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A&P 2 > Gastrointestinal Tract Anatomy > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Tract Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the regions the abdominal region is divided into?

A
  1. Right hypochondrium (RHC)
  2. Epigastric region
  3. Left hypochondrium (LHC)
  4. Right lumbar region
  5. Umbilical region
  6. Left lumbar region
  7. Right iliac (inguinal)
  8. Pubic (hypogastric) region
  9. Left iliac (inguinal)
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2
Q

What are the major organs of the digestive tract?

A
  • Oral cavity (mouth)
  • Pharynx
  • Esophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small intestine
  • Large intestine
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3
Q

What are the accessory organs of the digestive tract?

A
  • Teeth
  • Tongue
  • Salivary glands
  • Liver
  • Gallbladder
  • Pancreas
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4
Q

What is the roof of the oral cavity formed by?

A

Hard palate
Soft palate

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5
Q

What is the floor of the oral cavity covered by?

A

Thin & vascular layer of mucosa
- supported by geniohyoid & mylohyoid muscles

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6
Q

What cells are present in the oral cavity?

A

Stratified squamous epithelial cells
- Can be keratinized/non-keratinized

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7
Q

Where are keratinized stratified squamous epithelial cells found in the oral cavity?

A

Hard palate
Superior surface of the tongue

(where there is wear & tear)

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8
Q

Where are non-keratanized stratified squamous epithelial cells found in the oral cavity?

A

Lining of cheek
Lining of lips
Interior surface of the tongue

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9
Q

Why is the mucosa covering the floor of the oral cavity thin?

A

Enhances/accelerates absorption of particular substances

= certain meds (e.g. nitroglycerine for heart attack) placed under tongue for fast absorption

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10
Q

What are the lateral walls of the oral cavity supported by?

A

Pads of fat
Buccinator muscle

(Cheek)

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11
Q

What is the space between the tooth and the lip called?

A

Vestibule (Upper & Lower)

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12
Q

What are the phases of swallowing?

A
  1. Buccal phase
  2. Pharyngeal phase
  3. Oesophageal phase
    (4. Bolus enters stomach)
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13
Q

What happens in the buccal phase (swallowing)?

A
  • Bolus compressed against hard palate
  • Retraction of tongue forces the bolus into oropharynx + assists in elevation of soft palate (seals nasopharynx)
  • Once bolus enters oropharynx, reflex responses begin & bolus is moved towards stomach

Epiglottis is still in the same position (collapsed)

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14
Q

What happens in the pharyngeal phase (swallowing)?

A
  • begins as bolus comes into contact with palatoglossal & palatopharyngeal arches & post. pharyngeal wall
  • Elevation of larynx & folding of epiglottis direct the bolus past the closed glottis (epiglottis moves down to close the trachea)
  • Uvula & soft palate block passage back to nasopharynx
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15
Q

What happens in the oesophageal phase (swallowing)?

A
  • Begins as the contraction of pharyngeal muscles forces the bolus through the entrance to the oesophagus
  • Once in oesophagus, bolus is pushed toward the stomach by peristalsis (one part contract, next part relaxes; involuntary)
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16
Q

What happens for the bolus to enter the stomach (swallowing)?

A

Approach of the bolus triggers the opening of the lower oesophageal sphincter

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17
Q

What are the functions of the oral cavity?

A
  • Taste sensation
  • Grinding food through actions of teeth, tongue, palatal surfaces
  • Lubrication by mixing mucus & saliva (easier to form bolus & chew & masticate)
  • Limited digestion of carbohydrates & lipids
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18
Q

What accessory glands must work together with the major components of the oral cavity to achieve the functions?

A
  • Teeth
  • Tongue
  • Salivary glands (parotid, sublingual, submandibular)
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19
Q

What is the pharynx?

A
  • connection b/w oral cavity & oesophagus
  • serves as common passageway for solid food, liquids, air
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20
Q

What is the pharynx divided into?

A
  • Nasopharynx
  • Oropharynx
  • Laryngopharynx
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21
Q

What epithelial cells line the oropharynx & laryngopharynx?

A

Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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22
Q

What are the four layers of the digestive tract?

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis externa
  4. Serosa
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23
Q

What does the mucosa comprise of?

A
  • Epithelium
  • Lamina propria
  • Muscularis mucosae
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24
Q

What does the muscularis externa comprise of?

A
  • Inner circular
  • Outer longitudinal
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25
Q

What is the submucosa?

A

Loose connective tissue space for blood supply & drainage system

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26
Q

Serosa vs Adventitia

A

Serosa: covers GIT parts in the peritoneal cavity

Adventitia: covers GIT parts that are not in the peritoneal cavity

Both are the outermost layer, just which organ

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27
Q

What is serosa?

A
  • Outermost layer of gut
  • Serous mbn lined by simple squamous epithelium
  • covers most parts of GIT & extends over abdominal wall to form parietal peritoneum
  • Large bld. vessels, lymphatics, nerve trunk run through serosa
  • aka visceral peritoneum

–> stomach, intestines, liver

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28
Q

What is adventitia?

A
  • Outermost layer of the gut
  • Located in places where a peritoneal covering is absent

–> mouth, pharynx, thoracic part of oesophagus, duodenum, asc. & desc. colon, rectum

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29
Q

What is the oesophagus?

A

Muscular tube that descends from pharynx through the thoracic cavity to stomach

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30
Q

Where is the oesophagus located?

A
  • Posterior to trachea (most posterior soft structure)
  • Anterior to vertebral column (vertebral column is directly behind)
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31
Q

What controls the opening b/w oesophagus & stomach?

A

Oesophageal sphincter (aka cardiac sphincter)

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32
Q

What is the junction between the stomach and the oesophagus called?

A

Gastro-oesophageal junction

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33
Q

What does the omental foramen (of Winslow) connect?

A

Connects the lesser sac & greater sac

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34
Q

What is the clinical significance of the greater & lesser sac?

A

(empty spaces)

Accumulation of blood/pus means internal bleeding/infection

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35
Q

Where is the cardiac part of the stomach?

A

Below lower oesophageal sphincter

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36
Q

Where is the greater omentum attached?

A

Attached to the greater curvature of the stomach

The other sides are not attached = allow for movement of greater omentum

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37
Q

Why must the greater omentum be allowed to move?

A

Deals with abnormalities (e.g. infections, etc) = must be able to move to localize & isolate infection

Has lots of lymphatic tissue

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38
Q

What are the three parts of the stomach?

A
  • Fundus: Dome shaped
  • Body: Contains greater & lesser curvature
  • Pylorus: Contains antrum & pyloric canal
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39
Q

What is the opening between the pyloric canal & 1st part of duodenum controlled by?

A

Pyloric sphincter

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40
Q

What are the folds on the stomach inner surface known as?

A

Rugae

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41
Q

What are the layers of the stomach wall?

A
  • Mucosa
  • Submucosa
  • Muscularis externa
  • Serosa
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42
Q

What does the mucosa of the stomach wall contain?

A

Gastric pits

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43
Q

How many layers does the muscularis externa have in the stomach?

A

3 layers of muscle (instead of 2)

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44
Q

What are the layers of the muscularis externa?

A
  • Oblique muscle layer: inner layer
  • Circular muscle layer: middle layer
  • Longitudinal muscle layer: outer layer
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45
Q

How does the stomach carry out mechanical digestion?

A

Stomach turns & contracts; mixes with stomach juice = chyme

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46
Q

What does rugae of the stomach inner surface for?

A

Allows for bigger elasticity & space for expansion

(rugae means folds & irregularities)

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47
Q

What are characteristic to the stomach?

A
  • Gastric pit
  • Gastric gland
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48
Q

What do chief cells produce?

A

Produces pepsinogen
- inactivated form of pepsin which is activated by HCl

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49
Q

What are the functions of the stomach?

A
  1. Mechanical digestion
  2. Enzymatic digestion
  3. Neutralization of any bacteria by HCl
  4. Absorption
  5. Container & reservoir for food
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50
Q

Mechanical digestion (stomach)

A

Due to the presence of the 3 layers of muscle = stomach can turn & mix food into chyme

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51
Q

Enzymatic digestion (stomach)

A

Protein digestion by pepsin which is activated from pepsinogen (produced by Chief cells aka zymogenic cells)in acidic environment (HCl)

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52
Q

Neutralization of any bacteria by HCl (stomach)

A

HCl produced by parietal cells

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53
Q

Absorption (stomach)

A

Absorbs:
- alcohol
- sugar
- salt
- water
- drugs

54
Q

Container & reservoir for food (stomach)

A

Stomach is distensible = bc of rugae

Can store food for up to 4 hours

55
Q

What arteries supply the stomach?

A
  • Celiac trunk
  • Common hepatic Artery
  • Right gastric Artery
  • Left gastric artery
  • Left gastro-omental arterry
  • Right gastro-omental artery
56
Q

Which arteries supply the lesser curvature of the stomach?

A

Left & Right gastric artery

57
Q

Which arteries supply the greater curvature of the stomach?

A

Right & Left Gastro-omental artery

58
Q

Where do these arteries come from:

Right gastric artery
Left gastric artery

A

Right gastric artery = branch of the common hepatic artery

Left gastric artery = directly from celiac trunk

59
Q

Where do these arteries come from:

Right gastro-omental artery
Left gastro-omental artery

A

Right gastro-omental artery = branch of gastroduodenal artery from common hepatic artery

Left gastro-omental artery = branch of splenic artery from celiac trunk

60
Q

Innervation of the stomach

A

Parasympathetic = vagus nerve

Sympathetic = celiac plexus

61
Q

What are the lympahtics of the stomach?

A

Gastric lymph nodes
Gastro-omental lymph nodes

Found at the curvatures & drains into celiac lymph nodes

62
Q

Which is the longest part of the GIT tract?

A

Small intestine (about 6.7m)

63
Q

Where does the main part of enzymatic digestion occur?

A

Small intestine = due to presence of enzymes

64
Q

Where are the enzymes in the small intestine secreted from?

A

Pancreas and bile (from liver)

65
Q

Where is the majority of nutrients absorbed in?

A

Small intestine

66
Q

How long does the absorption process in the small intestine take?

A

3-6 hours

67
Q

What is the point of the stomach being able to store food for up to 4 hours?

A

Since absorption process in the small intestine can take 3-6 hours
= stomach can hold the chyme while the small intestine is busy (digesting & absorbing)

68
Q

What are the 3 major parts of the small intestine?

A
  • Duodenum
  • Jejunum
  • Ileum
69
Q

What can the duodenum be divided into?

A
  1. Superior or 1st
  2. Descending or 2nd
  3. Inferior or 3rd
  4. Ascending or 4th
70
Q

Where do the pancreatic enzymes reach the small intestine through?

A

2nd part of the duodenum (C-shaped part of the duodenum)

  • Duodenum also receives bile from liver & gallbladder
71
Q

Which is the longest section of the small intestine?

A

ileum (3.5m long)

(jejunum = 2.5m long)

72
Q

What is characteristic to the small intestine?

A

Villi

(DIFFERENT from gastric pits; villi are thinner)

73
Q

How many layers of muscularis externa are there in the small intestine?

A

2 layers

(stomach needed 3 layers bc of mechanical digestion)

74
Q

What is the function of villi?

A

Increase surface area for absorption of nutrients

75
Q

What are the anatomical modifications to increase surface area of the small intestine for absorption?

A
  1. Plica Circularis = circular folds on the inner surface
  2. Villi (on plica circularis) = finger-like projections covered w simple columnar epithelium
  3. Microvilli (on villi)
76
Q

What are the functions of the small intestine?

A
  1. Complete digestion
  2. Selective absorption (what is absorbed & what is left for large intestine)
  3. Secretion of some hormones
  4. Delivers the chyme from stomach to large intestine
77
Q

Steps in identifying part of small intestine based on histology

A
  1. Identify villi = small intestine
  2. Brunner’s gland in submucosa (bunch of circles) = duodenum
  3. Lack of distinctive features in submucosa = jejunum
  4. Peyer’s patch in mucosa (large circular structures) = ileum
78
Q

What is the most distinctive feature in the duodenum?

A

Presence of Brunner’s gland in the submucosa

A bunch of small circular structures

79
Q

What is the function of the Brunner’s gland in the submucosa of the duodenum?

A

Neutralise the HCl effect

80
Q

What is the most distinctive feature in the jejunum?

A
  • Absence of Brunner’s gland in the submucosa (absence of any distinctive features)
  • more tall & slender villi
81
Q

What is the most distinctive feature in the ileum?

A

Presence of Peyer’s patches in the MUCOSA

82
Q

What are Peyer’s patches?

A

Lymphatic cells aggregated together

83
Q

What is the mesentary?

A

Fatty tissue that contains bld. vessels & lymphatics that supply small intestine

84
Q

How to identify jejunum based on mesentary?

A
  • Less arcades = curved bld. vessels that look like an arc
  • Longer vasa recta = straight bld. vessels arising from the arc
85
Q

How to identify ileum based on mesentary?

A
  • More arcades & smaller in size = curved bld. vessels that look like an arc
  • Shorter vasa recta = straight bld. vessels arising from the arc
86
Q

What are the parts of the large intestine?

A
  • Cecum
  • Ascending colon
  • Right colic (hepatic) flexure
  • Transverse colon
  • Left colic (splenic) flexure
  • Descending colon
  • Sigmoid colon
  • Rectum
87
Q

What are the characteristic features of the large intestine?

A
  1. Haustrations = bulging & depressions throughout (like bumps)
  2. Appendices epiploicae (omental appendices) = Droplets of fat
  3. Taeniae coli = (big, strong) muscle = helps to push food through large intestine (need strong muscle bc food more solidified)
88
Q

What is the large intestine lined with?

A

Simple columnar epithelium
Numerous goblet cells = mucus secretion = food more solid so need more mucus to move through

89
Q

What supplies the foregut?

(blood supply)

A

Celiac trunk (Coeliac trunk)

90
Q

What organs are in the foregut?

A
  • Oesophagus
  • Stomach
  • Liver
  • Spleen
  • Gall bladder
  • Pancreas
  • 1st & 2nd parts of duodenum
91
Q

What supplies the midgut?

(blood supply)

A

Superior mesenteric artery

92
Q

What organs are in the midgut?

A
  • 3rd & 4th parts of the duodenum
  • Jejunum
  • Ileum
  • Appendix
  • Caecum
  • Ascending colon
  • Proximal 2/3 of transverse colon
93
Q

What supplies the hindgut?

(blood supply)

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

94
Q

What organs are in the hindgut?

A
  • Distal 1/3 of transverse colon
  • Descending colon
  • Sigmoid colon
  • Rectum
  • Upper anal canal
  • Urogenital sinus
95
Q

How to identify the large intestine based on histology?

A

Presence of taenia coli (big muscle)

96
Q

Is there taenia coli present in the rectum?

A

no

BUT, there is a continuous coat of longitudinal muscle present

97
Q

Does peritoneum/serosa cover the rectum?

A

Covers the front & sides of the upper 1/3 & front of the middle third

Rest of rectum don’t have

98
Q

Does the rectum have appendices epiploicae?

A

NO

99
Q

What covering is present in the anal canal?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

Starts as non-keratinized then becomes keratinized towards the anal opening bc wear & tear (contact/abrasion w stool)

100
Q

What is the appendix?

A
  • Extension from the cecum
  • function unknown
101
Q

Where does the appendix receive blood supply from?

A

Appendicular artery & vein

102
Q

What is appendicectomy?

A

Removal of appendix in case of its inflammation

103
Q

How to identify appendix from histology?

A
  • Presence of a lumen
  • Absence of villi
  • Presence of many lymphatic follicles (if have villi = ileum; no villi = appendix)
104
Q

What is appendicitis?

A

Acute inflammation of appendix = acute, severe abdominal pain

105
Q

How to confirm apendicitis?

A
  • Put pressure at McBurney’s point (about 2/3 from umbilicus towards anterior superior iliac spine) for 10 sec = no pain felt (bc pressure prevents substances released from inflammation from entering bld stream so nerves X triggered = no pain)
  • Once pressure removed = SEVERE pain (bc pressure released = all inflammation substances collected is released & flushed into system at once - high nerve stimulation = severe pain)
106
Q

What happens if appendix is not removed?

A

Rupture resulting in peritonitis

107
Q

How many deciduous and permanent teeth are there?

A

Deciduous = 20
Normal = 32

108
Q

What is the alveolar ridge?

A

Elevated part of bones at the upper & lower jaw –> where teeth are inserted

109
Q

What is gingivitis?

A

Inflammation of the gingiva

  • Caused by calculus = cause pressure on gingiva = irritation = become inflammed + bleeding gums
110
Q

What nerve innervates the tongue & controls tongue movement?

A

Hypoglossal nerve (cranial nerve 12)

111
Q

What kind of projections are present on the tongue?

A
  1. Fungiform papillae (closer to the tip of the tongue)
  2. Filiform papillae (around mid tongue)
  3. Vallate papillae (back of the tongue)
112
Q

What are the functions of the tongue?

A
  1. Mechanical processing
  2. Manipulation of food (e.g. food stuck b/w lip & teeth = tongue can bring it in)
  3. Sensory analysis by touch, temperature & taste receptors
  4. Secretion of mucins and the enzyme lingual lipase
113
Q

What do mucins do (secreted by tongue)?

A

Lubricate the food so that it can become a bolus & move smoothly down the oesophagus

114
Q

What does the enzyme lingual lipase do (secreted by the tongue)

A

Partial digestion of triglycerides & other types of fat

Note: SPECIAL bc works in wide range of acidity (pH 3-6) = can keep working even when it reaches the stomach

115
Q

What are some problems that may occur with the tongue?

A
  1. Ankyloglossia
  2. Tongue ulcers
  3. Tongue Lesions
  4. White discolouration of the tongue
116
Q

What is ankyloglossia?

A

Lingual frenulum cut off/healed improperly with scar/short from birth
= restrict tongue, cannot move properly

117
Q

What are tongue ulcuers & lesions due to?

A
  • Can be due to bad hygiene
  • Can be related to other diseases = e.g. dec. salivary secretion
  • Can be a direct indication of serious systemic disorder
118
Q

Where does the parotid duct run?

A
  • Crosses over the masseter muscle
  • Pierces the buccinator muscle
  • Opens into oral cavity opposite 2nd upper molar
119
Q

Where does the sublingual salivary gland open?

A

Opens on either side of the lingual frenulum (multiple small ducts)

120
Q

Where does the submandibular salivary gland open?

A
  • Opens in the floor of the mouth, opposite the junction where the front of tongue meets floor of the mouth
  • Through submandibular duct (AKA Wharton’s duct)
121
Q

Where does the parotid salivary gland open?

A

Opens in the oral cavity opposite to 2nd upper molar

122
Q

Which is the biggest salivary gland?

A

Parotid salivary glands

123
Q

Which salivary glands produce the most saliva?

A

Submandibular salivary gland (~70%)

124
Q

What does the parotid salivary gland produce?

A

Serous secretion containing large amts of salivary amylase = break down starch

125
Q

What does the sublingual salivary glands produce?

A

Mucous secretion that acts as a buffer & lubricant

126
Q

What are the sublingual salivary glands covered in?

A

Covered by mucous membrane of the floor of the mouth

127
Q

What does the submandibular salivary glands secrete?

A

Mixed salivary gland (bc secrete mixture = serous & mucous)
- Buffers
- Glycoproteins called mucins
- Salivary amylase

128
Q

What is saliva?

A
  • Water (99.4%)
    0.6%:
  • Electrolytes: Na+, Cl-, HCO3
  • buffers
  • glycoproteins
  • antibodies
  • enzymes
  • waste products

1-1.5 L produced per day

129
Q

What are the functions of saliva?

A
  1. Lubricating & moistening food in mouth & oral cavity
  2. Dissolve chemicals that can stimulate taste buds & provide sensory information about food
  3. Begins the digestion of complex carbs before food is swallowed (salivary amylase)
130
Q

What happens if there is no proper saliva secretion?

A

dry mouth (xerostomia)
- problem with oral flora = ulceration & lesions

131
Q

What is oral flora?

A

Different organisms in the oral cavity (e.g. normal bacteria) in a particular order & quantity (if there is less/more = problem)

A&P 2 (4 decks)

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