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3 - RCA > Head and Neck 2 > Flashcards

Head and Neck 2 Flashcards

1
Q

List the muscles of mastication.

A

Temporalis
Medial pterygoid
Lateral pterygoid
Masseter

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2
Q

What movements are associated with mastication?

A

Open and close mouth, move side to side, protrude/retrude

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3
Q

What is the innervation of the temporalis muscle?

A

Mandibular nerve (V3) of trigeminal nerve (V)

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4
Q

What are the actions of the temporalis muscle?

A

Elevates the mandible

Posterior fibres retrude the mandible

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5
Q

What is the innervation of the masseter?

A

Mandibular nerve (V3)

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6
Q

What is the action of the masseter?

A

Elevates the mandible

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7
Q

What is the innervation of the medial pterygoid?

A

Mandibular nerve (V3)

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8
Q

What are the actions of the medial pterygoid?

A

Elevation and protrudes mandible

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9
Q

How many heads does the lateral pterygoid have?

A

2

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10
Q

What is the innervation of the lateral pterygoid?

A

Mandibular nerve (V3)

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11
Q

What are the actions of the lateral pterygoid?

A

Protrudes and depresses chin

Only mastication muscle to close mouth!!

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12
Q

What connects the two bellies of the digastric muscle?

A

Intermediate tendon

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13
Q

What innervates the anterior belly of the digastric muscle?

A

Mylohyoid nerve - branch of the inferior alveolar nerve (V3)

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14
Q

What innervates the posterior belly of the digastric muscle?

A

Branch of facial nerve (VII)

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15
Q

What is the action of the digastric muscle?

A

Elevates the hyoid bone

With the hyoid bone fixed, depresses the mandible

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16
Q

What type of joint is the TMJ and its 2 parts?

A

Synovial joint

Hinge and plane

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17
Q

Name the articular surfaces involved in the TMJ.

A

Condyle of mandible
Articular tubercle
Mandibular fossa

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18
Q

What does the articular disc do in the TMJ.

A

Divides the joint cavity into superior and inferior compartments

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19
Q

Name two other ligaments that connect the mandible to the cranium.

A

Stylomandibular ligament

Sphenomandibular ligament

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20
Q

Where is the stylomandibular ligament found?

A

Styloid process to inner surface of mandible

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21
Q

Where is the sphenomandibular ligament?

A

Lingula on the medial side of mandible

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22
Q

What is the lingula?

A

Sharp edge of ramus of mandible

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23
Q

List the movements of the mandible at the TMJ.

A 
Depression
Elevation
Protrusion
Retraction 
Lateral movements
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24
Q

List the muscles responsible for the depression of the mandible.

A 
Gravity 
Lateral pterygoid 
Digastric 
Geniohyoid 
Mylohyoid muscles
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25
Q

List the muscles responsible for elevation of the mandible.

A

Temporalis
Masseter
Medial ptyerygoid

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26
Q

List the muscles responsible for retraction of the mandible.

A

Posterior fibres of temporalis
Deep part of masseter
Geniohyoid and digastric

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27
Q

List the muscles responsible for protrusion of the mandible.

A

Lateral pterygoid assisted by medial pterygoid

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28
Q

What is the innervation of the sternomastoid?

A 
Accessory nerve (XI) 
Also innervates trapezius
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29
Q

What are the actions of the sternomastoid?

A

Flexes and laterally flexes neck
Rotates it so face is turned superiorly towards the opposite side
Both muscles acting together = draws head forward

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30
Q

What is torticollis?

A

Tumour/tension in the neck muscles

Laterally flex towards the injured side

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31
Q

Where does the external jugular vein begin?

A

Angle of the mandible by the union

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32
Q

Which vein branches make up the external jugular vein?

A

Retromandibular and posterior auricular veins

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33
Q

Where does the external jugular vein cross?

A

Sternocleidomastoid

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34
Q

Which layer of cervical fascia does the external jugular vein pierce?

A

Investing layer

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35
Q

Where does the external jugular vein drain into?

A

Subclavian veins (behind the clavicle)

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36
Q

List the strap (infrahyoid) muscles.

A

Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
Thyrohyoid
Omohyoid

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37
Q

Where is the sternohyoid muscle found?

A 
Superficial 
From manubrium (end of clavicle) to body of hyoid bone
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38
Q

Which is the longest/most medial/most superficial of the strap muscles?

A

Sternohyoid muscle

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39
Q

Where does the sternothyroid muscle lie?

A

Deep to sternohyoid muscle

From posterior surface of manubrium to oblique line of thyroid cartilage

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40
Q

Where does the thyrohyoid muscle lie?

A

Above the sternothyroid muscle

From oblique line of thyroid cartilage to lower border of body and greater horn of the hyoid

41
Q

Where does the omohyoid muscle lie?

A

Consists of two bellies
Inferior is from the upper border of the scapula, passes forward deep to sternomastoid
Attaches to intermediate tendon which is held in place by a fibrous loop attached to clavicle
Superior belly is attached to hyoid

42
Q

Name the scalene muscles of the neck.

A

Scalenus anterior
Scalenus medius
Scalenus posterior

43
Q

Where does the scalenus anterior attach?

A

From transverse processes of cervical vertebrae to anterior part of first rib

44
Q

What is the action of the scalenus anterior?

A

Flexes the neck forwards and laterally

Elevates the first rib during forced inspiration

45
Q

Where does the scalenus medius attach?

A

From transverse processes of cervical vertebrae to posterior aspect of first rib

46
Q

Where does the scalenus posterior attach?

A

From transverse processes of lower cervical vertebrae to second rib

47
Q

What is the other function of the scalene muscles?

A

Act as accessory inspiratory muscles to increase the size of the thoracic cavity

48
Q

What is the function of the deep fascia of the neck?

A

Consists of layers which divide the neck into compartments and limits the spread of abscesses

49
Q

Name the layers of deep fascia.

A

Investing layer
Pretracheal layer
Prevertebral layer

50
Q

What lies in the investing layer of deep fascia?

A

SCM and trapezius muscle

51
Q

What area is the pretracheal deep fasica layer limited to?

A

Anterior part of the neck

52
Q

What does the pretracheal layer enclose?

A

Trachea, oesophagus, thyroid gland

53
Q

What does the prevertebral layer form a sheath for?

A

Vertebral column and the muscles associated with it

54
Q

What does the prevertebral fascia enclose?

A

Phrenic nerve

Sympathetic chain ganglia

55
Q

What is the carotid sheath?

A

Tube of fascia that extends from the base of the skull to the root of the neck

56
Q

What does the carotid sheath contain?

A

Internal jugular vein
Common carotid artery
Internal carotid artery
Vagus nerve

57
Q

Name the three types of lymph nodes.

A

Circular
Superficial
Deep

58
Q

List examples of circular lymph nodes.

A 
Occipital 
Retromandibular
Parotid
Buccal
Submental
Submandibular
59
Q

Where do the superficial lymph nodes lie?

A

Along the external jugular vein

60
Q

Where do the deep cervical lymph nodes lie?

A

Internal jugular vein

61
Q

Name two deep cervical lymph nodes.

A

Jugulodiagastric

Jugulo-omohyoid

62
Q

What do the lymph nodes drain into?

A

Eventually the deep lymph nodes drain into the right and left jugular trunks

63
Q

Where do the lymph vessels of the forehead and anterior face drain into?

A

Submandibular lymph nodes, located along the inferior border of the mandible

64
Q

Where does the lateral part of the face drain?

A

Into parotid nodes

65
Q

Where does the central part of the lower lip and chin drain?

A

Submental nodes

66
Q

Where does all the lymph from the head and neck drain?

A

Into the deep cervical lymph nodes which form a chain along the internal jugular vein

67
Q

Where does the right jugular trunk drain?

A

Right lymphatic duct

68
Q

Where does the left jugular trunk drain?

A

Thoracic duct

69
Q

Where does the thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct carry lymph into the venous system?

A

At the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins

70
Q

What does the right lymphatic duct drain?

A

Drains the right upper body

71
Q

What does the thoracic duct drain?

A

Lymph from the rest of the body - both lower limbs and left upper quadrant

72
Q

Where is the temporal fossa found?

A

Area superior to zygomatic arch

73
Q

Where is the infratemporal fossa found?

A

Inferior and deep to the arch

74
Q

What is the lateral wall of the infratemporal fossa?

A

Ramus of the mandible

75
Q

What does the infratemporal fossa contain?

A

Two muscles of mastication - lateral and medial pterygoid
Mandibular division of CN V
Maxillary artery (a terminal branch of ECA, bigger branch)

76
Q

What is the nerve supply of the masseter?

A

Masseteric nerve of V3

77
Q

What is the inferior alveolar nerve a branch of?

A

V3

78
Q

Which foramen does the inferior alveolar nerve enter?

A

Mandibular foramen

79
Q

Which nerve emerges between the 2 heads of the lateral pterygoid muscle?

A

Buccal nerve

80
Q

What is the principle action of the masseter muscle?

A

Elevates (and protrudes) the mandible

81
Q

What is the innervation of the masseter?

A

Branch from anterior trunk of mandibular nerve (V3)

82
Q

In the event of dislocation of the TMJ, in which direction would you expect the head of the mandible to move?

A

Pass anterior to articular tubercle (eminence)

83
Q

In the dislocation of the TMJ, will the mouth be open or closed?

A

Open wide

84
Q

What are the muscles that close the jaw?

Temporalis, buccinator, medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid, mylohyoid

A

Temporalis and medial pterygoid

85
Q

Chorda tympani is a branch of which cranial nerve?

A

Facial nerve (VII)

86
Q

Which part of the tongue does the chorda tympani carry taste sensation from?

A

Anterior 2/3rds of tongue

87
Q

What is the nerve which supplies general sensation to the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue and which division of the trigeminal nerve is it a branch of?

A

Lingual nerve - branch of mandibular division (V3)

88
Q

Which division of the trigeminal nerve has a motor component?

A

Mandibular (V3)

89
Q

Explain why injury to the mandibular nerve does not cause paralysis of the whole digastric muscle?

A

The motor supply of the posterior belly of digastric is supplied by the facial nerve.
Only the anterior belly is supplied by the mandibular nerve.

90
Q

What are the principle actions of the sternocleidomastoid, trapezius and strap muscles?

A

Sternocleidomastoid - acting alone, tilt the head on its own side and rotate so that the face is turned towards the opposite side, both muscles act to flex the neck
Trapezius: elevates, rotates, retracts scapula
Sternohyoid: depresses hyoid bone
Sternothyroid: depresses hyoid and larynx
Omohyoid: depresses hyoid
Thyrohyoid: depresses hyoid and elevates larynx

91
Q

How do sternomastoid and scalenus anterior contribute to respiration?

A

Raise sternum and rib during forced inspiration

92
Q

Where does cancer of the central part of the lower lip spread to?

A

Submental lymph nodes

93
Q

Name the group of lymph nodes:

  • upper lip and lateral part of lower lip pass into
  • medial part of the lower lip
A

Submandibular nodes

Submental nodes

94
Q

What are the contents of the carotid sheath?

A

Common carotid artery
Internal carotid artery
Internal jugular vein
Vagus chain

95
Q

Name the muscle that separates the anterior and posterior triangles of the neck.

A

Sternocleidomastoid

96
Q

A muscle that elevates and retracts the mandible

A

Temporalis

97
Q

What is attached to the articular disc of the TMJ?

A

Lateral pterygoid

98
Q

Motor innervation to the medial pterygoid

A

Mandibular nerve

3 - RCA (5 decks)

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