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English Language 3/4 > Chapter One - Metalanguage Review > Flashcards

Chapter One - Metalanguage Review Flashcards

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1
Q

Phonetics

A

Study of how we make speech sounds and how we organise these sounds

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2
Q

Phonology

A

Study of the patterns that speech sounds form within a language

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3
Q

Morphology

A

Study of words and their parts

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4
Q

Morpheme

A

Smallest units of meaning within a word

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5
Q

Lexicology

A

Study of words and how they behave within a language

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6
Q

Syntax

A

Study of how words are ordered into phrases, clauses and sentences

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7
Q

Discourse

A

Written or spoken texts that are longer than a sentence

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8
Q

Pragmatics

A

Study of how language is used within a given context, and how context contributes to meaning

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9
Q

Semantics

A

Study of understanding and meaning in communication, including both logical meaning and lexical meaning

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10
Q

Connected speech processes

A

Assimilation, vowel reduction, elision and insertion

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11
Q

Assimilation

A

Speech sounds change to be more like neighbouring sounds.

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12
Q

How does assimilation occur?

A

Change of place of articulation, manner of articulation or voicing

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13
Q

What is an example of assimilation?

A

‘handbag’ is often pronounced as ‘hambag’ where the /n/ sound assimilates to the following /b/ sound by becoming a bilabial nasal /m/

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14
Q

Vowel Reduction

A

In unstressed syllables, vowels become less distinct and are reduced to a more central vowel, typically a schwa.

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15
Q

What is an example of vowel reduction?

A

The vowel sound in the first syllable of ‘banana’ is reduced - not pronounced with the same quality as the stressed vowel in the second syllable.

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16
Q

Elision

A

Omission of a sound or syllable in spoken language, such as the contraction of phrases.

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17
Q

Examples of elision

A

‘I have’ is contracted to ‘I’ve’ in speech with the elision of the ‘h’ and ‘a’ sounds

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18
Q

Insertion

A

Addition of sounds for ease of pronunciation

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19
Q

What is an example of elision?

A

‘warmth’ often has an extra /p/ sounds making it sound like ‘warmpth’

20
Q

Prosodic Features of speech

A

Elements of our voices that affect whole sequences of syllables
Pitch, intonation, volume, tempo and stress

21
Q

Pitch

A

Relative height, ranging between high and low of auditory sound

22
Q

Intonation

A

Patterns of pitch variation across phrases, clauses and sentences

23
Q

Stress

A

Intensity placed upon a syllable within a word. Increase length, volume of pitch of a syllable compared to others to create emphasis

24
Q

Tempo

A

Relates to the pace with which an intonation unit is delivered

25
Q

Volume

A

Relative increase or decrease in decibels across an intonation unit
Increasing volume on a single syllable can create stress.

26
Q

The international phonetic alphabet

A

System of symbols used to represent the sounds in human speech

27
Q

What are morphological patterns?

A

Word formation processes

28
Q

What is affixation (with an example)?

A

Use of affixes (including either prefixes or suffixes) to create
neologisms. An example includes ‘government’ from ‘govern’ with the suffix ‘-ment’.

29
Q

What are abbreviations (with an example)?

A

Abbreviations are shortened forms of words or phrases.
They can include shortenings, initialisms
and acronyms.
An example includes ‘VCAA’, where ‘V’ is said as a letter and CAA is pronounced ‘car’.

30
Q

What are shortenings (with an example)?

A

A shortening is the abbreviation of a word by reducing its length. Examples include ‘pram’ from
‘perambulator’ and ‘all caps’, where ‘caps’ is a shortening of ‘capitals’.

31
Q

What is compounding?

A

Compounding is the process of joining two or more whole words to create a single word. Examples include ‘bookcase’ and ‘swimsuit’. Some compounds are hyphenated, such as ‘sister-in-law’.

32
Q

What is Blending?

A

Blending refers to the process of combining two or more words, where at least one word has undergone a form of abbreviation before being joined. An example includes ‘kidult’ (kid + adult).

33
Q

What is Backformation?

A

Backformation is the process of creating a new word by removing what is falsely perceived to be an affix from an existing word. An example includes ‘televise’, which was backformed from ‘television’.

34
Q

What is Conversion?

A

Conversion of word class involves changing the class or role of a word, without changing its morphology. An example includes ‘email’, which was once only a noun but it now also a verb.

35
Q

What are initialisms?

A

Formed by taking the first letters of words in a string of words and pronouncing them as letters or a combination of letters and other symbols. The initialism cannot be pronounced as a whole word. An example includes ‘VCE’.

36
Q

What is an acronym?

A

Formed by taking the first letter of each word in a string of words and pronouncing them as a new word. Examples include ‘ANZAC’ and ‘lol’.

37
Q

What is a contraction?

A

A contraction is word formed by removing some letters from words and marking the missing letter/s with an apostrophe. Examples include ‘she’s’ and ‘it’s’.

38
Q

Word Classes

A

Categorized based on how a word behaves grammatically

39
Q

Nouns

A

Words that name places, people, things, qualities, ideas or concepts

40
Q

Pronouns

A

Pronouns replace nouns and noun phrases within a sentence.

41
Q

Verbs

A

Verbs express actions, states or occurrences. Verbs can take on inflectional morphemes such as the suffixes ‘-ed’ and ‘-ing’ to indicate past and present tense. Future tense is not marked by inflecting a verb in English; instead, the modal auxiliary verb ‘will’ is often used to provide information about future tense

42
Q

Auxiliary Verbs

A

Two types: primary and auxiliary
Supports the main verb of the sentence

43
Q

Primary Auxiliary Verbs

A

Construct tenses that cannot be conveyed by inflectional morphemes on the main verb alone to show expression of time, continuity or completion of an action.
be, have, do

44
Q

Modal Auxiliary Verbs

A

Express possibility, ability, intent, obligation or necessity
Can, could, will, would, should, shall, may, might, must, ought.

45
Q

Adjectives

A

Describe or modify nouns and pronouns, providing more information about them. Indicate qualities

46
Q

Adverbs

A

Modify verbs, adjectives

English Language 3/4 (1 decks)

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