Head and neck Flashcards
What nodal levels does the nasopharynx drain to
Retropharyngeal nodes (7A)
Level 2
Upper level 5 (posterior triangle)
What are the 3 structures and 3 levels for LN anatomy
How are the nodal levels defined using them
3 structures: SCM, submandibular glands, parotids
3 levels: C2 (lateral process), hyoid, cricoid
Hyoid – division between levels II & III
Cricoid - division between levels III & IV
SCM – behind is level V
Level II – upper deep cervical, underneath SCM and above hyoid, and behind posterior border of submandibular gland. Anterior to this is level I
Where does the oropharynx drain to
Level 2 and inferiorly to 3 & 4
Or superiorly from level 2 to levels 7A&B
Where does the oral cavity drain to
Lateral tongue to level 1b
Tongue and floor of mouth to levels 2-4
Tip of the tongue to 1A, and directly to 3
Hard palate to 1B
Soft palate - level 2 or retropharyngeal (7A)
What levels does the hypopharynx drain to
Pyriform sinus - Levels 2-5 & 7A
Posterior pharyngeal wall - 2-3 & 7A
Post-cricoid - 3 & 5. Inferiorly to paratracheal and para-oesophageal LNs
What levels does the larynx drain to
Levels 2-3
What are the boundaries of nodal level xxx
What are the 3 subsites of the hypopharynx (3 Ps)?
Pyriform sinus
Posterior pharyngeal wall
Post-cricoid region
What are the three levels of the glottis and what are the boundaries / levels
Supraglottis, glottis, subglottis
Supraglottis - from epiglottis to upper border of arytenoids
Glottis - level of vocal cords
Subglottis - from 1cm below true cords, to lower border of cricoid
If level 2 nodes are involved, which levels must also be included
1b & 7b
If level 4a and or 5 is involved, what levels must also be included
4b and 5c
If level 4A or 5b is involved, what levels must also be included
4B & 5C
If any nodes are positive in the neck, what level must also be included
5a&b
Which inherited condition increases the risk of head and neck SCC, and what is the treatment consequence
Fanconi anaemia
They do not tolerate cisplatin and have severe toxicity with RT
When is a PET CT indicated in H&N cancer
SCC neck node of unknown primary
T3-4 disease
N3 cancer
What are the investigations for an SCC neck node of unknown primary
PET-CT
HPV / p16 status
If negative, then: EUA, panendoscopy, biopsies from base of tongue, piriform fossa, and consider bilateral tonsillectomy
For oral cavity, HPV- oropharynx, hypopharynx and larynx, how is stage 3 disease defined
T3N0 or T1-3 N1
ie presence of T3 disease or node positive (N1)
For oral cavity, HPV- oropharynx, hypopharynx and larynx, how is stage 4A disease defined
T4a N0-1 or T1-4a N2
ie the presence of T4a disease or N2 status
For oral cavity, HPV- oropharynx, hypopharynx and larynx, how is stage 4B disease defined
T4b Any N or Any T N3
ie the presence of T4b disease or N3 status
For a p16-positive oropharyngeal tumour, how is stage 2 defined
T1-2 N2 or T3 N0-2
ie the presence of T3 or N2 disease
For a p16-positive oropharyngeal tumour, how is stage 3 defined
T1-3 N3 or T4 N0-3
ie the presence of T4 or N3 disease
What is the management for a stage I-II oral cavity cancer and what is the TNM stage for this
Stage I-II = up to T2N0
WLE +/- PORT
What is the management for a stage III-IV oral cavity cancer and what is the TNM stage for this
stage III = T3N0 or T1-2N1
Up to stage IVb = T4b Any N or T1-4b N3
Mx would be surgery with reconstruction if possible & PORT (+/- neoadjuvant TPF chemotherapy)
What is the management for a stage I-II oropharyngeal cancer and how is this TNM defined
If HPV negative: stage I-II = up to T2N0
If HPV positive: stage I-II = up to T3 or N2
Mx is surgery or chemoradiotherapy
What is the management for a stage III-IV oropharyngeal cancer and how is this TNM defined
If HPV negative: stage III-IVb (not metastatic) = up to T4b or N3
If HPV positive: stage III (stage IV = metastatic) = up to T4 or N3
Tx with chemo-RT
Indications for neoadjuvant chemotherapy in H&N
And what regime
x
What is the treatment for a stage I laryngeal cancer, and what is the TNM staging
Stage I = T1N0
Treat with laser, surgery, or RT
What is the treatment for a stage II laryngeal cancer, and what is the TNM staging
stage 2 = T2N0
Treat with laser, surgery or RT
What is the treatment for a stage III laryngeal cancer, and what is the TNM staging
Stage III = T3 or N1 disease
Treat with CRT
What is the treatment for a stage IV laryngeal cancer, and what is the TNM staging
stage IV non-metastatic disease = T4b or N3 disease
Treat with total laryngotomy & neck dissection with PORT/PO-CRT
Or consider downstaging with neoadjuvant chemo
What is the treatment for a stage I-II hypopharyngeal tumour and what is the TNM staging
Stage I-II = up to T2N0
Treat with RT or ?partial surgery
What is the treatment for a stage III hypopharyngeal tumour and what is the TNM staging
stage III = T3 or N2 disease
Treat with CRT + ?neck dissection