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Head and Neck anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the cranial bones?

A 
Frontal
Occipital
Temporal (2)
Parietal (2)
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
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2
Q

What are the facial bones?

A

14 bones

Lacrimal (2)
Zygoma (2)
Mandible
Maxilla (2)
Nasal (2)
Inferior nasal concha (2)
Palatine (2)
Vomer

Remember mandible/vomer only singular bones

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3
Q

What are the cranial sutures?

A

Frontal suture is coronal
Midline suture is saggital
Posterior suture is lambdoid

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4
Q

What forms the cranial base?

A

All cranial bones bar parietal

Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Frontal
Occipital
Temporal (petrous part)
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5
Q

What is the foramen magnum?

A

The hole in the base of the skull through which the spinal cord passes

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6
Q

What forms the cranial vault?

A

Frontal bone
Occipital bone
Parietal bone
Temporal bone (squamous part)

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7
Q

What bones does the orbit consist of?

A 
Lacrimal bone
Ethmoid bone
Frontal bone
Maxilla 
Zygomatic bone
Sphenoid bone
Superior orbital fissure
Inferior orbital fissure
Optic foramen located in sphenoid bone - opening for optic nerve
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8
Q

What nerves are part of the orbit?

A

Cranial nerves II (optic), III (oculomotor), IV (trochlear), V (trigeminal opthalmic division) and VI (abducens)

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9
Q

What does the maxilla consist of?

A 
Teeth (molars, premolars, canines, incisors)
Alveolar process
Anterior nasal spine
Infraorbital foramen
Zygomatic process
Orbital surface
Frontal process
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10
Q

What is the nasal septum?

A

Thin wall of bone and cartilage that seperates left and right nostrils.

Composed of:

  • Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
  • Vomer bone
  • Septal nasal cartilage
  • Maxillary crest
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11
Q

What is the arterial blood supply to the head and neck?

A

External carotid artery

Internal carotid artery supplies the brain

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12
Q

Where does the common carotid artery bifurcate into internal and external carotid arteries?

A

at cervical vertebral level 3 or 4

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13
Q

What arteries arise from the external carotid artery?

A 
Ascending pharyngeal
Superior thyroid
Lingual 
Facial
Occipital
Posterior auricular
Superficial temporal 
Maxillary
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14
Q

What drains the cerebrum, the inside of the skull and most external structures of the head and neck?

A

Internal jugular vein

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15
Q

What does the external jugular vein do?

A

Drains some external structures e.g. posteior auricular vein/retro-mandibular vein

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16
Q

What is the dura mater?

A

The thick membrane made of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord

Other two meningeal layers are the arachnoid mater and the pia mater

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17
Q

Where can you detect pulses in the face?

A

Easily detected on superficial arteies as they pass over a bony prominence

  • Temporal pulse (superficial temporal artery by the ear or anterior branch of superficial temporal artery by the forehead)
  • Carotid pulse in neck
  • Facial pulse near lower corner of mandible
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18
Q

What is the blood/nerve supply to TMJ?

A

External carotid artery - superficial temporal and maxillary branches

Auriculotemporal and masseteric nerves, both derived from Vc Trigeminal nerve

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19
Q

What are the muscles of mastication?

A

Masseter
Medial pterygoid
Lateral pterygoid
Temporalis

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20
Q

What muscles cause elevation of the mandible?>

A

Temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid

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21
Q

What muscles cause depression of the mandible?

A

Digastric, geniohyoid and mylohyoid

gravity

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22
Q

What causes retraction of the mandible?

A 
posterior fibres of temporalis
Deep part (top) of masseter and geniohyoid and digastric
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23
Q

What causes protrusion of the mandible?

A

Lateral pterygoid assisted by medial pterygoid

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24
Q

What does the temporalis consist of?

A

Temporalis muscle
Cut temporal fascia
Inferior temporal line
Superior temporal line

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25
Where are the medial and lateral pterygoid located?
Under masseter, lateral (horizontal) on top of medial (more vertical)
26
What bones form the calvaria?
Frontal, occipital and parietal
27
What are the REGIONS of the head? (not face)
``` Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal Auricular Mastoid ```
28
What are the REGIONS of the face? (not head)
``` Orbital Infraorbital Zygomatic Parotid Mental Nasal Buccal Oral ```
29
What are the REGIONS of the neck?
``` Submandibular triangle Submental triangle Carotid triangle Muscular triangle Lesser supraclavicular fossa Sternocleidomastoid region Lateral region Omoclavicular region Suboccipital region Posterior cervical region ```
30
What is the glabella?
Smooth part of forehead above and between eyebrows
31
Where are the suprapalpebral and infrapalpebral sulcus' found?
Above and below the eyes
32
What is the epicanthal fold?
Skin fold of the upper eyelif on inner corner of the eye
33
What constitutes the surface anatomy of the nose?
``` Dorsum of nose Ala of nose Apex of nose Naris' Nasal septum ```
34
What is the philtrum?
Vertical indentation above upper lip
35
What is the nasolabial sulcus?
Two skin folds that run from each side of the nose to each corner of the mouth
36
Where is the labial commisure?
Corner of the mouth
37
Where is the oral fissure?
Opening through which food is taken, oral cavity.
38
Where is the vermillion border?
Sharp demaraction between the lip and the adjacent normal skin
39
Mentolabial sulcus and mental protuberance location?
Mental region, sulcus above protuberance
40
How many muscles in the face?
53
41
What nerve supplies muscles of the face?
facial nerve (CN VII)
42
What muscles do the upper lip contain?
Elevators, retractors and evertors
43
What muscles do the lower lip contain?
Depressors, retractors and evertors
44
What is the muscle of the cheek?
Buccinator
45
What is the muscle of the mouth?
Orbicularis oris
46
How is the neck divided anatomically into anterior and posterior portions?
By the sternocleidomastoid
47
What are the attachments of the sternocleidomastoid?
Proximal attachment - mastoid process Distal attachment - sternum and clavicle
48
What are the muscles of the anterior triangle?
Mylohyoid Anterior belly of digastric Infrahyoid muscles
49
What are the skeletal elements of the anterior triangle?
Thyroid cartilage Cricoid cartilage Hyoid bone Trachea
50
What are the glands of the anterior triangle?
Thyroid Parathyroid Submandibular
51
What nerves supply the anterior triangle?
Vagus (CN X) Phrenic Hypoglossal (CN XII)
52
What is the phrenic nerve?
Originates in the neck from C3-5 Supplies the diaphragm
53
What blood vessels pass through the anterior triangle?
Common carotid artery | Jugular veins
54
What are the nerves of the posterior triangle?
Accessory nerve Parts of brachial plexus Cutaneous cervical nerves
55
Which of the anterior/posterior triangles contain lymph nodes?
Posterior triangle
56
What is CN I?
Olfactory Special sensory Sensation of smell
57
What is CN II?
Optic Special sensory Sensation of vision
58
What is CN III?
Oculomotor Somatic motor - Controls four of the six eye muscles and eyelid muscle Visceral motor - PNS control of lens and pupil
59
What is CN IV?
Trochlear Somatic motor Controls superior oblique muscle of eye
60
What is CN V?
Trigeminal Somatic sensory - sensation from skin of face Branchial motor - Controls muscles of jaw
61
What is CN VI?
Abducens Somatic motor Controls lateral rectus muscle of eye
62
What is SO4LR6?
Eye muscle innervation mnemonic Superior oblique - CN 4 Lateral rectus - CN 6
63
What is CN VII?
Facial nerve Somatic sensory - taste sensation from front of tongue Branchial motor - Controls muscles of face
64
What is CN VIII?
Vestibulocochlear Special sensory Sensations of hearing and balance
65
What is CN IX?
Glossopharyngeal Branchial motor - Controls one of the pharyngeal muscles Visceral motor - PNS control of parotid salivary gland Special sensory - Taste sensation from back part of tongue Visceral sensory - Detection of blood pressure changes
66
What is CN X?
Vagus Visceral motor - PNS control of internal organs of the thorax and abdomen Visceral sensory - Sensation from internal organs Branchial motor - Controls muscles of pharynx and larynx
67
What is CN XI?
Accessory (spinal) Somatic motor - controls two large neck muscles (sternocleidomastoid and trapezius)
68
What is CN XII?
Hypoglossal Somatic motor Controls muscles of the tongue

BAMS (14 decks)

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