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health assessment > head, face, neck, lymph assessment - Sheet1 > Flashcards

head, face, neck, lymph assessment - Sheet1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main cranial bones of the skull?

A

Frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal bones.

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2
Q

What are sutures in the skull?

A

Immovable joints that mesh adjacent cranial bones, allowing head shape changes at birth. They ossify in early childhood.

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3
Q

What does the face reflect?

A

The face reflects mood and expressions formed by facial muscles controlled by CN VII (facial nerve).

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4
Q

What should be symmetric on the face during assessment?

A

Eyebrows, eyes, ears, nose, mouth, and palpebral fissures.

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5
Q

What structures are located in the neck?

A

Vessels, muscles, nerves, lymphatics, and viscera of the respiratory and digestive systems.

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6
Q

What is the function of the thyroid gland?

A

Synthesizes and secretes T3 and T4 hormones, which regulate the rate of cellular metabolism.

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7
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located?

A

Straddles the trachea in the middle of the neck, with two lobes connected by a thin isthmus.

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8
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

A vessel system that filters lymph and eliminates foreign substances to support immune function.

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9
Q

What is the normal drainage direction for the head and neck?

A

The head and neck lymph nodes drain downward.

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10
Q

Where are lymph nodes most accessible for examination?

A

Head and neck, arms, axillae, and inguinal region.

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11
Q

What are the names of the head and neck lymph nodes?

A

Preauricular, postauricular (mastoid), occipital, submental, submandibular, jugulodigastric, superficial cervical, deep cervical, posterior cervical, supraclavicular.

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12
Q

Where is the preauricular lymph node located?

A

In front of the ear.

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13
Q

Where is the postauricular (mastoid) lymph node located?

A

Superficial to the mastoid process.

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14
Q

Where is the submental lymph node located?

A

Midline, behind the tip of the mandible.

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15
Q

Where is the jugulodigastric lymph node located?

A

Under the angle of the mandible.

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16
Q

Where is the superficial cervical lymph node located?

A

Overlying the sternomastoid muscle.

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17
Q

Where is the supraclavicular lymph node located?

A

Just above and behind the clavicle, near the sternomastoid muscle.

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18
Q

What is a normal finding for a trachea assessment?

A

The trachea should be midline, with symmetrical space on both sides and no deviation from the midline.

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19
Q

What is the procedure for assessing the thyroid gland?

A

Position behind the patient, palpate thyroid as they swallow, and note if there are nodules or asymmetry.

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20
Q

What is an abnormal finding in thyroid assessment?

A

Goiter (enlargement), asymmetry, or the presence of nodules.

21
Q

What does normocephalic mean when inspecting the skull?

A

A round, symmetric skull appropriately related to body size.

22
Q

What should the temporal artery feel like when palpated?

A

Smooth, non-tender, with no hard bands.

23
Q

What is expected when palpating the TMJ joint?

A

Smooth movement without limitation or tenderness when the person opens their mouth.

24
Q

What should facial symmetry look like during inspection?

A

Symmetry of the eyebrows, palpebral fissures, nasolabial folds, and sides of the mouth.

25
Q

What are abnormal facial structures to watch for?

A

Coarse facial features, exophthalmos, or changes in skin color or pigmentation.

26
Q

What should be noted about involuntary facial movements?

A

None, as there should be no involuntary movements.

27
Q

What is expected with neck symmetry and range of motion?

A

Head positioned midline, erect, and still; accessory neck muscles symmetrical.

28
Q

What should be assessed when testing muscle strength and cranial nerve XI?

A

The ability to resist movements as the person shrugs shoulders and turns their head to each side.

29
Q

What should be expected in terms of pulsations in the neck?

A

A brisk localized pulsation of the carotid artery just below the angle of the jaw.

30
Q

What is expected when assessing the thyroid gland?

A

The thyroid should not be enlarged, and there should be no palpable nodules.

31
Q

What are normal findings in lymph node palpation?

A

Normal nodes are movable, discrete, soft, and non-tender.

32
Q

What are abnormal findings in lymph node palpation?

A

Enlarged, tender, or fixed nodes; could indicate infection or malignancy.

33
Q

What are fontanels in infants?

A

Soft spots on the skull where the sutures intersect, allowing for brain growth during the first year.

34
Q

What are the two types of fontanels?

A

Anterior fontanel (AF) and posterior fontanel (PF).

35
Q

When does the posterior fontanel close?

A

The posterior fontanel closes between 1 to 2 months of age.

36
Q

When does the anterior fontanel close?

A

The anterior fontanel closes between 9 months and 2 years of age.

37
Q

What does a sunken fontanel indicate?

A

Dehydration, possibly due to vomiting, diarrhea, or inadequate fluid intake.

38
Q

What does a bulging fontanel indicate?

A

Increased intracranial pressure (ICP).

39
Q

What happens to head size in infants and children?

A

Head size is greater than chest circumference at birth and reaches 90% of its final size by 6 years old.

40
Q

What changes occur in the thyroid gland during pregnancy?

A

The thyroid gland enlarges slightly due to hyperplasia and increased vascularity, making it possibly palpable.

41
Q

What are some aging changes in the face?

A

Facial bones and orbits appear more prominent, and the face sags due to decreased elasticity, subcutaneous fat, and moisture.

42
Q

What happens to the lower face in aging adults?

A

The lower face may look smaller due to the loss of teeth.

43
Q

When should head circumference be measured in infants and children?

A

Measure head circumference at each visit up to age 2 years, then yearly up to age 6 years.

44
Q

What should be noted about an infant’s head posture?

A

Infant should be able to turn their head side to side by 2 weeks of age.

45
Q

When should head control be achieved in infants?

A

Head control is typically achieved by 4 months, when the infant can hold their head erect and steady.

46
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A

Hydrocephalus is the obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid drainage, leading to excessive accumulation and increased intracranial pressure.

47
Q

What are the signs of hydrocephalus in an infant?

A

Signs include an enlarged head, dilated scalp veins, frontal bossing, and “setting sun” eyes (sclera visible above iris).

48
Q

What happens to the cranial bones in hydrocephalus?

A

Cranial bones thin, and sutures separate due to increased pressure.

49
Q

How is hydrocephalus treated?

A

Hydrocephalus is treated surgically, often with the placement of a shunt to divert cerebrospinal fluid to the peritoneum.

health assessment (11 decks)

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