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Neurology Year 3- K > Headache+ stroke > Flashcards

Headache+ stroke Flashcards

1
Q

What are headaches?

A

Can be sx if underlying disorder
- brain tumour, temporal arteritis
Encephalitis

Or
Migraine H
Tension H
Cluster H
SOCRATES- Site, Onset, Character, Radiation, assc, timing, exacerbations, Severity.

Bam? How long inbetween each episode

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2
Q

Different types of H

A

Migraine: unilateral, retro orbital- above and behind eye- pulsating, made worse by photopobia, phonophobia, assc N+V during event, last to mins to hrs.

Tension: felt around the entire head, esp occibital muscles- back muscles “vice-like”, - quite a while eg 6 hrs- sustained, not aggrevated by light or sound, less severe.
Very rarely assc w/ non H sx

Cluster H: unilateral, non pulsatile, extremely severe but brief.
Assc w/ eye redness, rhinorrhoea, facial swelling on same side as H. May also be accompined by Horners syndrome.

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3
Q

Types

A

Migraine: provoking- light, sound. Quality: sharp, pulsatile. Radiation: Superorbital, Severity: 6-8, T: hours to days.

Tension: Procoking: stress, insomnia, hunger, eye-strain. Character: wrapping, tight. R: around head. S: 8, minutes, multiple

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4
Q

Migraines: what are they?

A

B>G, F>M. Onset: 25-50Y (oestrogen??)
Idiopathic, inflammatory response. Hypothesis- expansion of extracranial vasculature (on scalp) - irritates surrounding nerves.
Unilateral ‼️, retro supraorbital, Pulsating‼️, ❌❌Light, sound. Lie in room, dark! N+V.
Aura- visual here, before event happens.
Scintilatinh scotoma- visual deficit. Classic. (Sparkles, halos)

Hx- healthy ppl, B>G, W>M, 30s,
Genetic predisposition- Fhx.
Women > after menarche, less likeley while pregnant or after menopause- oestrogen + migraine correlation?

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5
Q

Migraine sx:

A

Aura- usually (20%) visual, vertigo-
Pain phase- unilateral, polsatile, sharp, supraorbital

Dx- clinical sx
IHS

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6
Q

IHS criteria-5,4,3,2,1 criteria

A

5 or more attacks ever

Any of them lasted 4hrs to 3 days duration

2 of more: unilateral, pulsating, moderate ro severe intensity, withdrawal from activities

1 : sensitivity to light or sound

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7
Q

Migraine ID

A
  1. Have ur H limited ur acttivities for more than a day in the past 3 M?
  2. Do ur H cause u to feel N?
  3. Does light/sound bother u when on ur H?

2/3 Q-> dx made. 81%sensitive, 75% specific.

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8
Q

Migraine H tx

A

Tx- 1st: triptan derivative- sumatriptan, rizatriptan- sublingual- SEROTONIN AGONISTS- constrict vessels that supposetetly - reduce plexus that is around those vessels
Ergotamines- dihydroergotamine,
NSAIDS- ibuprofen

To prevent: topiramade

If vomiting: Saline IV- dehydration.
Opiods not❌ due to rebound effect. - long term- medication induced .

Best- avoid drugs at alll, then see,

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9
Q

What happens if pt still has 2-4 migraines a Month, every week, what do we do?

A

Prophylaxis: topiramate, antiepileptic drug,
Divaproex, valproate AED, propranolol - beta blocker

Antiepileptic drugs
But- topamax- cognitive dulling ! Hard to find words.

Pregnant: triptans: acute: sumatriptan, but- acetaminophen -
Not AEDS- only if seizures due to hypoxic complications.
-> but u have less during migraines.

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10
Q

What are complicated migraines?

A

Residual focal neurological deficits during and after Migraines
Migraine: any neuro deficit will be gradual
Stroke- sudden

Migraine w/ hemiplagia or hemiparesis
Exclude vascular causes- non contrast Ct

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10
Q

Headache: PC - what do different areas mean?

A

In the morning/when bending/straining (⬆️ICP)
Bilateral, band-like(tension)/unilateral (most others)
Scalp tenderness/jaw claudication(GCA)
Facial Pain (trigeminal neuralgia)
Timing: sudden, severe:SAH, cluster H,/ after fall/trauma (subdural)

Aura/visual disturbance (migraine)
Photophobia/Vomitting (meningitis/migraine/ SAH)
Odd behaviour (encephalitis)

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11
Q

Headache - Disease framework

A

HPC- exposure to: CO, nitrates, CCB
Witjdrawal from: alcohol, oipoids, oestrogens, corticosteroids, TCAs, SSRIs, NSAIDs
Constitual sx- brain cancer 1o, 2o ,
Exertional onset: -SAH,nduring coitus- coital cephalgia

PMHx
Cancer- metastatic
Polymyalgia rheumatica (GCA) 
Angina- nitrates exposure
Depression, anxiety , insomnia (tension)

Fhx: close contact has become unwell (meningitis) , familial tendencies (SAH w/ PCOS, migraines)

DHx- anticoagulants, alcoholism (subdural haematoma)
Chronic analgesics: codeine, paracetamol, NSAIDs, triptans

ROS
GI Upset/ teuchopsia/ fortification spectra (migraine) 
Limp-gridle pain /weakness (GCA) 
Blurred/altered vision (⬆️ICP)/ 
Transient visual loss

SH
Caffeine, alcohol, dietary precipitants (chocolate, cheese)
Smoking(migrainw, metastatic cancer, SAH)

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12
Q

O/E H

A

General-
Overwt (IIH)/cachexia (malignancy)
Photophobia (meningitis/SAH)
HTN /fever/signs of sepsis/ drowsiness
Painful scalp on palpation (GCA, trigemina neuralgia)
Lacrimating red eye- cluster H
Kernig’s sign/ pain on straight leg raise- non blanching rash/ cool peripheries; painful legs( meningitis)

Fundoscopy + visual field examination

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13
Q

Investigations

A

FBC - polycythaemia- cause- anaemia due to eg malignancy
U+Es / Ca2+- (dehydration)/ blood sugar/ TFTs
CRP/ESR-⬆️ in infx, GCA (temporal artery biopsy)
EEG- acute changes in intracranial bleed
CT Head/ LP- eg for meningitis/SAH/IIH

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14
Q

Tx of H?

A

If meningitis suspected: IV benzylpenicillin before urgent transfer to hosp. 3rd generations cephalosporins are the empirical tx b4 causative organisms are identified.

Lifestyle changes- trigger avoidance:

GCA- Giant cell arteritis- prednisolone 40mg daily-> ophtalmology.

Migraine-> simple analgesia (NSAIDS) +- antiemetic
If no relief- triptans or ergotamine

Cluster- treat cluster w/ high flow O2 , sumatriptan,
Prophylaxis w/ prednisolone, verapamil

Tension: simple analgesia, avoid chronic use.

Neuralgia- neuropathetic painkillers; antiepileptics (AEDs)/ TCAs

SAH- nimodipine 60mg 4-hrly, urgent referral- head CT.

Raised ICP- tx cause- radiotherapy, theraputic LP, shunt (IIH), rarely cranioromy.

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15
Q

What are tension H?

A

Most commom
Band like distribution around head,
Onset: gradual, less severe than migraine w/o assc sx, respinds to analgaesics.

16
Q

What are some typical sx of ⬆️ICP?

A 
Pain
Vomitting, visual blurrinh.
Fundoscopy: optic disc- blurred
Causes;  intracranial masses, bleeding, 
Benign (Idiopathic intracranial hypertension)- IIH 
CT b4 Lp is mandatory.
17
Q

Migraines??

A

20% have auras usually visual- flashing lights or fortification spectra.
H, N+V may follow.
Unilateral + severe- assc w/ photophobia + phonophobia.

18
Q

Temporal arteritits(GCA)

A

> 50Y, F>W
50% will have polymyalgia rheumatica
❌❌‼️‼️MUST BE TREATED AGGRESIVELY B4 permanent visual loss

19
Q

Trigeminal neuralgia ?

A

Can affect any of the 3 divisions- most commonly by mandibulary and maxillary branches.
Pain: brief, sharp, stabbing, shock-like,
Brought on by tough! Eg combing hair.

20
Q

Cluster H?

A

Unilateral and are localised around or behind the eye.
Sharp, excruciating pain comes on rapidly, w/o aura, lasts 45-90mins.
H commonly occur within 2 hrs of falling asleep
Periods of remission between clusters of attacks.
Ipsilateral lacrimation or nasla discharge is often presx.

21
Q

What are analgesia asc H?

A

Presx for >15D a month or worsens while taking regular painkillers.
Any simple analgesic can cause it.
Tx: withdrawal of analgesics.

22
Q

SAH

A

Thunderclap H
Sudden onset, worst pain ever,
Often in occipital area.

23
Q

What will CO poisoning cause?

A

H w/ irritability, N, weakness, tachycardia, tachypnoea.
Classic rosy pink appearance assc w/ carboxyHb rare b4 death.

Give high flow O2 + remove from Co

24
Q

What happens in PD?

A

Examine: gait, UL, speech, lower cranial nerves (fiacial expression)

Observe: Poor posture (stooping, slumped in chair)
Slow shuffling gait/ reduced arm swing/poor balance
Quiet monotonous speech/pauses

Face: lack of facial expression/drooling of saliva
Glabellar tap- not habituate as normal

Arms: bradykinesia (slow) -> moving thumb to other fingex
Rigidity(stiff)-> wrist best demonstrated
Tremor (shaky)-> Pill rolling, at rest, asymetrical, reduced on movement, brought out by motor distraction,

Ask pt to raise and lower one arm while u watch the other for ⬆️ tremor.

25
Q

Tx of PD?

A

L-Dopa-> chorea/dystonic movements, esp on hands and feet. In contrast w/tremor, these movements ⬆️ During action.

Dementia w/Lewy bodies is a clinical overlap b/n Parkinsons + Alzheimers.

26
Q

Motor Neurone Diseases

A

MND
Observe: wasting (LMn) esp small Hand/foot miscles, Fasciculations (LMn) (tongue or limbs)

Tone: normal or increase (spastic UMN)
Power: segmental (LMN) or pyramidal (UMN) weakness

Reflexes: exaggerated (UMN) / diminished/ absent- LMN

Sensation, coordination: normal

Extras: Bulbar - pseudobalbar palsies

27
Q

Some extras for MND

A

Cause- 90% unknown, 10%idiopathic
Patho: degeneration of: anterior horn cells/ CS tract
Motor cortex(frontal)/ cranial nerve nuclei/ corticobulbar tract

Typically: 45-65/ males>F / median survival 3Y

Progressive muscular atrophy- w/ isolated LMN signs
Progressive lateral sclerosis- UMN signs
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)a mixed signs,
Bulbar/ pseudobulbar palsy- UMN

28
Q

CVA events- disease framework

A

Stroke: sudden neurological deficit of vascular origin lasting longer than 24hrs. Resolution within 24hrs is a TIA.

PC: asymetrical weakness of a limb/limbs/face
Speech problems/ sensory upset/visual disturbance
Collapse/H but NOT❌ black out/syncope.

HPC: SUDDEN ONSET, Course: static/resolving/progressing

Hx- previous TIAs/CVAs, Amaurosis fugax, transient sensory/motor probs

RFs- smoking, HTN, Diabtets, Hyperlipidaemia -> Atherosclerosis.
Right or Left handed?

PMHx- Vascular- IHD, angina, MI/PVD: claudication, AF, rheumatic heart /valve disease, MI,

FH- ⬆️vascular disease in family

SH- home, house type, ground floor/stairs
Modifications- stairs?
Carers? Helpers? Wheelchairs?frames/sticks

Dh- antihypertensives, aspitin, dipyridamole, warfarin-> may be cause of hameorrhagic CVa)

ROs- complications- wt loss, swalling diff, comsipation, /bladder sx.
Pneumonia- aspiration / shoulder subluxation

29
Q

Strokes-O/E??

A

General A: plethoric/ malar flush

CVS- BP/ signs of hypertensive heart disease (pressure overload)
AF, Heart murmurs, Carotid bruits,

CNS: dysphasia, dysarthria, apraxia, sensory/ visual inattention

Cranial nerves: Homonymous Hemianopia, UMN facial weakness, Pseudobulbar palsy

Peripheral nerves: hemiparesis- spastic if old, unilateral UMN singns+/- sensory loss, (⬆️ tone/reflexes/clonus, Weakness w/o wasting, ⬇️ decreased sensation/coordination, Upgoing plantars/+ve Hoffmans

30
Q

How would u investigate stroke?

A

BM: exclude hypoglycaemia
ECG: AF?
CT brain: urgently if being considered for thrombolysis/ depressed GCS

31
Q

How would u treat a stroke?

A

Acute CVA:
Early dx + imaging (CT) to confrim
Thrombolysis if: Haemorhage excluded, within 3hrs of onset of sx, blood pressure-

32
Q

How do u treat a TIA?

A

Aspirin 300mg -+ dipyridamole, risk stratify, carotid doopler ultrasonography /EEG/ECHO,
CONSIRED eaely endareterectomy if >70% stenosis on side related ro sx

33
Q

What are some other causes of strokes?

A

Haem:15% , SAH -5%, intracerebral 10%
Ischaemic/ 85%, thrombotic/embolic from heart/ carotids/ 40% unknown

Classification: anterior from internal carotids or vertebrobasilar - posterior circulations.

34
Q

What is the classification used ro divide CVAs according to territory, extent and cause?

A

Bamford Criteria

Total anterior Circulation strokes (TACS) - all 3 of:

  1. Motor + sensory deficits in 2/3 of face, arm/ leg
  2. Homonomous hemianopia
  3. Distirbance of higher fxa dysphasia/neglect

Partial anterior Circ Strokes (PACS)- 2 of above, or higher dysfx alone, or more limited sensory/motor deficits.

Ladunar strokes: LACS- pure motor or pure sensory /ataxic hemiparesis.

Posterior circulation: POCS- any of:

  1. Cranial nerve-/+ contralateral motor/sensory lesions
  2. Cerebellar wigns/ Brainstem signs
  3. Isolated homonymous hemianopia
  4. Bilateral sensory/motor deficit

Neurology Year 3- K (14 decks)

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