Head And Neck 1 Flashcards
1
Q
How many bones are in the skull?
A
22 bones
2
Q
What is the term for the facial bones of the skull?
A
Viscerocranium
3
Q
How many facial bones are in the viscerocranium?
A
14 facial bones
4
Q
What is the term for the cranial bones of the skull?
A
Neurocranium
5
Q
How many cranial bones are in the neurocranium?
A
8 cranial bones
6
Q
How many cranial nerves are there?
A
12 Cranial Nerves
7
Q
True or False: The skull is made up of 22 bones.
A
True
8
Q
Fill in the blank: The _______ consists of 8 cranial bones.
A
Neurocranium
9
Q
Fill in the blank: The _______ consists of 14 facial bones.
A
Viscerocranium
10
Q
What type of nerves are cranial nerves, (single or paired)?
A
Paired, there are 12 pairs of cranial nerves.
11
Q
Identify the labelled parts:
A
12
Q
Identify the labelled parts:
A
• A – SCM
• B – Trapezius
• C – Posterior Triangle
• D – Anterior triangle
13
Q
What structures pass between the anterior and middle scalene muscles?
A
Brachial plexus and subclavian artery
These structures are important for innervating the upper limb and supplying blood to the arm.
14
Q
What passes anteriorly to the anterior scalene muscle?
A
Subclavian vein and phrenic nerve
The phrenic nerve is crucial for diaphragm movement, affecting breathing.
15
Q
Fill in the blank: The brachial plexus and _______ pass between the anterior and middle scalene muscles.
A
subclavian artery
16
Q
True or False: The subclavian vein passes posteriorly to the anterior scalene muscle.
A
False
17
Q
What muscle crosses over the first rib?
A
Anterior scalene
18
Q
Identify the labelled parts:
A
19
Q
Identify the labelled parts:
A
20
Q
Identify the labelled parts:
A
21
Q
Identify the labelled parts :
A
22
Q
Identify the labelled parts:
A
23
Q
Identify the labelled parts:
A
24
Q
Identify the labelled parts:
A
25
What are the primary arteries associated with the head and neck?
carotid + subclavian
## Footnote
These arteries supply blood to the head, neck, and upper limbs.
26
What is the right common carotid artery responsible for?
Supplying blood to the right side of the head and neck
## Footnote
It branches from the brachiocephalic trunk.
27
What does the right subclavian artery supply?
Blood to the right upper limb
## Footnote
It also provides branches to the neck and thorax.
28
What is the function of the common carotid artery?
Supplying blood to the head and neck
## Footnote
It bifurcates into the internal and external carotid arteries.
29
What does the left subclavian artery supply?
Blood to the left upper limb
## Footnote
It branches directly from the aortic arch.
30
What is the role of the brachiocephalic artery?
Branches into the right common carotid and right subclavian arteries
## Footnote
It is the first major branch of the aortic arch.
31
What are the major sections of the aorta?
Ascending Aorta, Aortic arch, Thoracic aorta, Abdominal aorta
## Footnote
Each section has specific branches supplying different body regions.
32
What do the right and left common iliac arteries supply?
Blood to the pelvis and lower limbs
## Footnote
They are the terminal branches of the abdominal aorta.
33
Identify the labelled parts;
34
What is the main artery that branches off from the arch of the aorta on the right side?
Right brachiocephalic trunk
## Footnote
The right brachiocephalic trunk supplies blood to the right arm and the head and neck.
35
Which artery supplies the posterior one-third of the brain?
Vertebral artery
## Footnote
The vertebral arteries merge to form the basilar artery, which supplies blood to the brainstem and cerebellum.
36
What are the two branches of the right common carotid artery?
* Internal carotid (anterior two-thirds of brain)
* External carotid (neck and face)
## Footnote
The internal carotid artery supplies blood to the brain, while the external carotid artery supplies the face and neck.
37
What artery is responsible for supplying blood to the arms?
Subclavian artery
## Footnote
The subclavian artery branches off into the vertebral artery and the axillary artery, which supplies the upper limb.
38
Fill in the blank: The right common carotid artery branches into the _______ and _______.
Internal carotid, External carotid
39
True or False: The right brachiocephalic trunk supplies blood to the left side of the body.
False
## Footnote
The right brachiocephalic trunk supplies the right side of the body; the left side is supplied by the left common carotid and left subclavian arteries directly from the aorta.
40
Which artery supplies the anterior two-thirds of the brain?
Internal carotid artery
41
What are the smaller arteries that branch from the subclavian artery?
Smaller neck arteries
## Footnote
These include various branches that supply different regions in the neck.
42
What artery runs through the carotid canal?
Internal carotid artery
## Footnote
The carotid canal is a passage in the skull that transmits the internal carotid artery.
43
Which artery is associated with the subclavian artery?
Vertebral artery
## Footnote
The vertebral artery branches off from the subclavian artery and supplies blood to the posterior part of the brain.
44
Fill in the blank: The _______ artery is a major supplier of blood to the brain.
Internal carotid artery
45
True or False: The internal carotid artery passes through the carotid canal.
True
46
What is the primary function of the carotid sinus?
Baroreceptor function to regulate blood pressure
## Footnote
The carotid sinus contains receptors that sense changes in blood pressure.
47
Identify the labelled parts:
48
What are the two main parts of the cerebrum?
Left and right cerebral hemispheres
## Footnote
The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain and is divided into two hemispheres.
49
What is the cerebellum commonly referred to as?
Little brain
## Footnote
The cerebellum is responsible for coordination and balance.
50
What are the three components of the brainstem?
Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
## Footnote
The brainstem is critical for regulating autonomic functions.
51
What percentage of body weight does the brain constitute?
Approximately 2%
## Footnote
Despite its small weight, the brain is highly vascularized.
52
What percentage of cardiac output does the brain receive?
15 - 20%
## Footnote
This high percentage reflects the brain's high metabolic demands.
53
True or False: The brain has a low metabolic rate.
False
## Footnote
The brain has a high metabolic rate due to constant neural activity.
54
Fill in the blank: The brain receives _______ of the cardiac output.
15 - 20%
## Footnote
This indicates the brain's significant demand for oxygen and nutrients.
55
What are the two main parts of the brain?
Cerebral hemispheres
## Footnote
The cerebral hemispheres are divided into left and right sections, separated by the longitudinal fissure.
56
What separates the two cerebral hemispheres?
Longitudinal fissure
57
What is the cortex of the brain composed of?
Folds (Gyri) and grooves (Sulci)
58
How many lobes are there in each cerebral hemisphere?
4 lobes
59
Name the four lobes of the cerebral hemispheres.
* Frontal
* Parietal
* Temporal
* Occipital
60
What are the two pairs of arteries that supply blood to the brain?
Internal Carotid Arteries (ICA) and Vertebral Arteries
61
What part of the brain is supplied by the Internal Carotid Arteries (ICA)?
Anterior 2/3 of brain
62
What part of the brain is supplied by the Vertebral Arteries?
Posterior 1/3 of brain
63
What is the important anastomosis formed by branches from both the Internal Carotid Arteries and Vertebral Arteries?
Circle of Willis
64
Fill in the blank: The Internal Carotid Arteries supply the _______ of the brain.
anterior 2/3
65
Fill in the blank: The Vertebral Arteries supply the _______ of the brain.
posterior 1/3
66
True or False: The Circle of Willis is formed by branches from both the Internal Carotid and Vertebral Arteries.
True
67
Where do the Internal Carotid Arteries begin?
They begin at the bifurcation of the Common Carotid Artery.
68
Through which structure does the Internal Carotid Artery enter the skull?
The Carotid Canal of the temporal bone.
69
What are the main branches of the Internal Carotid Artery?
* Ophthalmic
* Anterior Cerebral
* Middle Cerebral
70
What is the function of the Ophthalmic branch of the Internal Carotid Artery?
Supplies the eye and orbital structures, terminates outside the cranial cavity.
71
Which branch of the Internal Carotid Artery is the smaller terminal branch?
Anterior Cerebral.
72
Which branch of the Internal Carotid Artery is the larger terminal branch?
Middle Cerebral.
73
What is the role of the Posterior communicating branch of the Internal Carotid Artery?
Part of the Circle of Willis.
74
Identify the labelled parts:
75
What are the Vertebral Arteries a branch of?
Subclavian Artery
76
Through which anatomical structure do the Vertebral Arteries pass?
Transverse Foramen - (upper 6 C-verts)
77
Where do the Vertebral Arteries enter the skull?
Foramen magnum
78
What do the Vertebral Arteries give branches to?
Spinal cord, medulla oblongata, cerebellum
79
What do the left and right Vertebral Arteries join to form?
Basilar artery
80
What does the Basilar artery branch to?
Pons, cerebellum, internal ear
81
Into what does the Basilar artery divide?
Two terminal branches = Posterior Cerebral Arteries
82
Identify the labelled parts:
83
What is the Circle of Willis?
A circulatory structure at the base of the brain that allows for blood distribution to both hemispheres
84
Which arteries are part of the Circle of Willis?
Anterior, Middle, and Posterior cerebral arteries
## Footnote
Includes Anterior and Posterior Communicating Arteries
85
What is the function of the Posterior Communicating Artery?
Completes the Circle of Willis by connecting the anterior and posterior circulation
86
Where does the Posterior Cerebral Artery sit?
On the inferior surface of the brain in the subarachnoid space
87
What is the role of the Circle of Willis in terms of blood supply?
Allows blood that enters the brain via ICA or vertebral arteries to be distributed to any part of both hemispheres
88
True or False: Variation in the size of arteries in the Circle of Willis is uncommon.
False
89
Fill in the blank: The absence of one or both _______ communicating arteries has been reported.
posterior
90
What is a significant feature of the Circle of Willis regarding collateral blood supply?
It provides important collateral blood supply
91
Identify the labelled part:
92
What are the effects of anterior cerebral artery disruption?
Paralysis or weakness of contralateral foot and leg, sensory loss in contralateral foot and leg, behaviour and personality changes
## Footnote
These effects are typically related to damage in the anterior cerebral artery region of the brain.
93
Which artery is most commonly affected in arterial disruptions?
Middle Cerebral artery
## Footnote
The middle cerebral artery is the most frequently involved in cerebrovascular accidents.
94
What are the effects of middle cerebral artery disruption?
Paralysis or weakness contralateral side (hemiparesis), sensory loss contralateral side, speech impairments (usually left brain), perceptual deficits (usually right brain)
## Footnote
These symptoms arise from damage to regions supplied by the middle cerebral artery.
95
What visual deficits are associated with posterior cerebral artery disruption?
Visual field defects
## Footnote
Damage to the posterior cerebral artery can lead to various visual disturbances.
96
Fill in the blank: Disruption of the anterior cerebral artery can lead to _______.
Paralysis or weakness of contralateral foot and leg
## Footnote
This is a key clinical manifestation of anterior cerebral artery damage.
97
True or False: Speech impairments due to arterial disruption are usually associated with damage to the right hemisphere of the brain.
False
## Footnote
Speech impairments are typically associated with damage to the left hemisphere.
98
List three effects of middle cerebral artery disruption.
* Paralysis or weakness contralateral side (hemiparesis)
* Sensory loss contralateral side
* Speech impairments (usually left brain)
## Footnote
These effects highlight the critical functions affected by middle cerebral artery ischemia.
99
What is the definition of a Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)?
Interruption of blood flow to brain causing cell death
100
What is another term for Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)?
Stroke
101
How long can a person be unconscious during a stroke?
5-8 seconds
102
What can occur after 4-6 minutes without blood flow to the brain?
Irreversible brain damage can occur
103
What are some risk factors for stroke?
* Sex
* Age
* Ethnicity
* Prior stroke/Transient Ischaemic Attack (TIA)
* Family history
* Hypertension
* Heart disease
* High blood cholesterol
* Diabetes
* Atrial fibrillation
* Smoking
* Obesity
104
What factors do symptoms and outcomes of a stroke depend on?
Location, type of stroke, and time before treatment
105
True or False: Early action is key in the treatment of strokes.
True
106
What type of stroke accounts for approximately 85% of cases?
Ischemic stroke
## Footnote
Ischemic strokes are caused by blockage of a vessel supplying blood to the brain.
107
What are the two main types of ischemic stroke?
* Thrombosis (50%)
* Embolus (30%+)
## Footnote
Thrombosis occurs when a blood clot forms in a vessel supplying blood to the brain, while an embolus is a clot that travels from another part of the body.
108
What type of stroke accounts for approximately 15% of cases?
Haemorrhagic stroke
## Footnote
Haemorrhagic strokes occur when a blood vessel supplying the brain leaks or ruptures.
109
What is an intercerebral hemorrhage?
Bleed within the brain
## Footnote
Intercerebral hemorrhages occur when blood leaks into the brain tissue itself.
110
What is a subarachnoid hemorrhage?
Bleed on the surface of the brain
## Footnote
Subarachnoid hemorrhages occur in the space between the brain and the tissues covering it.
111
What does the acronym FAST stand for in stroke diagnosis?
Face, Arms, Speech, Time
## Footnote
FAST helps identify stroke symptoms quickly.
112
Why is it important to image first when diagnosing a stroke?
To assess the type and extent of brain damage
## Footnote
Imaging helps determine the appropriate treatment.
113
What imaging techniques are commonly used in stroke diagnosis?
MRI, CT, Angiogram
## Footnote
These techniques provide detailed images of the brain.
114
What is the purpose of perfusion imaging in stroke diagnosis?
To assess whether damage is permanent or reversible
## Footnote
This helps guide treatment decisions.
115
Fill in the blank: The acronym FAST is used to identify _______ symptoms.
[stroke]
116
What is the first line of treatment for an ischaemic stroke?
Antiplatelet (e.g. aspirin)
## Footnote
Antiplatelet medications help prevent blood clots from forming.
117
What are anticoagulants used for in stroke treatment?
They prevent blood clot formation (e.g. Warfarin)
## Footnote
Anticoagulants are particularly important for patients at risk of further clotting.
118
What is a common surgical treatment for a haemorrhagic stroke?
Surgical blood vessel repair
## Footnote
This may involve techniques like ligation or coiling of an aneurysm.
119
What is thrombolysis and when is it recommended?
Not recommended after 4.5 hours
## Footnote
Thrombolysis is a treatment to dissolve blood clots, but its effectiveness decreases significantly after this time frame.
120
Name an antihypertensive used in stroke treatment.
ACE inhibitors or beta-blockers
## Footnote
These medications help manage blood pressure in stroke patients.
121
What is thrombectomy?
Surgical removal of clot
## Footnote
Thrombectomy is a procedure used to remove a clot from a blood vessel.
122
What is carotid endarterectomy?
Surgical procedure to reduce the risk of stroke
## Footnote
It involves removing plaque from the carotid arteries.
123
Fill in the blank: Antiplatelet and anticoagulants are used for _______ stroke treatment.
ischaemic
## Footnote
These medications are crucial for managing ischaemic strokes.
124
True or False: Thrombolysis is recommended for all stroke patients regardless of time since onset.
False
## Footnote
Thrombolysis is time-sensitive and is typically not recommended after 4.5 hours.
125
What is the purpose of aneurysm ligation or coiling in stroke treatment?
To prevent further bleeding
## Footnote
These procedures are aimed at managing haemorrhagic strokes.
126
Name the treatments used for Ischaemic stroke:
-Anti-platelet* (e.g. aspirin)
-Anticoagulants* (e.g. Warfarin)
-Thrombolysis (not recommended after 4.5 hours)
-Thrombectomy (surgical removal of clot)
-Carotid Endartectomy*
127
Name the treatments used for Haemorrhagic stroke:
-Surgical blood vessel repair
-Aneurysm – ligation, coiling (embolization)*
-Antihypertensives* (e.g. ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers)
128
What are the main venous structures in the head and neck?
Internal Jugular, Subclavian, Brachiocephalic, Superior Vena Cava
129
Fill in the blank: The _______ vein is located on the left side of the neck.
L Internal Jugular
130
True or False: The right and left internal jugular veins are part of the venous plan for the head and neck.
True
131
What is the function of the Superior Vena Cava?
It collects deoxygenated blood from the upper body and returns it to the heart.
132
Fill in the blank: The _______ vein is located on the right side of the neck.
R Internal Jugular
133
List the major veins that drain into the Superior Vena Cava.
* R Brachiocephalic
* L Brachiocephalic
134
What is the significance of the Subclavian veins?
They are crucial for draining blood from the upper limbs and parts of the neck.
135
Fill in the blank: The _______ vein is located on the right side and drains blood from the right upper limb.
R Subclavian
136
Fill in the blank: The _______ vein is located on the left side and drains blood from the left upper limb.
L Subclavian
137
Which cranial nerve is responsible for the vagus nerve?
CN X
138
What is the spinal nerve root origin of the phrenic nerve?
C3, C4, C5
139
Fill in the blank: The vagus nerve is also known as _______.
[VAGUS]
140
Fill in the blank: The phrenic nerve is associated with the spinal roots _______.
[C3, C4, C5]
141
Which cervical nerve is indicated by C7?
C7
142
Identify the labelled parts:
143
What is the right lymphatic duct?
Large lymphatic duct that drains lymph from the right side of the head, neck, and right upper limb
144
Where does the left internal jugular vein drain lymph?
Into the left venous angle
145
What is the thoracic duct?
The largest lymphatic vessel in the body that drains lymph from the majority of the body
146
Where does the thoracic duct empty?
Into the left venous angle
147
What does the left subclavian vein do?
Receives lymph from the thoracic duct
148
Fill in the blank: The thoracic duct is located in the _______.
[neck]
149
True or False: The right lymphatic duct drains lymph from both sides of the body.
False
150
What is the anatomical position of the thoracic duct in relation to the left internal jugular vein?
Anterior
151
What are the main veins associated with the neck?
Internal jugular vein, External jugular vein
## Footnote
These veins are crucial for draining blood from the head and neck.
152
What is the function of the external jugular vein?
Drains blood from the external structures of the head and neck.
## Footnote
It typically collects blood from the scalp and face.
153
What is the function of the internal jugular vein?
Drains blood from the brain, neck, and face.
## Footnote
It is larger than the external jugular and is responsible for a significant portion of the blood return from the cranial cavity.
154
Identify the labelled parts:
155
Identify the labelled parts:
156
Identify the following vertebrae’s:
157
Identify the following vertebrae’s:
