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health assessment > female gu assessment - Sheet1 > Flashcards

female gu assessment - Sheet1 Flashcards

1
Q

How many ovaries are there, and what are their functions?

A

There are two ovaries; they develop ova (eggs) and produce female hormones.

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2
Q

What is the length and orientation of the fallopian tubes?

A

Each fallopian tube is about 10 cm long and curves posteriorly.

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3
Q

Describe the structure and usual position of the uterus.

A

The uterus is a thick-walled, muscular organ that typically tilts forward and is positioned superior to the bladder.

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4
Q

Which structure in females is homologous to the male penis?

A

The clitoris.

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5
Q

Where are Skene’s glands located, and what is their function?

A

Skene’s glands open posterior to the urethra at the 5 and 7 o’clock positions; ducts are not visible.

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6
Q

What is the function of the Bartholin glands?

A

Bartholin glands are located on either side and posterior to the vaginal orifice; they secrete lubricating mucus during intercourse.

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7
Q

What is the hymen, and is it always present?

A

The hymen is a thin fold that may cover part of the vaginal orifice, but it may be absent completely.

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8
Q

What does WSW stand for, and why is it important in assessments?

A

WSW stands for women who have sex with women; it is important for understanding sexual identity and healthcare needs.

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9
Q

What steps help improve access to care for patients of diverse sexual identities?

A

Gaining rapport, showing inclusive signs (pamphlets, stickers), and considering needs of transgender women are key.

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10
Q

At what ages and frequency is a cervical cancer screening (Pap test) recommended?

A

All women with a cervix should have a Pap test every 3 years between ages 21 and 65.

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11
Q

What subjective data is important to collect regarding menstrual history?

A

Menarche, last menstrual period (LMP), cycle regularity, frequency, duration, and flow.

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12
Q

What are key points in obstetric history to include?

A

Pregnancy history, any complications, and outcomes.

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13
Q

What are key considerations for menopausal and perimenopausal history?

A

Age of onset, symptoms like hot flashes, and changes in vaginal elasticity and moisture.

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14
Q

What should be documented for acute pelvic pain?

A

Onset, duration, severity, location, and associated symptoms.

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15
Q

What objective data should be assessed when inspecting external genitalia?

A

Skin color, hair distribution, presence of lesions, masses, and discharge.

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16
Q

What is a normal finding for skin color in the genital area?

A

Even skin color; labia minora are typically a darker pink.

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17
Q

What is the typical hair distribution pattern in the genital area?

A

Hair should form an inverted triangle shape.

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18
Q

What lesions are commonly considered normal findings?

A

Occasional sebaceous cysts.

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19
Q

What is an appropriate alternative to a full pelvic exam if the patient is alert and oriented (ANO) x4?

A

Ask relevant history questions instead of performing a full pelvic exam.

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20
Q

What subjective data should be collected during a breast assessment?

A

Pain, lump, discharge, rash, swelling, trauma, history of breast disease, surgery or radiation, cosmetic surgeries, medications (e.g., contraceptives).

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21
Q

What are the key elements of a breast inspection?

A

Symmetry, skin color, presence of bulging/dimpling/puckering, lesions, masses/lumps, texture, appearance of Tail of Spence, and signs of peau d’orange.

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22
Q

What does asymmetry of the breasts indicate?

A

It could indicate an underlying mass, especially if one breast suddenly becomes larger than the other.

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23
Q

What is peau d’orange, and what might it indicate?

A

Peau d’orange (orange peel appearance) is often linked to breast cancer, lymphedema, or infection. It usually presents with other symptoms.

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24
Q

How should the location of a breast lump be described?

A

Use the breast as a clock face (e.g., “2 o’clock position, 3 cm from the nipple”).

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25
Q

What dimensions should be recorded for a lump or mass?

A

Size should be measured in width, length, and thickness.

26
Q

What shapes might a breast lump have?

A

Oval, round, lobulated, or indistinct.

27
Q

What consistencies can breast lumps have, and what might they indicate?

A

Soft (possibly a cyst), firm (may indicate a benign tumor), or hard (can indicate malignancy).

28
Q

What is important to note about the mobility of a lump?

A

Determine if the lump is freely movable (often benign) or fixed (may suggest malignancy).

29
Q

What does it mean if a nipple is displaced or retracted?

A

Nipple displacement or retraction can be a sign of malignancy.

30
Q

What changes to the skin over a lump should be noted?

A

Check for erythema (redness), dimpling, or retraction, which could suggest malignancy.

31
Q

Why is tenderness in a lump significant?

A

Tenderness may suggest an infection or benign cyst but can also be present in some cancers.

32
Q

What does lymphadenopathy in a breast exam indicate?

A

Palpable regional lymph nodes can indicate infection or malignancy.

33
Q

What is the Tail of Spence, and why is it important in breast self-exams (BSE)?

A

The Tail of Spence is breast tissue that extends into the axilla, a frequent site for breast tumors, making it crucial to include in BSE.

34
Q

What characteristics would suggest a normal finding in breast inspection?

A

Breasts are symmetrical with smooth, even skin tone; no lumps, dimpling, retraction, or lesions are present.

35
Q

What characteristics would suggest an abnormal finding in breast inspection?

A

Dimpling, bulging, asymmetry, peau d’orange, or visible lumps could suggest infection, lymphedema, or malignancy.

36
Q

Are self-breast exams (SBE) still recommended?

A

No, research hasn’t shown a clear benefit from regular SBEs. Instead, women should know their normal breast look and feel and report changes to a healthcare provider.

37
Q

What is a mammogram, and what is its purpose?

A

A mammogram is an X-ray of the breast used to detect breast cancer.

38
Q

When should women avoid scheduling a mammogram?

A

Avoid scheduling the week before or during a period, as breasts may be tender or swollen.

39
Q

What should be avoided on the day of a mammogram?

A

Do not wear deodorant, perfume, or powder, as these can appear as white spots on the X-ray.

40
Q

Why might some women prefer to wear a top with pants/skirt rather than a dress for a mammogram?

A

Because patients must undress from the waist up for the procedure.

41
Q

What are some breast cancer risk factors that cannot be changed?

A

Age, genetic mutations (e.g., BRCA1/2), early menstruation (<12 years), late menopause (>55 years), dense breasts, history of breast cancer, family history of breast/ovarian cancer, radiation therapy before age 30, and DES exposure.

42
Q

What are some breast cancer risk factors that can be changed?

A

Physical inactivity, postmenopausal obesity, hormone use during menopause, certain contraceptives, reproductive history (e.g., first pregnancy after 30, not breastfeeding), alcohol, and smoking.

43
Q

What is the significance of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes?

A

Abnormal BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes increase the risk of breast, ovarian, and other cancers. Normally, these genes help protect against certain cancers.

44
Q

What is recommended for women with a family history of breast cancer?

A

Genetic testing for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations may be considered for those at high risk.

45
Q

What age range is associated with perimenopause, and what symptoms occur?

A

Perimenopause typically occurs between ages 40-55 and involves hormone shifts leading to vasomotor instability (hot flashes).

46
Q

At what age range does menopause typically occur?

A

Menopause usually occurs between ages 35-60.

47
Q

What vaginal changes are expected with menopause?

A

The vagina becomes shorter, less elastic, and the vaginal wall more fragile, increasing the risk of vaginitis and irritation.

48
Q

Why might painful intercourse become more common after menopause?

A

Due to decreased lubrication and vaginal dryness.

49
Q

What is the most common STI in the United States?

A

Human Papillomavirus (HPV).

50
Q

What is unique about HPV transmission?

A

HPV can develop symptoms years after transmission and can be spread even when the infected person has no symptoms.

51
Q

What are possible complications of HPV?

A

HPV can lead to cervical, anal, penile, vaginal, vulvar, and oropharyngeal cancers.

52
Q

How is HPV infection typically managed?

A

Most cases resolve within 2 years without treatment, but vaccination can prevent HPV-related cancers and genital warts.

53
Q

What is trichomoniasis (trich) and what causes it?

A

Trichomoniasis is an STI caused by the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis.

54
Q

What are common symptoms of trichomoniasis in women?

A

Itching, burning, soreness in the lower genital tract, and dysuria (painful urination).

55
Q

How is trichomoniasis treated?

A

It is curable with antibiotics, usually metronidazole.

56
Q

What is Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID), and what causes it?

A

PID is an infection often caused by untreated STDs.

57
Q

How is PID diagnosed?

A

Through patient history, signs and symptoms, and a pelvic exam.

58
Q

What is the treatment for PID?

A

Antibiotics can treat the infection, but they cannot reverse any existing scarring or damage.

59
Q

What are some complications that can result from PID?

A

Ectopic pregnancy, infertility, chronic pelvic pain, and tubo-ovarian abscess.

60
Q

What STI screening does the CDC recommend for sexually active women under 25?

A

Annual chlamydia and gonorrhea screening, also recommended for older women with risk factors like multiple partners.

61
Q

How can untreated chlamydia and gonorrhea lead to infertility?

A

They can cause PID, which may result in scarring and damage to reproductive organs, leading to infertility.

health assessment (11 decks)

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