Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BAMS > Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pulmonary circulation?

A

Oxygen depleted blood
Passes from heart to lungs
Returns oxygenated blood to heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the systemic circulation?

A

Oxygen rich blood
Passes from heart to rest of body
Returns deoxygenated blood to heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A

A membranous partition between two body cavities or two parts of an organ, especially that between the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the structure of the heart wall?

A

Fibrous layer
Pericardium - parietal, cavity, visceral
Myocardium
Endocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does the ductus venosus do?

A

Shunts a portion of the left umbilical vein bloos flow directly to the IVC, thus allowing oxygenated blood from the placenta to bypass the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the foramen ovale?

A

A small hole located in the septum, it is an anatomic adaptation in the foetus to allow oxygenated blood coming from the umbilical vein via the inferior vena cava to bypass the pulmonary circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does the ductus arteriosus do?

A

Blood vessel connecting the main pulmonary artery to the proximal descending aorta. Allows most the blood from the right ventricle to bypass the foetus’ fluid-filled non-functioning lungs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the fossa ovalis?

A

Depression in right atrium, remnant of foramen ovale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where are the pulmonary arteries located?

A

Right side of the heart, they carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do the papillary muscles and chordae tendineae do?

A

Once the AV valves close the muscles contract and tendinaeae tighten preventing valve flaps from everting into atria during ventricular contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is endocarditis?

A

Infection of the endocardium

Most common is subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE) - caused by Strep viridans or staph aureus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is atrial fibrillation?

A

Rapid, irregular contraction of different parts of the atria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is ventricular fibrillation?

A

Rapid, irregular contraction of the ventricles

Most disorganised form of dysrhythmia, and leads to cardiac arrest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the purpose of recoil in the arterial system?

A

To maintain arterial blood pressure during diastole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 3 layers of the arterial system?

A

Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica adventitia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the different types of arteries and where are they found?

A

Elastic - aorta, pulmonary, common carotid, subclavian
Muscular - radial, femoral, coronary and cerebral
Arterioles - terminal branches supplying capillary bed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the characteristics of the venous system?

A

Low pressure
Passive movement down pressure gradient
Negative pressure in chest on inspiration
Contains valves in lower limb veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is normal arterial blood pressure?

A

120 - systolic

80 - diastolic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the four main control systems involved in cardiovascular control?

A
  • Arterial blood pressure
  • Cardiac output (stroke volume and HR)
  • The local circulation and blood
  • Extracellular fluid volume
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the nerve that carries information from the carotid sinus to the brain?

A

Glossopharyngeal (hering branch)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the nerve that carries information from the aortic arch to the brain?

A

Vagus nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where are the CVS baroreceptors located?

A

Carotid sinus and aortic arch - respond to stretching
Carotid more important - more sensitive (60-180)
Input to Nucleus tractus solitari

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the response to a decrease in arterial pressure?

A

Decrease in arterial baroreceptors firing

  • Increase SNS outflow to heart/arterioles/veins
  • Decrease PNS outflow to heart
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does the alpha2 subsection of the NTS do?

A

Inhibits Bulbar circulatory centres

Activates Vagal nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does the beta1 section of the NTS do?

A

Activates bulbar circulatory centres

Inhibits vagal nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does the bulbar circulatory centres do?

A

Releases noradrenaline - acts on alpha and beta 1 receptors

  • Increases peripheral resistance
  • Increases CO
27
Q

What does the vagal nucleus do?

A

Releases ACh - acts on M2 receptor

- Decreases CO

28
Q

How to control arteriolar radius?

A

Alpha 1 - CONSTRICT
Beta 2 - DILATE
K+ - DILATE
Acetlycholine muscarinic - DILATE

29
Q

What is an example of local control of BP?

A

Adenosine produced by metabolsing tissue

Blood gases - hyperventilation and rebreathing

Nicorandil - opens ATP sensitive potassium channels

30
Q

What is capillary fluid shift?

A

The movement of fluid across the capillary membrane between the blood and the interstitial fluid compartment

Caused by reduced proximal capillary hydrostatic pressure

31
Q

When is blood pressure greatest and lowest?

A

Greatest on waking, lowest in sleep
Increases in exercise, stress, sensory stimuli

Hypertension > 90mmHg Diastolic

32
Q

What is primary and secondary hypertension?

A

Symptomless
Primary - Idiopathic (95%)
Secondary - known cause (5%) - Renal hypertension, aortic coarctation, drug induced

33
Q

What are treatments of hypertension?

A

Reduce HR - beta adrenoreceptor antagonists
Reduce SV - beta antagonists, Calcium channel blockers
Reduce TPR - alpha blockers
Reduce volume - diuretics
Central control systems - clonidine (alpha 2 agonist)

34
Q

What are the types of blood vessels in the CVS?

A 
Large arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Veins
Venules
35
Q

What is the function of endothelial cells?

A

Local BP control - constrictors (endothelin), dilators (prostacyclin)
Prevent platelet aggregation and blood clot formation (NO)
Angiogenesis+vessel remodelling
Permeability barrier

36
Q

Where is smooth muscle found and what is its function?

A

In all BV’s but capillaries

Determine vessel radius

37
Q

What is found in the tunica intima?

A

Endoethilium
Subendothelial layer
Internal elastic lamina

38
Q

What is found in the tunica media?

A

Smooth muscle, collagen and ground substance
Elastin
External elastic lamina

39
Q

What is found in the tunica adventitia?

A

Mostly collagen fibres
Elastic fibres not elastin
Fibroblasts/Macrophages
Vasa Vasorum

40
Q

What is MAP?

A

Average pressure pushing blood round the system

MAP = DiastolicBP + 1/3PP

41
Q

What is PP?

A

Difference between systolic and diastolic BPs

42
Q

How much blood do the venules, veins and venae cavae carry?

A

70% - very distensible

43
Q

How much blood do capillaries carry?

A

5% - make up 25,000 miles in total

44
Q

What are the factors influencing transport within capillaries?

A

Blood in capillaries exert a pressure on capillary wall - hydrostatic pressure - OUT
Plasma has intrinsic osmotic pressure due to plasma proteins - COLLOID pressure - IN

45
Q

Which is higher pulmonary or systemic hydrostatic pressure?

A

Pulmonary hydrostatic pressure is much lower

Colloid pressure is equivalent

46
Q

What is an indication of heart failure to do with blood vessels?

A

In heart failure, capillary hydrostatic pressure increases, particularly in extremities

47
Q

What is the condition where tissue fluid builds up in the tissue?

A

Oedema

Uses lymph capillaries and vessels to move this fluid back into blood

48
Q

What is the other function of lymph apart from moving fluid from tissue to blood?

A

Moving absorbed fat into the circulation

49
Q

How can you modify TPR and therefore MAP?

A

alpha-adrenoreceptor anatgonists -
alpha1-selective - PRAZOSIN - decrease vasoconstrictor tone (post-synaptic), no direct change in HR or CO

alpha2-selective - phentolamine - decrease vasoconstrictor tone (pre/post-synaptic) - not used therapeutically

50
Q

What are local controls for arterioles?

A

Changes in O2 and Co2 can dilate arterioles
Blocking blood flow temporarily induces hyperaemia
Flow can be maintained by flow autoregulation

51
Q

What is the P wave?

A

Atrial depolarisation

52
Q

What is the QRS wave?

A

Ventricular depolarisation

53
Q

What is the T wave?

A

Ventricular repolarisation

54
Q

What is the P-R interval?

A

Delay through AV node

55
Q

What is the S-T interval?

A

Plateau phase of AP

56
Q

What are the 3 SA node AP phases?

A

Phase 0 - Calcium in
Phase 3 - Potassium out
Phase 4 - Calcium in and reduced potassium out

57
Q

What triggers contraction in cardiac muscle?

A

Entrance of calcium ions

either from exterior of myocyte or from SR

58
Q

What is sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

Specialised ER - regulates calcium ion conc in cytoplasm of striated muscle cells

59
Q

What node does the right vagus modulate?

A

SA

60
Q

What node does the left vagus modulate?

A

AV

61
Q

On an ECG what does the P wave represent?

A

P wave is a record of the electrical activity through the atria

62
Q

On an ECG what does the QRS complex represent?

A

Movement of electrical impulses through the ventricles

63
Q

On an ECG what does the ST segment represent?

A

When the ventricle is contracting but no electricity is flowing through it, usually appears as a straight level line between QRS and T wave.

64
Q

On an ECG, what does the T wave represent?

A

When the lower heart chambers (ventricles) are resetting electrically and preparing for their next muscle contraction

BAMS (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions