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MRCS part A > Head and Neck Anatomy > Flashcards

Head and Neck Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What veins form the retromandibular vein?

A
  • Maxillary vein
  • Superficial temporal vein
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2
Q

What is the path of retromandibular vein and where does it bifurcate?

A

Descends through the Parotid Gland and bifurcates within it.

  • Anterior Division: passes forwards and joins Facial vein
  • Posterior Division: tributary to External Jugular Vein
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3
Q

What is the arterial of the thyroid gland?

A
  • Superior thyroid artery (1st branch of External carotid)
  • Inferior thyroid artery (from thyrocervical trunk)
  • Thyroidea ima (10% of population from brachiocephalic artery or aorta)
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4
Q

What is the venous drainage of the thyroid gland?

A
  • Superior and middle thyroid veins (into the IJV)
  • Inferior thyroid vein (drains into the brachiocephalic veins)
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5
Q

What lies posteriorly to the thyroid?

A
  • Parathyroid glands
  • Anastomosis of superior and inferior thyroid arteries
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6
Q

What tracheal rings lie posteriorly to the isthmus of the thyroid and what lies anteriorly?

A
  • Anteriorly: Sternothyroids, Sternohyoids, Anterior jugular veins
  • Posteriorly: 2nd, 3rd, 4th Tracheal rings (attached via Ligament of Berry)
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7
Q

What are the borders of the Posterior Triangle of the Neck

A

Apex: SCM and Trapezius
Anterior: Posterior border of SCM
Posterior: Anterior border of Trapezius
Base: Middle 1/3 of clavicle

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8
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the Scalene Muscles?

A

Origin: Transverse processes C2 to C7

Insertion: 1st (scalenus anterior and scalenus medius) and 2nd ribs (scalenus posterior)

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9
Q

What is the function of Scalenus anterior and medius?

A

Elevate 1st rib and laterally flex neck to the same side

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10
Q

What is the relation of the subclavian artery and brachial plexus to the scalene muscles?

A

Brachial plexus and Subclavian artery pass Between Anterior and Middle scalenes through the scalene hiatus

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11
Q

What is the venous drainage and arterial supply of the Parotid Gland?

A

Venous drainage: - Retromandibular vein
Arterial supply: - Branches of external carotid artery

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12
Q

What vein lies immediately lateral to the tonsil?

A

External palatine vein

  • may be damaged during tonsillectomy and cause reactionary haemorrhage
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13
Q

What supplies the tonsils?

A

Tonsilar artery (branch of facial artery)

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14
Q

What is the arterial supply of the lacrimal gland?

A

Branches of the Ophthalmic artery

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15
Q

What is the Lacrimal apparatus?

A

1- Numerous ducts empty glandular secretions into lateral part of superior fornix of the conjunctiva

2- Fluid produced accumulates in the lacrimal lake and drains via the lacrimal canaliculi

3- Lacrimal canaliculi join the lacrimal sac posterior to the Medial Palpebral Ligament

4- Obicularis oculi muscle contraction during blinking causes the small part of the lacrimal part of the muscle to dilate the lacrimal sac, drawing tears into it

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16
Q

What innervated the lacrimal glands?

A

The greater petrosal nerve (branch of the facial nerve CN7)

17
Q

What is the main arterial supply to the nasal septum and lateral walls?

A

Sphenopalatine artery (branch of the maxillary artery)

18
Q

Where do the parasympathetic fibres that innervate the parotid gland originate from?

A

Otic ganglion

19
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the lobule of the ear?

A

Superficial cervical nodes

20
Q

What innervates the Platysma?

A

Cervical branch of the facial nerve

21
Q

What nerves, vessels and muscles are contained in the posterior triangle of the neck?

A

Nerves:
- CN XI
- Phrenic nerve
- 3 trunks of brachial plexus
- Branches of cervical plexus; supraclavicular nerve, great auricular nerve, lesser occipital nerve

Vessels:
- Externam jugular vein
- Subclavian artery

Muscles:
- Scalene
- inferior belly of omohyoid

22
Q

What part of the strap muscles (I.e infra hyoid strap) should be divided to avoid damage to the Ansa Cervicalis?

A

Should be cut in their upper half as their nerve supply from ansa cervicalis enters in their lower half

23
Q

At what level does the Inferior thyroid artery enter the thyroid gland?

A

C6

24
Q

The lower border of cricoid cartilage is at C6. What does this level also correspond to?

A
  • Junction of pharynx with oesophagus
  • Inferior thyroid artery enters thyroid
  • Vertebral artery enters Transverse foramen in 6th cervical vertebra
  • Superior belly of Omohyoid crosses carotid sheath
  • Middle of cervical sympa ganglion
25
Q

What are the branches of the External Carotid artery and where does it terminate?

Some Angry Lady Figured Out PMS

A
  • Superior thyroid (superior laryngeal artery branch)
  • Ascending pharyngeal
  • Lingual
  • Facial (gives rise to tonsillar and labial)
  • Occipital
  • Posterior auricular
  • Maxillary (gives rise to Inferior alveolar artery + middle meningeal artery)
  • Superficial temporal

Terminates when it divides into the Superficial temporal and Maxillary in the PAROTID gland

26
Q

Which muscles are innervated by the Ansa cervicalis?

A
  • Sternohyoid
  • Sternothyroid
  • Omohyoid
27
Q

Which nerve lies between the Int Jugular vein and Carotid artery inside the carotid sheath?

A

Vagus nerve

28
Q

What is the arterial supply and venous drainage of the submandibular gland?

A
  • Arterial supply: Branch of Facial artery (often ligated during excision of gland)
  • Venous drainage: Anterior facial vein (lies deep to marginal mandibular nerve)
29
Q

What is the relation of the lingual nerve to Wharton’s duct?

A
  • Lingual nerve wraps around Wharton’s duct.
  • As the duct passes forwards it crosses medial to the nerve to lie above it and then crosses back to reach a position BELOW the nerve
30
Q

Which 3 nerves are at risk during a Carotid Endarterectomy?

A
  • Hypoglossal nerve
  • Greater auricular nerve
  • Superior laryngeal nerve
31
Q

What are the contents of the carotid sheath?

A

Common carotid artery
Internal carotid artery
Internal jugular vein
Vagus

32
Q

What are the branches of the internal carotid artery?

Only Press Carotid Arteries Momentarily

A

Ophthalmic artery
Posterior communicating artery
Choroidal artery
Anterior cerebral artery
Middle cerebral artery

Meningeal and Hypophyseal arteries

33
Q

What is the relation of the chorda tympani to the tympanic membrane?

A

The Chorda tympani runs medial to the Pars Flaccida

34
Q

What are the lymphatic drainages of the tip, mid and posterior aspects of the tongue?

A

Tip: Submental nodes —> deep cervical

Mid: Submandibular nodes —> deep cervical

Posterior: bilateral deep cervical lymph

35
Q

What are the boundaries of the Anterior triangle of the neck?

A

Anterior border of the SCM
Lower border of the mandible
Anterior midline

36
Q

What are the 3 sub triangles in the anterior triangle of the neck and what do they contain?

A

Muscular triangle:
- Strap muscles
- Jugular vein

Digastric (submandibular) triangle:
- Submandibular gland
- Facial vessels
- Hypoglossal nerve

Carotid triangle:
- Carotid sheath (common carotid, CNX, Int Jugular vein
- Ansa cervicalis

37
Q

What is the nerve supply to the digastric muscle?

A

Anterior: Mylohyoid nerve
Posterior: Facial nerve

38
Q

What nerve innervates the external ear?

A

Auriculotemporal nerve (derived from mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve)

39
Q

What is the path of the internal jugular vein?

A
  • Begins in the Jugular foramen (continuation of the sigmoid sinus)
  • Lies within the carotid sheath throughout its course
  • Below the transverse process of the atlas, CN11 crosses it on its lateral side

Terminates at medial end of clavicle where it unites with Subclavian vein

MRCS part A (9 decks)

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