0. U3+4 ML Glossary (2024 SD) Flashcards
What are the prosodic features in phonetics?
Pitch, stress, volume, tempo, intonation
List connected speech processes
- Assimilation
- Vowel reduction
- Elision
- Insertion
What is phonological patterning in texts?
- Alliteration
- Assonance
- Consonance
- Onomatopoeia
- Rhythm
- Rhyme
What does the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represent?
A system for phonetic transcription of languages
Define hypocoristic use of suffixes
The use of diminutive or affectionate suffixes in language
What are word formation processes in morphology?
- Affixation
- Abbreviation
- Shortening
- Compounding
- Blending
- Backformation
- Conversion of word class
- Initialism
- Acronym
- Contraction
Identify the main word classes
- Nouns (including pronouns)
- Verbs (including auxiliary and modal verbs)
- Adjectives
- Adverbs
- Prepositions
- Conjunctions
- Determiners
- Interjections
What is nominalisation in lexicoogy?
The process of converting verbs or adjectives into nouns
What are the types of phrases in syntax?
- Noun phrase
- Verb phrase
- Adjective phrase
- Adverb phrase
- Prepositional phrase
What functions can clauses serve?
- Subject
- Object
- Predicate
- Complement
- Adverbial
What are the sentence types based on communicative function?
- Declarative
- Imperative
- Interrogative
- Exclamative
What are the different sentence structures?
- Sentence fragments
- Simple
- Compound
- Complex
- Compound-complex
What is the difference between active and passive voice?
Active voice has the subject as the actor; passive voice emphasizes the action’s recipient
What is syntactic patterning in texts?
- Antithesis
- Listing
- Parallelism
What does word order typically follow in English?
Subject, verb, object; modifiers in a noun phrase; adverbials
What are paralinguistic features?
- Vocal effects (e.g., whispers, laughter)
- Non-verbal communication (e.g., gestures, facial expressions, eye contact)
Define code-switching
The practice of alternating between two or more languages or dialects in conversation
What factors contribute to a text’s coherence?
- Cohesion
- Inference
- Logical ordering
- Formatting
- Consistency and conventions
What factors contribute to a text’s cohesion?
- Lexical choice (synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy)
- Hypernymy
- Collocation
- Information flow
- Anaphoric and cataphoric reference
- Deictics
- Repetition
- Ellipsis
- Substitution
- Conjunctions and adverbials
What are features of spoken discourse?
- Openings and closings
- Adjacency pairs
- Minimal responses/backchannels
- Overlapping speech
- Discourse particles/markers
- Non-fluency features
What are the strategies used in spoken discourse?
- Topic management
- Turn-taking
- Management of repair sequences
What are politeness strategies?
- Positive and negative face
- Positive and negative face threatening acts
- Positive and negative politeness
What is semantic patterning?
- Figurative language
- Irony
- Metaphor
- Oxymoron
- Simile
- Hyperbole
- Personification
- Animation
- Puns
- Lexical ambiguity
Define euphemism
A mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt