
Q

Define Direct Object

A

A sentence element directly affected by the action of the verb

89
Q

Define Predicate

A

Part of a clause containing the verb and elements related to the subject. Starts at the finite verb

90
Q

Define Finite Verbs

A

Finite verbs are those verbs that agree with the subject and express the mood, tense, number and person.

91
Q

Define Non-finite Verbs

A

Non-finite verbs do not agree with the subject and can be used in the present participle, past participle or infinitive forms to perform different functions in a sentence.

92
Q

Define Adverbial

A

A phrase that adds additional information. Relates to time/manner/place

93
Q

Define Complement

A

A pronoun, NP, or adjective following a form of the verb “to be” that relates to the subject/object.
e.g. Make me a supermodel (object complement)

94
Q

Define Active Voice

A

The subject is the actor of the verb in a clause
e.g. Frida threw the Ball.

95
Q

Define Passive Voice

A

The subject receives the action. Alters the focus of the sentence.
Test: use by zombies

96
Q

Why might passive voice be used?

A
  • common in formal writing
  • avoid specifying performer (agentless passives)
  • reduce responsibility
97
Q

How can you determine if an object is direct or indirect

A

Direct: What did S V
Indirect: Who did S V

98
Q

What are coordinating conjunctions and what type of clause do they connect?

A

FANBOYS
Connect independent clauses.

99
Q

What are subordinating conjunctions and what type of clause do they connect?

A

Connect dependent clauses to independent clauses.

100
Q

What are fragments and how can they be analysed?

A

Part of a sentence with clause elements missing
- considered less formal
- economical and expressive
- create relaxed tone, build suspense, mimic spoken mode in writing.

101
Q

Define Ellipsis

A

The omission of a grammatical element from a sentence where the meaning is still understood.

102
Q

What are the sentence types?

A
  • declarative
  • interrogative
  • exclamative
  • imperative
103
Q

Define Declarative

A

Expresses a statement

104
Q

Define Interrogative

A

Expresses a question, usually where the subject and verb are inverted.

105
Q

Define Imperative

A

Expresses a directive or command. Second person with verb first.

106
Q

Define exclamative

A

Starts with an interrogative pronoun but is an emotive statement.

107
Q

What are the sentence structures?

A
  • simple
  • compound
  • compound complex
  • complex
108
Q

Define Compound Sentences

A

2 or more independent clauses, joined by a semi-colon or coordinating conjunction

109
Q

Define Complex Sentences

A

1 independent and 1 or more dependent clause.

110
Q

Define Compound Complex Sentences

A

2 or more independent clauses and 1 or more dependent clause.

111
Q

Define Semantic Domain

A

Grouping of words based on shared or related meanings.

112
Q

Define Denotation

A

Literal definition

113
Q

Define Connotation

A

Associations/values attached to a word

114
Q

List the forms of semantic patterning

A
  • irony
  • metaphor
  • oxymoron
  • simile
  • personification
  • animation
  • pun
  • lexical ambiguity
    PALM OF SHIP
115
Q

What is semantic patterning also known as?

A

Figurative Language

116
Q

What is figurative language?

A

Words deviate from literal meanings for a vivid and expressive effect

117
Q

Define Irony

A

What actually occurs goes against what is expected. eg. My hairdresser has terrible hair

118
Q

How may Irony present in context?

A

Sarcasm, backhanded compliments, understatement
Often required to understand the situational context.

119
Q

Define metaphor

A

One semantic domain used to explain another, describing something to be something else. Both literal and non-literal at once. e.g. Love is a battlefield.

120
Q

Define Oxymoron

A

Juxtaposition of contradictory words. Semantic conflict e.g. Act naturally, bittersweet, deafening silence

121
Q

Define Simile

A

Direct comparison between two things, using “like” or “as”
e.g. As good as gold

122
Q

Define Hyperbole

A

Language that creates deliberate exaggeration for effect. e.g. it was so funny I nearly died.

123
Q

Define Personification

A

Non-human elements are described or given human characteristics e.g. The warmth hugged and kissed my face.

124
Q

Define Pun

A

A play on the semantics of similar sounding or related words e.g. there will be hell toupee

125
Q

Define Synonymy

A

Different words with similar/connected meanings
e.g. happy/content

126
Q

What is the function of synonymy

A

Help connect/communicate/contrast ideas

127
Q

Define Antonymy

A

Words are opposite and contrasting hence connected.
e.g. up/down

128
Q

Define Idiom

A

A playful, cultural expression that is non-literal (like metaphors but associated with informality) e.g. in a pickle

129
Q

Define Euphemism

A

A milder or more polite word/phrase to refer to taboo or unpleasant topic, reducing impact e.g. being intoxicated - tipsy

130
Q

Define Dysphemism

A

A harsher or more direct and impolite word or phrase that magnifies and increases impact. e.g. She’s knocked up.

131
Q

What are the features of spoken discourse?

A
  • discourse particles
  • openings and closings
  • overlap
  • non-fluency features
  • adjacency pairs
  • minimal responses
132
Q

Define Discourse particle

A

A brief word or phrase uttered to mark something within the discourse e.g. ok, well

133
Q

Explain discourse particle: Well

A

Indicate speaker commenting, express doubt or opposing view

134
Q

Explain discourse particle: You Know

A

Checks if listener is following, emphasises point

135
Q

Explain discourse particle: Like

A

Example, indicate approximation, uncertainty, direct speech

136
Q

Explain discourse particle: Anyway

A

Change or loop back to topic

137
Q

Explain discourse particle: So

A

Conclusion/Result

138
Q

Explain discourse particle: I mean

A

Clarifies/elaborates/express opinion

139
Q

Explain discourse particle: Right

A

Checks understanding

140
Q

Define Opening

A

Deliberate beginning of spoken discourse where participants establish contact to create rapport/ familiarity/solidarity signaling the intended tenor.
e.g. Hey

141
Q
A
142
Q

Define Closing

A

The deliberate ending of spoken discourse, signaling end point and resolution to maintain social norms and politeness

143
Q

What is the purpose of openings and closings?

A
  • ritualistic and expected
  • informal or formal
  • signal roles/tenor/register
144
Q

Define Overlap

A

Two participants speak simultaneously, a natural feature not contributing to formality
- collaborative, signal close tenor, nervousness, unfamiliarity, provide support, take floor

145
Q

What are non-fluency features?

A
  • indicate unscripted and spontaneous nature
  • natural, do not affect register
146
Q

List the non-fluency features

A
  • pauses
  • repetition
  • false start
  • running repair
  • voiced hesitations
147
Q

Define Pauses

A

Used to briefly provide thinking time, gathering thoughts, hesitation, topic shift.
Also deliberate for dramatic effect

148
Q

Define Repetition

A

A repeated feature in close proximity to the first occurrence as an unplanned utterance.

149
Q

Define False Start

A

Interlocutor begins utterance, then makes immediate repair for self-correction, or rephrase for clarity

150
Q

Define Running Repair

A

The correction of a mistake or misunderstanding in spoken discourse

151
Q

Define Voiced Hesitations

A

Filled pauses uttered in spoken discourse to briefly provide thinking time and hold the floor

152
Q

Define Adjacency Pairs

A

Pairs of utterances that require turn-taking where the first utterance prompts an expected response

153
Q

What are the common types of Adjacency Pairs?

A

Question & Answer
Offer & Refusal
Statement & Acknowledgement

154
Q

Define Minimal Responses

A

Backchanneling, brief utterances in spoken discourse to signal understanding, engagement, encouragement or agreement and urges someone to hold the floor.

155
Q

What are the strategies in spoken discourse

A
  • topic management
  • turn-taking
  • code switching
  • management of repairs
156
Q

In what ways can a topic be managed?

A
  • adjacency pairs
  • interrogatives/declarative
  • minimal responses
  • discourse particles
  • pauses
157
Q

In what ways is turn-taking constructed

A
  • interrogatives
  • falling intonation
  • adjacency pairs
  • minimal responses
  • overlap
  • syntactic coordination

English Language 3/4 (3 decks)

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