Head and Neck Anatomy Flashcards by Karim Fahss

What veins form the retromandibular vein?

Maxillary vein
Superficial temporal vein

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What is the path of retromandibular vein and where does it bifurcate?

Descends through the Parotid Gland and bifurcates within it.

Anterior Division: passes forwards and joins Facial vein
Posterior Division: tributary to External Jugular Vein

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What is the arterial of the thyroid gland?

Superior thyroid artery (1st branch of External carotid)
Inferior thyroid artery (from thyrocervical trunk)
Thyroidea ima (10% of population from brachiocephalic artery or aorta)

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What is the venous drainage of the thyroid gland?

Superior and middle thyroid veins (into the IJV)
Inferior thyroid vein (drains into the brachiocephalic veins)

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What lies posteriorly to the thyroid?

Parathyroid glands
Anastomosis of superior and inferior thyroid arteries

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What tracheal rings lie posteriorly to the isthmus of the thyroid and what lies anteriorly?

Anteriorly: Sternothyroids, Sternohyoids, Anterior jugular veins
Posteriorly: 2nd, 3rd, 4th Tracheal rings (attached via Ligament of Berry)

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What are the borders of the Posterior Triangle of the Neck

Apex: SCM and Trapezius
Anterior: Posterior border of SCM
Posterior: Anterior border of Trapezius
Base: Middle 1/3 of clavicle

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What is the origin and insertion of the Scalene Muscles?

Origin: Transverse processes C2 to C7

Insertion: 1st (scalenus anterior and scalenus medius) and 2nd ribs (scalenus posterior)

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What is the function of Scalenus anterior and medius?

Elevate 1st rib and laterally flex neck to the same side

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What is the relation of the subclavian artery and brachial plexus to the scalene muscles?

Brachial plexus and Subclavian artery pass Between Anterior and Middle scalenes through the scalene hiatus

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What is the venous drainage and arterial supply of the Parotid Gland?

Venous drainage: - Retromandibular vein
Arterial supply: - Branches of external carotid artery

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What vein lies immediately lateral to the tonsil?

External palatine vein

may be damaged during tonsillectomy and cause reactionary haemorrhage

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What supplies the tonsils?

Tonsilar artery (branch of facial artery)

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What is the arterial supply of the lacrimal gland?

Branches of the Ophthalmic artery

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What is the Lacrimal apparatus?

1- Numerous ducts empty glandular secretions into lateral part of superior fornix of the conjunctiva

2- Fluid produced accumulates in the lacrimal lake and drains via the lacrimal canaliculi

3- Lacrimal canaliculi join the lacrimal sac posterior to the Medial Palpebral Ligament

4- Obicularis oculi muscle contraction during blinking causes the small part of the lacrimal part of the muscle to dilate the lacrimal sac, drawing tears into it

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What innervated the lacrimal glands?

The greater petrosal nerve (branch of the facial nerve CN7)

What is the main arterial supply to the nasal septum and lateral walls?

Sphenopalatine artery (branch of the maxillary artery)

Where do the parasympathetic fibres that innervate the parotid gland originate from?

Otic ganglion

What is the lymphatic drainage of the lobule of the ear?

Superficial cervical nodes

What innervates the Platysma?

Cervical branch of the facial nerve

What nerves, vessels and muscles are contained in the posterior triangle of the neck?

Nerves:
- CN XI
- Phrenic nerve
- 3 trunks of brachial plexus
- Branches of cervical plexus; supraclavicular nerve, great auricular nerve, lesser occipital nerve

Vessels:
- Externam jugular vein
- Subclavian artery

Muscles:
- Scalene
- inferior belly of omohyoid

What part of the strap muscles (I.e infra hyoid strap) should be divided to avoid damage to the Ansa Cervicalis?

Should be cut in their upper half as their nerve supply from ansa cervicalis enters in their lower half

At what level does the Inferior thyroid artery enter the thyroid gland?

The lower border of cricoid cartilage is at C6. What does this level also correspond to?

Junction of pharynx with oesophagus
Inferior thyroid artery enters thyroid
Vertebral artery enters Transverse foramen in 6th cervical vertebra
Superior belly of Omohyoid crosses carotid sheath
Middle of cervical sympa ganglion

What are the branches of the External Carotid artery and where does it terminate? Some Angry Lady Figured Out PMS

- Superior thyroid (superior laryngeal artery branch) - Ascending pharyngeal - Lingual - Facial (gives rise to tonsillar and labial) - Occipital - Posterior auricular - Maxillary (gives rise to Inferior alveolar artery + middle meningeal artery) - Superficial temporal Terminates when it divides into the Superficial temporal and Maxillary in the PAROTID gland

Which muscles are innervated by the Ansa cervicalis?

- Sternohyoid - Sternothyroid - Omohyoid

Which nerve lies between the Int Jugular vein and Carotid artery inside the carotid sheath?

Vagus nerve

What is the arterial supply and venous drainage of the submandibular gland?

- Arterial supply: Branch of Facial artery (often ligated during excision of gland) - Venous drainage: Anterior facial vein (lies deep to marginal mandibular nerve)

What is the relation of the lingual nerve to Wharton’s duct?

- Lingual nerve wraps around Wharton’s duct. - As the duct passes forwards it crosses medial to the nerve to lie above it and then crosses back to reach a position BELOW the nerve

Which 3 nerves are at risk during a Carotid Endarterectomy?

- Hypoglossal nerve - Greater auricular nerve - Superior laryngeal nerve

What are the contents of the carotid sheath?

Common carotid artery Internal carotid artery Internal jugular vein Vagus

What are the branches of the internal carotid artery? Only Press Carotid Arteries Momentarily

Ophthalmic artery Posterior communicating artery Choroidal artery Anterior cerebral artery Middle cerebral artery Meningeal and Hypophyseal arteries

What is the relation of the chorda tympani to the tympanic membrane?

The Chorda tympani runs medial to the Pars Flaccida

What are the lymphatic drainages of the tip, mid and posterior aspects of the tongue?

Tip: Submental nodes —> deep cervical Mid: Submandibular nodes —> deep cervical Posterior: bilateral deep cervical lymph

What are the boundaries of the Anterior triangle of the neck?

Anterior border of the SCM Lower border of the mandible Anterior midline

What are the 3 sub triangles in the anterior triangle of the neck and what do they contain?

Muscular triangle: - Strap muscles - Jugular vein Digastric (submandibular) triangle: - Submandibular gland - Facial vessels - Hypoglossal nerve Carotid triangle: - Carotid sheath (common carotid, CNX, Int Jugular vein - Ansa cervicalis

What is the nerve supply to the digastric muscle?

Anterior: Mylohyoid nerve Posterior: Facial nerve

What nerve innervates the external ear?

Auriculotemporal nerve (derived from mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve)

What is the path of the internal jugular vein?

- Begins in the Jugular foramen (continuation of the sigmoid sinus) - Lies within the carotid sheath throughout its course - Below the transverse process of the atlas, CN11 crosses it on its lateral side Terminates at medial end of clavicle where it unites with Subclavian vein