Common Invx In Neuro D

Question 1

Imaging: skull and spinal Xrays

Answer 1

Fractures, metastases,
Enlargmenet of pituitary fossa
Intracranial calcification

Question 2

CT

Answer 2

Cerebral tumours
Intracerebral haem
Infraction
Subdural + extradural haematoma
Cerebral atrophy
Midline shift of intracranial structures 

H/w lesions

Question 3

MRI

Answer 3

Tumours, infractions, haemorrhages, clot, MS plaques, the posterior fossa, foramen magnum + SC.

Question 4

Doopler studies

Answer 4

B- mode and colour USS- carotid stenosi

Question 5

EEG

Answer 5

Measures brain activity- scalp electrodes on 16 channels simultaneously.
Dx epilepsy + semsitive for encephalopathies.

Question 6

LP for CSF

Answer 6

Dx of meningitis + encephalitis,
+ MS, neuro syphillis, sarcoidosis + Behcets D.

Therapeutically- intrathecal injection of drugs like methotraxate for chemo,

Or removal of CSF in ⬆️ idiopathic intracranial HTN.

Question 7

Typical changes in CSF meningitis

Answer 7

Normal: Appearance clear, mononuclear cells 50%

Pyogenic: Turbit/ purulent, 50 glucose.

Tuberculous
Turbid/Viscus, 100-300 mononuclear, 0-200 polymorphs, 0.5-3.0 protein,

Question 8

EMG- electromyograpgy

Answer 8

Electrical acitivity of muscles ate rest and during voluntary contraction.
Small electeose needle into muscle.
Usually in conduction w/ nerve conduction studies- measure the speed of conductiom of impulses through a nerve.

Used to inv D odpf muscles, nerves or neuromuscular junctions.

Question 9

Inv of suspected muscle D

Answer 9

1.Serum Creatine phosphokinase (CK) and Aldose
2. EMG
3. Muscle biopsy- histology+ immunohistochemical staining
⭐️ for Dx of muscle disease.

MRI- muscle inflammation + oedema+ fibrosis

Question 10

Causes of cerebellar lesions

Answer 10

MS
Space occupying lesions: 1o tumour -medulloblastoma,
2o tumour, abscess, Haem.

Chronic alcohol abuse- Werinkes encephalopathy

Anticonvolusant drugs

Question 11

Blood tests

Answer 11

⬆️ESR/CRP inflammation like vasculitis.
Comatose pts may be hypoglycaemic or hyponatraemic
Hypoglycaemia may lead to spasms + tetany.