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Reading News > Headlines > Flashcards

Headlines Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of a news story? (in order)

A

Headline
Lead
Body

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2
Q

What are the importances of headlines?

A

They have the highest readership
Provide a summary of the story’s content
Entice the readers into reading the article

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3
Q

What does a headline describe?

A

The essence of a complicated news story in a few words

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4
Q

How does a headline inform and what does it arouse?

A

Quickly and accurately
The reader’s curiosity

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5
Q

What do headlines encapsulate?

A

Not only the content but also the orientation

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6
Q

What parts do headlines generally consist of?

A

Primary head: visually more prominent and more important
Secondary head: a smaller headline that helps to add information to the headline

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7
Q

What combinations of primary and secondary head do we have?

A

Hammer
Kicker
Tripod
Wicket

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8
Q

What’s the structure of hammer?

A

One or more lines of primary over one or more lines of secondary

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9
Q

What’s the structure of kicker?

A

One line of secondary over one or more lines of primary

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10
Q

What’s the structure of tripod?

A

Two or more lines of secondary beside the primary

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11
Q

What’s the structure of wicket?

A

Two or more lines of secondary over one or more lines of primary

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12
Q

What are the functional types of headlines?

A

Questions
Exclamations
Statements
Commands

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13
Q

What are statement headlines like?

A

They describe the state of action, affairs, feelings, or belief
E.g.: over 17m Iranians toured the country in New Year holidays

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14
Q

What are question headlines like?

A

Are addressed to a reader and ask for an expression of opinion, fact, belief, etc.
E.g.: Will We Stop Trump Before It’s Too Late?

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15
Q

What are command headlines like?

A

They express a request or advice
E.g.: Put These Question Marks By the Hardware

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16
Q

What do exclamation headlines show?

A

The writer’s feelings

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17
Q

What’s the chronological order of different functional types of headlines in English newspaper?

A

From the most to the least:
1) statements
2) questions
3) commands
4) exclamations

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18
Q

What are the features of the language of headlines?

A
  1. Omission
  2. Nominalization
  3. Short words
  4. Shortened verb forms
  5. Frequent use of acronyms and abbreviations
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19
Q

What are preserved and what are usually omitted in headlines?

A

Content words are preserved
Usually omitted:
- function words
- titles
- punctuation
E.g.: Headline: Charles, 32, seeks bride
Deep Structure: Prince Charles, who is 32 years old, seeks someone to marry

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20
Q

What is nominalization?

A

Using nouns derived from verbs or adjectives, often, but not always, with a change in the word ending
E.g.: arrival from arrive
Depth from deep
Denying the war on women

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21
Q

How are short words used in headlines?

A

Monosyllabic verbs and nouns (maximum six letters) are used frequently as substitutes for longer, more colloquial expressions.

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22
Q

Long word: prohibit(ion)
Prevent(ion)

A

Short word substitute: Ban, Bar

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23
Q

Reduce, reduction

A

Cut

24
Q

Encourage, support

A

Push

25
Q

Cause, initiate

A

Spark

26
Q

Investigate

A

Probe

27
Q

Promote, promotion, increase, support

A

Boost

28
Q

Cancel(lation)
Dismiss(al)

A

Axe

29
Q

Look for, try to obtain

A

Seek

30
Q

Insist, strongly request

A

Urge

31
Q

Seize, win

A

Grab

32
Q

Criticize

A

Slam

33
Q

Reprimand

A

Rap

34
Q

Anger

A

Irk

35
Q

Setback, Unexpected Difficulty

A

Blow

36
Q

Question, interrogate

A

Quiz

37
Q

Defeat

A

Smash

38
Q

What’s the chronological order of the frequency of words with different syllables in English newspaper?

A

From the most to the least:
1) monosyllabic noun
2) bisyllabic noun
3) polysyllabic noun
(same for verbs with different syllables)

39
Q

What is one of the idiosyncratic features of English headlines?

A

The special uses it makes of tenses, which are different from those of ordinary, non-headline language

40
Q

What do headlines not have in general?

A

A one-to-one correspondence between grammatical senses and the real time of occurences of events

41
Q

What are the different forms of shortened verbs in headlines?

A

1. Past participle (form)= passive (meaning)
E.g.: Headline: Steel Pay Claim Granted
Deep Structure: The steel industry’s pay claim has been granted.
2. Infinitive (form)= future (meaning)
E.g.: Headline: Republicans To Push Farm Housing
Deep Structure: The Republican Party will support farm housing.
3. Simple present (form)= past (meaning)
E.g.: Headline: Killer Escapes From Courtroom
Deep Structure: A killer has escaped from a courtroom.
4. Verb+-ing (form)= present continuous (meaning)
E.g.: Headline: Thames Approaching Danger Level
Deep Structure: The river Thames is approaching danger level.

42
Q

Give some examples of acronyms and abbreviations used in headlines

A

Acronyms:
PM: Prime Minister
MP: Member of Parliament
UN: United Nations
Abbreviations:
Pols: politicians
Gov: government
Dems: democrats

43
Q

What devices are used to create ‘attractive’ headlines and catch the readers’ attention?

A

Linguistic
Rhetorical
Or stylistic devices

44
Q

Why are stylistic, rhetorical, or linguistic devices used in headlines?

A

To create ‘attractive’ headlines and catch the reader’s attention

45
Q

What are ‘witty’ headlines?

A

Those that entice them by engaging them in some intellectual game

46
Q

What are other devices used in headlines?

A
  • Intertextuality
  • play with spelling and sounds:
    • alliteration
    • assonance
    • consonance
    • onomatopoeia
    • …
  • Metonymy
  • Metaphor
  • pun
    Etc.
47
Q

What is intertextuality?

A

Making reference to other texts of various kinds:
Idiomatic expressions
Well-known sayings
Literary quotations
Movies
Dramas
Names of famous people
Poems
Book or movie titles
Etc.
E.g.: Headline: To Wash Or Not To Wash
Pesticide row over advice on fruit and vegetables
Hamlet’s well-known dilemma ‘To be or not to be’.

48
Q

What could be an example of alliteration?

A

Close Call for Kids Caught in Cake & Confectionary House

49
Q

What’s an example of assonance?

A

Away Day for Gay Ray

50
Q

What could be an example of consonance?

A

Is more inflation on the horizon?

51
Q

What could be an example of metonymy? (مجاز)

A

Iran Is Not North Korea

52
Q

How are periods used in headlines?

A

They’re usually avoided except when needed in abbreviations
E.g.: U.S. Widens Inquiries into 2 Jail Deaths

53
Q

How is comma used in headlines?

A

It replaces “and” due to space limitations
E.g.: Google Turns 12, Gets Virtual Cake

54
Q

How is semicolon used in headlines?

A

It can be used instead of a period or a full-stop
It replaces periods when there are two complete thoughts
E.g.: Ehud Netzer Dies at 76; Archeologist Unearthed Herod the Great`s Tomb

55
Q

How is colon used in headlines?

A

It typically introduces a list, a direct quotation, or a topic.
E.g.: Dubai: Local Moves, Global Implications
US Diplomat: Iran Wants More Enrichment
‘Real Housewives’: Simon and Tamra Barney`s Bitter End

56
Q

How is hyphen used in headlines?

A

To clarify the relationship between words.
Never used to break a word from line to line or to end a line
E.g.: China- Japan Fight Goes Deeper than Islands
Flat – Screen TV Prices to Plunge for Holiday Season

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