Head, Neck, Vertebral Column Flashcards
Name all the bones which contain the paranasal sinuses
Frontal
Sphenoid
Ethnoid
Maxilla
What bone is the “cheek bone”?
Zygomatic
Upper & Lower jaw bones
Upper (max) - Maxilla
Lower- Mandible
Name the vertebral regions
- cercival vertebrae (C1-C7)
- thoracic vertebrae (T1-T7)
- Lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5)
- Sacrum
- Coccyx
Typical vertebra structure (+ their functions)
- Body (anterior) - weight-bearing & forms anterior wall of vertebral foramen
- Vertebral foramen - forms canal for spinal cord
-
Vertebral arch -
- permits passage of spinal nerve (adjacent arches form intervertebral foramen)
- lateral (pedicle) & posterior (lamina) walls for vertebral foramen
- 7 processes - sites of attachment
What are the processes of a typical vertebra
- 1 spinous process
- 2 transverse processes
- 4 articular processes:
- 2 superior articular
- 2 inferior articular
What are the cervical vertebrae (C1-C7)
C1 - Atlas
C2- Axis
C3-6 - Typical
C7- Prominens (base of neck)
Cervical vertebrae features
- Oval body - wider at sides
- Large triangular vertebral foramen
- Transverse foramen (for vertebral arteries)
- Spinous process absent in C1, bifid in C2-C6, large non-bifid in C7
What is the first vertebra that exhibits a spinous process
C2
Distinguishing features of:
cervical vs thoracic vs lumbar vertebrae
Cervical - Transverse foramen (for arteries)
Thoracic - Small, CIRCULAR vertebral foramen
Lumbar - Largest body w. triangle vertebral foramen
What nerve innervates facial expression muscles (scalp, face, mouth muscles)
Facial n.
What is the muscle of the scalp? and what are its features?
Occipitofrontalis
- Frontal belly and occipital belly joined by epicranial aponeurosis
Face Muscles (innervation + function)
Innervation - Facial n.
Orbicularis **Oculi **- Orbits the EYE (blink)
Orbicularis Oris - Orbits the ORAL Mouth (pucker)
Levator anguli oris - paired muscle from orbicularis oris to maxilla
Trapezius innervation + insertion
spinal accessory n.
Insertion - spine of scap. + acromion
Sternocleidomastoid innervation
Spinal accessory n.
What muscles does the spinal accessory n. innervate?
Sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius
Mnemonic for the nerve supply to the extraocular muscles
LR6 SO4 AO3
LR = Lateral rectus: innervated by the sixth cranial n.
SO = Superior oblique: innervated by the fourth n.
AO = All other extraocular muscles: innervated by the** third** nerve
Name the extraocular muscles + Function & Innervation
- Superior rectus: elevation – CN-III (oculomotor n.)
- Inferior rectus: depression– CN-III
- Lateral rectus: Abduction– CN-VI (abducens)
- Medial rectus: Adduction– CN-III
- Superior oblique: intorsion – CN-IV
- Inferior oblique: extorsion – CN-III
- *Levator palpebrae superioris: elevates the eyelid– CN-III
Notable foramens of the skull bones
Mandible - Mental foremens
Maxilla - infra-orbital foremen
Frontal - supra-orbital foramen (sometimes notch)
Triangle on the zygomatic:
- zygomaticofacial foramen
- zygomaticoorbital foramen
- zygomaticotemporal foramen
Mastication muscles - identify + function + innervation
Function - elevate mandible
Innervation - mandibular nerve (from cranial n. V - trigeminal n.)
Masseter
Temporalis
what is the ear canal called + what bone
Temporal bone - external auditory meatus
What landmark divides the anterior and posterior neck triangles
Sternocleidomastoid
Anterior neck triangle boundaries
Anterior border of sternocleidomastoid
Inferior border of the mandible
Midline of the neck
Posterior neck triangle boundaries
Post. border of sternocleidomastoid
ant. border of trapezius
clavicle
Sub-triangles of ANTERIOR triangle
- Submental triangle - (think mental foramen)
- Submandibular - (think mandible)
- Carotid - contains common carotid a. & internal jugular v.
- Muscular
sub triangles of POSTERIOR triangle
- Occipital triangle - borders occipital
- Subclavian triangle - (Note: not actually below clavicle - but contains subclavian artery, hence the name)
Salivary glands (+location)
ALL PAIRS
Parotid gland (near ear)
Submandibular gland (sub-mandible)
Sublingual (sub-tongue) NOTE: can’t see sublingual on cadaver
What structures pass through the parotid gland?
- Facial nerve (cn VII)
- external carotid a.
- retromandibular v.
What part of the subclavian a. do all branches arise from?
1st part
Only tributary of subclavian v.
External jugular v.
Common carotid arteries origins
Right common carotid a. - Brachiocephalic trunk
Left common carotid a. - direct branch of aortic arch
Terminal branches of common carotid a. (+differentiate them)
Internal carotid a. (post., larger)
External carotid a. (ant.))
phillip hughes
Vertebral arteries: origin, course
- Origin: subclavian a.
- Course:
1. ascend up post. neck through transverse foramen of cervical vertebrae (only C6–>C1, not C7)
2. Enter cranial cavity via foramen magnum
3. *Left & right vertebral a. merge into basilar a.
Omohyoid origin
Scapula
Geniohyoid & mylohyoid origin
Mandible
Continuation of the internal jugular vein
Joins subclavian v. to form Brachiocephalic vein
Where does external jugular v. drain into
subclavian v.
Differentiate internal vs external jugular v.
Internal:
* deep to sternocleidomastoid
* joins subclavian v. to form brachiocephalic v.
External:
* superificial (courses obliquely) to sternocleidomastoid
* drains into subclavian v.
Gland near the ear
Parotid gland
think parrot - sits on shoulder & nibbles ear
what do the external carotid arteries terminate into?
superficial temporal a.
maxillary a.
