head and neck

Question 1

Preganglionic sympathetic neurons are located in

Answer 1

Preganglionic sympathetic neurons are located in the intermediolateral cell column of upper thoracic spinal cord (T1-T4 or 5);

Question 2

Preganglionic axons travel in __ roots and __ rami communicantes leading to the upper part of the sympathetic trunk

Answer 2

ventral

white

Question 3

Stellate ganglion

Answer 3

Stellate ganglion (inferior cervical: fused with 1st thoracic ganglion fused) Serves lower neck, upper limb, and cardiopulmonary targets

Question 4

medial cervical gangion

Answer 4

MCG Innervates:

• cardiac targets via middle cardiac nerve
• cervical targets via gray rami to C5-6

Question 5

superior cervical ganglion

Answer 5

SCG Innervates:
craniofacial structures via internal and external carotid plexuses
upper neck structures via cervical gray rami to C1-C4
cardiac targets via superior cardiac nerve

Question 6

Horner’s Syndrome

Answer 6

drooping eyelids (partial ptosis or pseudo-ptosis)
contracted pupil (miosis)
lack of thermal sweating (anhydrosis)
sunken globe (enophthalmos)
narrow palpebral fissure
vasodilatationon the affected side

Question 7

Targets and transmitters of postganglionic fibers

Answer 7

NOREPINEPHRINE

Question 8

Neurotransmitter at ganglionic synapse (of preganglionic sympathetic neurons ) is

Answer 8

acetylcholine

Question 9

Cranial Pre-ganglionic parasympathetic neurons (Cranial Outflow) are central components of cranial nerves __

Answer 9

CN) III, VII, IX and X

Question 10

Superior Salivatory nucleus; Axons exit __

Answer 10

CN VII and travel in greater petrosal n. to synapse on the pterygopalatine ganglion OR chorda tympani to synapse on the submandibular ganglion.

Question 11

Inferior Salivatory nucleus; Axons exit in

Answer 11

CN IX and travel in lesser petrosal n. to synapse on the otic ganglion.

Question 12

in Cranial Pre-ganglionic parasympathetic neurons Dorsal Motor Nucleus of the Vagus are located in__ and exit __

Answer 12

located in medulla; Axons exit in CN X and synapse on small parasympathetic ganglia embedded in cervical, thoracic and abdominal viscera.

Question 13

Edinger-Westphal nucleus; located in __ and Axons exit __?

Answer 13

Edinger-Westphal nucleus; located in midbrain immediately rostral to oculomotor nucleus. Axons exit in the oculomotor n. and target the ciliary ganglion.

Question 14

Superior Salivatory nucleus; Axons exit in

Answer 14

CN VII and travel in greater petrosal n. to synapse on the pterygopalatine ganglion OR chorda tympani to synapse on the submandibular ganglion.

Question 15

Inferior Salivatory nucleus; Axons exit in

Answer 15

exit in CN IX and travel in lesser petrosal n. to synapse on the otic ganglion.

Question 16

4. Dorsal Motor Nucleus of the Vagus (most) and Nucleus Ambiguus (fewer cells); located in _ and exit

Answer 16

medulla; Axons exit in CN X and synapse on small parasympathetic ganglia embedded in cervical, thoracic and abdominal viscera.

Question 17

Cranial Pre-ganglionic parasympathetic neurons are central components of cranial nerves ?

Answer 17

3,7,9,10

Question 18

central pregangionic parasympathetic neurons ?

Answer 18

EW nucleus
sup sal nuc
inf sal nuc
dorsal motor nuc of vagus

Question 19

B. Cranial Parasympathetic Ganglia, Post-ganglionic pathways and targets

Answer 19

ganglion: ciliary, pterygopalatine, sumban and otic

Question 20

Transmitters at post-ganglionic synapses are

Answer 20

acetylcholine

Question 21

co Transmitters at post-ganglionic synapses are

Answer 21

co-transmitters, especially nitric oxide (NO) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)