Head, Neck and Trunk Flashcards
What does the axial skeleton consist of?
Skull
Vertebral column
Ribcage
Sternum
What is the function of the axial skeleton?
- Supports weight of human body above pelvis & maintains posture
- Enables movement with its joints & muscles
- Protects spinal cord enclosed within spinal canal formed by vertebral foramina
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
7
How many pairs of cervical nerves are there?
8 pairs
How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
12
How many lumbar vertebrae are there?
5
How many cranial bones are there?
8 cranial bones
How many facial bones are there?
14 facial bones
How many ribs are there?
12
What is C1 and C2 called?
C1 = atlas
C2 = axis
How do the cervical nerves emerge?
C1 - C7 = Emerge above corresponding cervical vertebrae
Cervical nerve 8 emerges below C7 vertebrae
How do the thoracic and lumbar nerves emerge?
Below the corresponding vertebrae
When does the cauda equina start?
Around L1-L2
What does C6 correspond with?
End of larynx & pharynx
Trachea & oesophagus begin
What does T4 correspond with?
Superior mediastinum/Inferior mediastinum
What does L1/L2 correspond with?
End of spinal cord
What does S3 correspond with?
Level of pelvic diaphragm
Where is the cauda equina located?
In the subarachnoid space
Starting from L1/L2
What is the dorsal sacral foramina for?
To allow the dorsal rami of sacral spinal nerves to pass through
What does the sacral hiatus transmit?
Transmit coccygeal nerves
What are the deep (intrinsic) muscles of the back?
- Iliocostalis lumborum (b/w vertebrae & ribs)
- Longissimus thoracis
- Multifidus
- Semispinalis capitis
- Intertransversarii
- Rotatores
- Moves the spine
What are the external (superficial) muscles of the back?
- Traps
- Levator scapulae
- Rhomboid minor & major
- Lats
- Serratus posterior superior & inferior
- Thoracolumbar fascia
What are the meninges of the spinal cord?
Dura mater = Extradural space; most external
Arachnoid mater = Arachnoid mater; middle
Pia mater = Subarachnoid space; most inner
What muscles depress the hyoid bone?
Infrahyoid muscles
- Sternohyoid
- Omohyoid
- Sternothyroid
- Thyrohyoid