Head, Neck and Trunk Flashcards
1
Q
What does the axial skeleton consist of?
A
Skull
Vertebral column
Ribcage
Sternum
2
Q
What is the function of the axial skeleton?
A
- Supports weight of human body above pelvis & maintains posture
- Enables movement with its joints & muscles
- Protects spinal cord enclosed within spinal canal formed by vertebral foramina
3
Q
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
A
7
4
Q
How many pairs of cervical nerves are there?
A
8 pairs
5
Q
How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
A
12
6
Q
How many lumbar vertebrae are there?
A
5
7
Q
How many cranial bones are there?
A
8 cranial bones
8
Q
How many facial bones are there?
A
14 facial bones
9
Q
How many ribs are there?
A
12
10
Q
What is C1 and C2 called?
A
C1 = atlas
C2 = axis
11
Q
How do the cervical nerves emerge?
A
C1 - C7 = Emerge above corresponding cervical vertebrae
Cervical nerve 8 emerges below C7 vertebrae
12
Q
How do the thoracic and lumbar nerves emerge?
A
Below the corresponding vertebrae
13
Q
When does the cauda equina start?
A
Around L1-L2
14
Q
What does C6 correspond with?
A
End of larynx & pharynx
Trachea & oesophagus begin
15
Q
What does T4 correspond with?
A
Superior mediastinum/Inferior mediastinum
16
Q
What does L1/L2 correspond with?
A
End of spinal cord
17
Q
What does S3 correspond with?
A
Level of pelvic diaphragm
18
Q
Where is the cauda equina located?
A
In the subarachnoid space
Starting from L1/L2
19
Q
What is the dorsal sacral foramina for?
A
To allow the dorsal rami of sacral spinal nerves to pass through
20
Q
What does the sacral hiatus transmit?
A
Transmit coccygeal nerves
21
Q
What are the deep (intrinsic) muscles of the back?
A
- Iliocostalis lumborum (b/w vertebrae & ribs)
- Longissimus thoracis
- Multifidus
- Semispinalis capitis
- Intertransversarii
- Rotatores
- Moves the spine
22
Q
What are the external (superficial) muscles of the back?
A
- Traps
- Levator scapulae
- Rhomboid minor & major
- Lats
- Serratus posterior superior & inferior
- Thoracolumbar fascia
23
Q
What are the meninges of the spinal cord?
A
Dura mater = Extradural space; most external
Arachnoid mater = Arachnoid mater; middle
Pia mater = Subarachnoid space; most inner
24
Q
What muscles depress the hyoid bone?
A
Infrahyoid muscles
- Sternohyoid
- Omohyoid
- Sternothyroid
- Thyrohyoid
25
What muscle elevates the larynx?
Thyrohyoid
26
What muscle depresses the larynx?
Sternothyroid
27
Parts of the skull
1. Frontal
2. Parietal
3. Temporal
4. Occipital
5. Sphenoid
28
What is the pterion?
Formed by parts of the sphenoid, frontal, parietal & temporal bones
- When the 4 bones meet = weak spot
29
What is the artery located behind the pterion?
Middle meningeal artery
30
What is the fibrous joint between the frontal bone & parietal bone called?
Coronal suture
31
What is the fibrous joint b/w the left and right parietal bone called?
Sagittal suture
32
What is the hole in the occipital bone called?
Foramen magnum
- Spinal cord
- Vertebral arteries
33
The sensory cortex is part of the ___________
The sensory cortex is part of the parietal lobe
34
The motor cortex is part of the ___________
The motor cortex is part of the frontal lobe
35
What is processed in the temporal lobe?
Sensory info related to
- hearing
- language
- recognition
- memory formation
36
How does cerebrospinal fluid flow through the ventricles?
Flows from the two lateral ventricles into the third ventricle
then the fourth ventricle
37
What nerves innervate the extraocular muscles?
- Oculomotor nerve
- Trochlear nerve
- Abducent nerve
38
What does the extraocular muscles do?
Move the eyeball
39
What are the parts of the ear?
- External auditory meatus
- Oval window
- Semicircular canals
- Cochlea
- Round window
- Tympanic mbn
40
What enables the production of speech?
Movements of arytenoid cartilages on cricoid cartilage
41
What are the paranasal sinuses called?
- Frontal
- Maxillary
- Ethmoidal
- Sphenoidal
Located in frontal bone, maxilla, ethmoid, sphenoid
42
Which cranial nerve is the trigeminal nerve?
5th (V) cranial nerve
43
What does the trigeminal nerve branch off into?
1. Ophthalmic nerve (V1)
2. Maxillary nerve (V2)
3. Mandibular nerve (V3)
44
What else does the mandibular nerve give off?
Motor fibres to supply muscles of mastication
45
What are the muscles of mastication?
Temporalis
Masseter
Medial pterygoid
Lateral pterygoid
46
What muscles elevate the mandible?
Temporalis
Masseter
Medial pterygoid
47
What muscle depresses the mandible?
Later pterygoid
48
What are the muscles of facial expression?
1. Orbicularis oculi
2. Orbicularis oris
3. Buccinator
4. Platysma
5. Frontalis
49
What happens when there is an injury to the facial nerve?
Lower motor neuron lesion
- Facial palsy
- Facial muscles on the same side of the lesion are paralysed
50
What are the endocrine glands in the neck?
Thyroid gland
Four parathyroid glands
51
Where do the four parathyroid glands adhere to?
Posterior surface of the thyroid gland
52
Where is the thyroid gland located?
In the neck.
Anterior to trachea
Posterior to the infrahyoid muscles
L and R lobes on either side of cricoid cartilage
53
What connect the two lobes of the thyroid gland?
Isthmus connects both lobes
- In front of 1st & 2nd tracheal rings of cartilage
54
What structures are posterior & medial to the thyroid gland?
Larynx
Trachea
Pharynx
Oesophagus
Recurrent laryngeal nerves
55
The thyroid gland is related posterolaterally to the _________
The thyroid gland is related posterolaterally to the carotid sheath
56
What does the carotid sheath enclose?
1. Common carotid artery
2. Internal jugular vein
3. Vagus nerve
57
How does the recurrent laryngeal nerves travel up the neck to innervate the larynx?
Travel up the neck in the tracheo-esophageal groove & behind the thyroid gland to innervate the larynx
58
What does the maxillary artery supply blood to?
Supplies maxilla
Supplies mandible
- Artery that supplies most of the structures of the skull (facial part)
59
What does the external carotid artery split into?
1. Superior thyroid artery
2. Lingual artery
3. Facial artery
4. Occipital artery
5. Posterior auricular artery
6. Maxillary artery
7. Superficial temporal artery
60
Where is the lingual artery located?
Same level as hyoid bone
Going to tongue
61
Why is the facial artery vv winding?
To accommodate the movement of muscles of facial expression
62
Does the internal carotid artery supply anything in the neck?
No!
Goes straight into the skull = supply brain
63
What is the thyroid gland supplied by?
Superior & inferior thyroid arteries
64
The superior thyroid arteries are branches of what arteries?
External carotid arteries
65
The inferior thyroid arteries branch from which artery?
Subclavian arteries
66
Where does the four thyroid arteries anastomose?
In the thyroid gland
- Anastomose = when diff arteries meet & join up tgt
67
Where does the hormones go from the thyroid gland?
Thyroid gland ductless
so hormones X go into duct = hormones go into blood
68
Venous drainage of the thyroid gland into where?
Superior, middle, inferior thyroid veins
69
Where does the middle & superior thyroid veins drain into?
Internal jugular vein
70
Where does the inferior thyroid veins drain into?
Left brachiocephalic vein
71
What vein may also drain into the right brachiocephalic vein?
Right inferior thyroid vein
72
What are the muscles that depress & retract the mandible (chin)?
Suprahyoid muscle
Mylohyoid
Digastric muscles
73
What are in the oropharynx?
Posterior 1/3 of tongue, lingual tonsils, palatine tonsils
74
What are in the nasopharynx?
Adenoid tonsils
75
Which nerves supply muscles of the pharynx?
Vagus (X)
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Motor & sensory
76
Which nerve supplies the muscles of the tongue?
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Motor
77
Which nerve supplies the trapezius & sternocleidomastoid?
Accessory nerve (XI)
Motor
78
What does the lingual nerve supply?
General sensation (like touch, pain, temp)
Special sensation (taste) to anterior 2/3 of tongue
79
What are general sensations?
Pain
Touch
Proprioception
Temperature
(PTPT)
80
What muscles elevate the hyoid bone?
Mylohyoid
Digastric
81
What is the cervical plexus?
Network (plexus) of anterior rami of first 4 cervical spinal nerves (C1-C4) that provides sensory & motor innervation
82
Which vertebrae is supplied by the cervical plexus?
C1-C4
83
Which vertebrae is supplied by brachial plexus?
C5-T1
84
Which vertebrae is supplied by lumbar plexus?
L1-L5
85
Which vertebrae is supplied by the sacral plexus?
S1-S5
86
Why is T1-L1 not supplied by any plexus?
Bc. no network = no plexus = bc. spinal cord comes out = goes into own intercostal space (intercostal nerve)
87
Where does scalenus anterior & scalenus medius insert onto?
First rib
88
Where does scalenus posterior insert into?
Second rib
89
What do the scalenes do?
Elevate 1st and 2nd rib
Laterally flex neck
Act as accessory muscles of respiration
X act on head/rotate head/depress clavicle
