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Human Anatomy 2 > Head, Neck, Vertebral Column > Flashcards

Head, Neck, Vertebral Column Flashcards

1
Q

Name all the bones which contain the paranasal sinuses

A

Frontal
Sphenoid
Ethnoid
Maxilla

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2
Q

What bone is the “cheek bone”?

A

Zygomatic

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3
Q

Upper & Lower jaw bones

A

Upper (max) - Maxilla
Lower- Mandible

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4
Q

Name the vertebral regions

A
  1. cercival vertebrae (C1-C7)
  2. thoracic vertebrae (T1-T7)
  3. Lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5)
  4. Sacrum
  5. Coccyx
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5
Q

Typical vertebra structure (+ their functions)

A
  • Body (anterior) - weight-bearing & forms anterior wall of vertebral foramen
  • Vertebral foramen - forms canal for spinal cord
  • Vertebral arch -
    • permits passage of spinal nerve (adjacent arches form intervertebral foramen)
    • lateral (pedicle) & posterior (lamina) walls for vertebral foramen
  • 7 processes - sites of attachment
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6
Q

What are the processes of a typical vertebra

A
  • 1 spinous process
  • 2 transverse processes
  • 4 articular processes:
    • 2 superior articular
    • 2 inferior articular
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7
Q

What are the cervical vertebrae (C1-C7)

A

C1 - Atlas
C2- Axis
C3-6 - Typical
C7- Prominens (base of neck)

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8
Q

Cervical vertebrae features

A
  • Oval body - wider at sides
  • Large triangular vertebral foramen
  • Transverse foramen (for vertebral arteries)
  • Spinous process absent in C1, bifid in C2-C6, large non-bifid in C7
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9
Q

What is the first vertebra that exhibits a spinous process

A

C2

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10
Q

Distinguishing features of:
cervical vs thoracic vs lumbar vertebrae

A

Cervical - Transverse foramen (for arteries)
Thoracic - Small, CIRCULAR vertebral foramen
Lumbar - Largest body w. triangle vertebral foramen

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11
Q

What nerve innervates facial expression muscles (scalp, face, mouth muscles)

A

Facial n.

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12
Q

What is the muscle of the scalp? and what are its features?

A

Occipitofrontalis
- Frontal belly and occipital belly joined by epicranial aponeurosis

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13
Q

Face Muscles (innervation + function)

A

Innervation - Facial n.
Orbicularis **Oculi **- Orbits the EYE (blink)
Orbicularis Oris - Orbits the ORAL Mouth (pucker)
Levator anguli oris - paired muscle from orbicularis oris to maxilla

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14
Q

Trapezius innervation + insertion

A

spinal accessory n.
Insertion - spine of scap. + acromion

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15
Q

Sternocleidomastoid innervation

A

Spinal accessory n.

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16
Q

What muscles does the spinal accessory n. innervate?

A

Sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius

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17
Q

Mnemonic for the nerve supply to the extraocular muscles

A

LR6 SO4 AO3

LR = Lateral rectus: innervated by the sixth cranial n.
SO = Superior oblique: innervated by the fourth n.
AO = All other extraocular muscles: innervated by the** third** nerve

18
Q

Name the extraocular muscles + Function & Innervation

A
  • Superior rectus: elevation – CN-III (oculomotor n.)
  • Inferior rectus: depression– CN-III
  • Lateral rectus: Abduction– CN-VI (abducens)
  • Medial rectus: Adduction– CN-III
  • Superior oblique: intorsion – CN-IV
  • Inferior oblique: extorsion – CN-III
  • *Levator palpebrae superioris: elevates the eyelid– CN-III
19
Q

Notable foramens of the skull bones

A

Mandible - Mental foremens
Maxilla - infra-orbital foremen
Frontal - supra-orbital foramen (sometimes notch)

Triangle on the zygomatic:
- zygomaticofacial foramen
- zygomaticoorbital foramen
- zygomaticotemporal foramen

20
Q

Mastication muscles - identify + function + innervation

A

Function - elevate mandible
Innervation - mandibular nerve (from cranial n. V - trigeminal n.)
Masseter
Temporalis

21
Q

what is the ear canal called + what bone

A

Temporal bone - external auditory meatus

22
Q

What landmark divides the anterior and posterior neck triangles

A

Sternocleidomastoid

22
Q

Anterior neck triangle boundaries

A

Anterior border of sternocleidomastoid
Inferior border of the mandible
Midline of the neck

23
Q

Posterior neck triangle boundaries

A

Post. border of sternocleidomastoid
ant. border of trapezius
clavicle

24
Q

Sub-triangles of ANTERIOR triangle

A
  • Submental triangle - (think mental foramen)
  • Submandibular - (think mandible)
  • Carotid - contains common carotid a. & internal jugular v.
  • Muscular
25
Q

sub triangles of POSTERIOR triangle

A
  • Occipital triangle - borders occipital
  • Subclavian triangle - (Note: not actually below clavicle - but contains subclavian artery, hence the name)
26
Q

Salivary glands (+location)

A

ALL PAIRS
Parotid gland (near ear)
Submandibular gland (sub-mandible)
Sublingual (sub-tongue) NOTE: can’t see sublingual on cadaver

27
Q

What structures pass through the parotid gland?

A
  • Facial nerve (cn VII)
  • external carotid a.
  • retromandibular v.
28
Q

What part of the subclavian a. do all branches arise from?

A

1st part

29
Q

Only tributary of subclavian v.

A

External jugular v.

30
Q

Common carotid arteries origins

A

Right common carotid a. - Brachiocephalic trunk
Left common carotid a. - direct branch of aortic arch

31
Q

Terminal branches of common carotid a. (+differentiate them)

A

Internal carotid a. (post., larger)
External carotid a. (ant.))

32
Q

phillip hughes

Vertebral arteries: origin, course

A
  • Origin: subclavian a.
  • Course:
    1. ascend up post. neck through transverse foramen of cervical vertebrae (only C6–>C1, not C7)
    2. Enter cranial cavity via foramen magnum
    3. *Left & right vertebral a. merge into basilar a.
33
Q

Omohyoid origin

A

Scapula

34
Q

Geniohyoid & mylohyoid origin

A

Mandible

35
Q

Continuation of the internal jugular vein

A

Joins subclavian v. to form Brachiocephalic vein

36
Q

Where does external jugular v. drain into

A

subclavian v.

37
Q

Differentiate internal vs external jugular v.

A

Internal:
* deep to sternocleidomastoid
* joins subclavian v. to form brachiocephalic v.

External:
* superificial (courses obliquely) to sternocleidomastoid
* drains into subclavian v.

38
Q

Gland near the ear

A

Parotid gland
think parrot - sits on shoulder & nibbles ear

39
Q

what do the external carotid arteries terminate into?

A

superficial temporal a.
maxillary a.

Human Anatomy 2 (7 decks)

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