Head and Neck Test 2 Flashcards by B Burr

Dural venous sinuses are endothelium - lined spaces between the __ and __ layers of the dura

periosteal

meningeal

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Large veins from the surface of the brain empty into these dural veinous sinuses and all blood from the brain ultimately drains through them into the ___

Int. Jugular V

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Superior sagittal sinus lies in the __ attached border of the __ __

convex

cerebral falx

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Sup. Sagittal SInus begins at the ___ and ends near the ___ at the confluence of sinuses as the ___ sinus

Crista Galli
IOP
Right Transverse

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Sup. Sagittal sinus receives __ veins

Sup. cerebral

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Inferior sagittal sinus is much smaller than the superior sagittal sinus, runs in the inferior ___ free border of the ___ and ends in the ___ sinus

concave
cerebral falx
straight sinus

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Straight sinus is formed by the union of the ___ and ___, runs along of the line of attachment of the ___ and ___, where it joins the confluence of sinuses

Inf. Sagittal SInus
Great Cerebral V.
cerebral falx
tentorium cerebelli

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___ groove the occipital bones and parietal bones, course along the attached margins of the tentroium cerebelli and becomes the ___

Transverse Siunuses

Sigmoid Sinuses

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Blood received by the confluence of the sinuses is drained by the __.

Transverse Sinuses

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___ follow the S shaped course in the posterior cranial fossa, forming deep grooves in the temporal and occipital bones, continues as the ___ after traversing the jugular foramen

Sigmoid Sinuses

Int. Jugular V.

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Occipital sinus lies in the attached border of the ___ and ends in the confluence of sinuses and communicates with the ___ venous plexuses

falx cerebelli

Internal Vertebral

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Cavernous sinuses are situated bilaterally on each side of the ___ on the upper surface of the body of the hollow ___ bone, which contains the sphenoidal air sinus

sella turcica

sphenoid

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Cavernous sinuses contain a veinous plexus that receive blood from the Sup. and Inf. ___ veins, ___ vein, and ___sinus.

ophthalmic
superficial middle cerebral
sphenoparietal

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Intercavernous sinuses are ___ and ___, communicate the two ___.

Anterior
Posterior
Cavernous

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The cavernous sinus drains through the superior and inferior ___ sinuses and to ___ venous plexus thorugh an ___ vein

Petrosal
Pterygoid
emissary

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Inside each cavernous sinus is the ___ artery, surrounded by the ___ of sympathetic nerves and the ___ nerve

Int. Carotid
Carotid Plexus
Abducens

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The lateral wall of the cavernous sinus contains which nerves?

Oculomotor (3rd)
Trochlear (4th)
Ophthalmic (Branch of 5th)
Maxillary (Branch of 5th)

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___ lie in the attached margins of the tentorium cerebelli, along the superior border of the petrous part of temporal bone

Superior Petrosal SInuses

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Inferior petrosal sinuses run in the grove between the petrous part of the ___ and ___ part of the occipital bone

petrous

basilar

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Inferior petrosal sinus drains the veins of the ___ sinus directly into the origin of the ___

Lateral Cavernous

Int. Jugular V.

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Basilar plexus (sinus) connects the ___ and communicate with the ___

Inf. Petrosal SInuses

Internal Vertebral Veinous Plexus

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Emissary veins connect the ___ with the veins outside the ___, valveless veins and blood flow in both directions

Dural Veinous Sinuses

Cranium

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___ is present in children and some adults, passes through the ___ of the skull, connecting ____ with the veins of the ___ and ___

Frontal Emissary V.
Foramen Cecum
Sup. Sagittal Sinus
Frontal SInus
Nasal Cavities

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Parietal emissary vein, may be paired bilaterally, passes through the ___ in the calvaria, connecting the ___ with the veins of the ___.

Parietal Foramen
Sup. Sagittal SInus
scalp

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Mastoid emissary vein passes through the ___ and connects each sigmoid sinus with the ___ or ___ vein

Mastoid Foramen Occipital V. Post. Auricular V.

Posterior condylar emissary vein passes through the ___ canal, connecting the ___ with the ___

Condylar Sigmoid sinus Suboccipital Plexus of Veins

Middle meningeal artery (branch of maxillary artery) enters the ___ and divides into __ and ___ branches

Foramen Spinosum Anterior Posterior

Middle meningeal vein accompanies the ___, leaves the cranial cavity through the ___ and drains into the ___ venous plexus

Middle Meningeal A. Foramen Spinosum Pterygoid

Nerve supply of the dura mater are the branches of ___

Trigeminal N.

Dura mater of the anterior cranial fossa is supplied by the anterior meningeal branches of the ___ nerve (branch of ophthalmic nerve), meningeal branches of ___ nerve and meningeal branches of ___ nerve.

ethmoidal Maxillary Mandibular

Dura mater of the middle cranial fossa is supplied by the meningeal branches of ___ nerve and meningeal branches of ___ nerve

Maxillary | Mandibular

Dura mater of the posterior cranial fossa is supplied by the ___ nerve (branch of ophthalmic nerve), sensory branches from dorsal roots of __(3)__ and branches from ___ nerve

Tentorial C1, C2, C3 Vagus

__ is the leptomeninges, develops from a single layer of mesenchyme surrounding the embryonic brain, contain the fluid filled space the subarchnoid space contains the trabeculae

Pia- Arachnoid

___ contains fibroblasts, collagen fibers and some elastic fibers

Arachnoid Mater

___ (vascular membrane of the brain) is thinner membrane and is highly vascularized by a network of blood vessels

Pia Mater

Extradural or epidural space lies between the cranial bones and the ___ layer of the dura mater, which is a pathological space, when blood from torn meningeal vessels pushes the ___ from the skull and accumulates

external periosteal | periosteum

Subdural space is a potential space between the ___ and ___mater

Dura | Arachnoid

___ space lies between the Arachnoid and Pia mater, contains the CSF, trabecular cells, arteries and veins

Subarachnoid

Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis is a complication of __ and __ infections. Usually a result of complication of infection of central face or paranasal sinuses. Other causes include bacteria, trauma, ear infections or maxillary teeth.

epidural | subdural

Olfactory Nerve Termination: Synapses with ___nerve cells of the olfactory bulb. The axons of these secondary neurons form the ___.

mitral | Olfactory tract

Fracture of cribriform plate of ethmoid results in the lesion of the ___ nerve causing ___(loss of smell)

Olfactory | anosmia

At the optic chiasma, the fibers from the __ half of retina decussate and form the ___

nasal (medial) | optic tract

Most fibers in the optic tracts terminate in the ___ bodies of the ___. From these nuclei, axons are relayed to the visual cortex of the ___ lobe of the ___.

lateral geniculate thalamus Occipital Cerebrm

Direct trauma to orbit or eyeball or fracture involving optic canal causes loss of ___ ___

pupillary constriction

Oculomotor Clinical Application: Fracture involving cavernous sinus - aneurysms causes the lesion of the nerve result in ___ (ptosis) and ___ reflex on side of lesion will be lost

Dilated Pupil | Pupillary

Clinical Stretching of Trochlear nerve during its course around ___ or fracture of orbit causes the lesion resulting inability to look ___ when the eye is ___ adducted

brainstem down adducted

Trigeminal Origin: from four nuclei, __ nucleus of trigeminal nerve and three sensory nuclei...

Motor Mesencephalic Nucleus Principal Sensory Nucleus Spinal Nucleus of Trigeminal N.

The sensory root of Trigeminal is composed mainly of the central processes of the ___ neurons that make up the trigeminal ganglion

Pseudounipolar

Trigeminal ganglion is flattened and crescent shaped, housed within the ___, the trigeminal cave lateral to the ___

Dural Recess | Cavernous Sinus

Injury to terminal branches affecting trigeminal ganglion causes lesion to the nerve resulting loss of ___ and _____ sensations, paraesthesia, masseter and temporalis muscles do not contract and deviation of mandible to side of lesion when mouth is opened

pain | touch

Termination of abducens: enters the orbit penetrating the ___ surface of ___ muscle of the eye and supplies it

medial | Lateral Rectus

Clinical for Abducens N: Fracture involving cavernous sinus or orbit causes lesion to the nerve result in eye fails to move ___ and diplopia on lateral gaze

laterally

Geniculum of the facial nerve is the sharp bend of the facial nerve along the medial wall of the tympanic cavity, where lies the ___

Geniculate Ganglion

Facial N is Postsynaptic in pterygopalatine ganglion and ___ ganglion

Submandibular

Facial N. has Parasympathetic innervation of (3)

Submandibular Salivary Glands Sublingual Salivary Glands Lacrimal Gland

Laceration or contusion of facial N. in parotid region causes lesion to the nerve result in paralysis of facial muscles, eye remains ___, angle of mouth ___ and forehead does not wrinkle (Bell’s Palsy)

Open | droops

Fracture of temporal bone affects the ___ nerve, causes loss of taste on anterior two thirds of tongue

Chorda Tympani

The vestibular nuclei located at the junction of the ___ and ___ in the lateral part of the floor of the fourth ventricle

Pons | Medulla

Spiral ganglion consists of ___ neurons located in the Spiral organ of Corti

Bipolar

Clinical for Cochlear: Tumor of nerve (acoustic neuroma) causes progressive ___ hearing loss and tinnitus (noises in ai

Unilaeral

Clinical Glossopharyngeal: Brain stem lesion or deep laceration of neck causes loss of taste on ___ third of tongue

Posterior

Vagus Clinical: Brainstem lesion and deep laceration of neck causes ___owing to paralysis of vocal fold

hoarseness

Clinical Accessory: Laceration of neck causes paralysis of ___, paralysis of superior fibers of ___ and dropping of shoulder

SCM | Trapezius

Hypoglossal Clinical: Neck laceration and basal skull fracture causes lesion in the nerve resulting ___tongue deviates toward ___ side

protruded | affected

___ is the periosteum of the orbit

Periorbita

___ are superior and inferior, form the ‘skeleton‘ of the eyelids, made of dense bands of connective tissue

Tarsal Plates

___ is the closed space when the eyelids are closed

Conjunctival Sac

Superior wall (roof) of orbit is formed by the ___ bone and ___ wing of sphenoid

frontal | lesser

Medial wall of orbit is formed by the __(4)__ bones

Ethmoid Maxilla Lacrimal Sphenoid

Inferior wall (floor) is formed by the __(3)__ bones

Maxilla Zygomatic Palatine

Lateral wall is formed by the ___ and ___ wing of the sphenoid bones

Zygomatic | Greater

Apex of the orbit is the ___

Optic Canal

___ are embedded in tarsal plates

Tarsal Glands

___ large sebaceous glands, associated with the eyelashes

Ciliary Glands

___ ligament lies at the medial angle of the eye, gives origin to ___ muscle

Medial Palpebral | Orbicularis Oculi

___ ligament attaches to the lateral margin of the orbit

Lateral Palpebral

___ is a fibrous membrane that spans from the tarsal plates

Orbital Septum

___ gland secretes the lacrimal fluid (tear)

Lacrimal

___ convey the lacrimal fluid from the gland to the conjunctival sac

Lacrimal Ducts

___ commence at the lacrimal punctum

Lacrimal Canaliculi

___ is an opening on the lacrimal papilla near the medial angle of the eye

Lacrimal Punctum

___ is the dilated superior part of the nasolacrimal duct

Lacrimal Sac

The ___conveys the lacrimal fluid to the nasal cavity (inferior meatus of the nose)

Nasolacrimal Duct

Levator palpebrae superioris Nerve supply by the ___ nerve

Oculomotor

Origin of Levator palpebrae superioris is from the ___ of sphenoid bone and __ and ___ to optic canal

lesser wing superior anterior

Levator palpebrae superioris Insertion into the ___ tarsus and skin of the superior eyelid

superior

Levator palpebrae superioris innervation

Oculomotor N.

___ muscle part of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle, includes smooth muscle fibers

Superior Tarsal

Superior tarsal muscle Action is ___ the ___ eyelid

elevates | Superior

Sup. Oblique Origin from the __ of the ___ bone

body | sphenoid

Sup. Oblique Insertion is into the ___

Sclera

Sup. Oblique Nerve supply by the ___ nerve

Trochlear

Actions of Sup.Oblique are __(3)__ of the eyeball

Abduction Elevation Lateral Rotation

Sup. Rectus Origin from the common tendinous ring that surrounds the ___

Optic Canal

Superior Rectus Insertion is into the ___

Sclera

Sup. Rectus innervation

Oculomotor N.

Inf. Rectus origin Origin is from the common tendinous ring that surrounds the ___

Optic Canal

Inf. Rectus insertion is into the ___

sclera

Inf. Rectus Innervation

Oculomotor

Inf. Rectus actions are __(3)__ of the eyeball

Depression Adduction Lateral Rotation

Medial Rectus Origin is from the common tendinous ring that surrounds the ___

Optic Canal

Medical Rectus inserts into the ___

sclera

Med. Rectis innervation

Occulomotor

Med. Rectus Action

Adduct Eyeball

Lateral Rectus origin is from the common tendinous ring that surrounds the ___

eyeball

Lateral Rectus Insertion

sclera

Lat. Rectus Innervation

Abducens N.

Lat. Rectus action

Abduct eyeball

Sup. branch of Oculomotor supplies... (2)

Levator Palpebrae Superioris | Superior Rectus

Inf. branch of Oculomotor supplies... (3)

Inferior Recrtus Medial Rectus Inferior Oblique

The nerve to inferior oblique (branch of oculomotor nerve) carries __ __ fibers to the ___ ganglion

presynaptic parasympathetic | ciliary

Short ciliary nerves are branches of ___ ganglion, carry parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers to the ___ and ___

ciliary ciliary body iris

Long ciliary nerves are branches of ___ nerve

nasociliary

Ophthalmic artery, a branch of ___ artery, supplie blood to the orbit structures

Internal Carotid

Central artery of the retina is a branch of ___, provides the only supply to the ___ aspect of the retina

Ophthalmic | internal

Infraorbital artery, a branch of ___ artery also contributes blood to structures related to the floor of the ___

Maxillary | Orbit

Short posterior ciliary arteries are branches of the ophthalmic artery supply the ___

Choroid

Long posterior ciliary arteries are branches of ophthalmic artery supply the ___

ciliary plexus

Superior and inferior ophthalmic veins pass through the ___ and enter the ___sinus

Superior Orbital FIssure | Cavernous

Central vein of the retina enters the ___ sinus, but may joins one of the ___ veins

cavernous | Ophthalmic

Eyeball has three layers, outer ___, middle ___ and inner ___ layer

fibrous vascular neural

Fibrous layer of the eyeball consists of two parts, ___ and ___

sclera | cornea

Sclera is ___, covers the __ of the eyeball

Tough | posterior 5/6

Cornea is ___ covers the ___of the eyeball

Transparent | Anterior 1/6

___ is the angle formed by the sclera and cornea at the corneoscleral junction

Corneal Limbus

Vascular layer of the eyeball consists of three parts...

Choroid Ciliary Body Iris

Choroid lies between the ___ and ___, forms the largest part of the vascular

sclera and retina

Ciliary body connects the choroid with the iris and provides attachment for the___

lens

___ are the folds on the ciliary body

Ciliary Processes

Iris lies on the ___ surface of the lens, with a ___ aperture

anterior | Central

Pupil is the central aperture of the __ for transmitting ___

iris | light

___ decreases the diameter of the pupil, | stimulated by ___ fibers

Sphincter Pupillae | Parasympathetic

___ increases the diameter of the pupil (dilates the pupil) stimulated by ___ fibers

Dilator Pupillae | Sympathetic

___ is the sensory neural layer of the eyeball

Retina

___ (optic papilla) a distinct circular area, has no photoreceptors and so it is insensitive to light

Optic Disc

Blind spot is the optic disc that contains no ___

photoreceptors

Macula of the retina is the yellow area ___ to the optic disc, a small, oval area of the retina with special ___cones

lateral | photoreceptor

___ is a depression in the center of the macula lutea, 1.5 mm in diameter, specialized for ___ vision

Fovea Centralis | Acute

___ of the retina supplies the retina except for the cones and rods of the ___ layer

Central Artery | neural

___ and ___ receive nutrients from the capillary lamina of the choroid

Cones | Rods

___ of the retina drains into the cavernous sinus

Central Vein.

Refractive media of the eyeball are the (4)

Cornea Lens Aqueous Humor Vitreous Humor

Aqueous humor is a clear, watery solution, produced by the ciliary processes, provides nutrients to the ___ and ___

avascular cornea | lens

Lens is a transparent, ___ structure enclosed in a capsule, lies posterior to___ and anterior to vitreous humor or vitreous body

biconvex | iris

___ muscle is the part of ciliary body, changes the shape of the lens

Ciliary

Nerve supply to ciliaris muscle is the ___ stimulation via the ___ nerve: causes sphincter - like contraction of the ciliary muscle (accommodation)

Parasympathetic | Oculomotor

___ is the active process of changing the shape of the lens for near vision

Accomodation

___ is a watery fluid enclosed in the vitreous body, holds the retina in place and supports the ___

Vitreous Humor | lens

___ is a transparent, jelly - like substance in the ___ of the eyeball posterior to the lens

Vitreous Body | Posterior 4/5

Confluence of sinuses consists of...

Superior Sagittal Straight Occipital Transverse

Superior Petrosal sinus connects the ___ sinus to the ___ sinus

Cavernous | Transverse

Arteries of the Dura mater

Middle Meningeal Meningeal Branches of ophthalmic Branches of Occipital Branches of Vertebral