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Anatomy > Back and upper Limb 1 > Flashcards

Back and upper Limb 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a joint?

A

Place where 2 or more bones make contact

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2
Q

What are the three structural classifications of joints?

A
  • Fibrous
  • Cartilaginous
  • Synovial
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3
Q

What is a fibrous joint?

A

Bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue (e.g. sutures)

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4
Q

What is a cartilaginous joint?

A

Bones joined by cartilage (e.g. intervertebral discs)

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5
Q

What is a synovial joint?

A

Bones not directly joined, allowing movement limited by the shape of the joint

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6
Q

Give an example of a synovial joint.

A

Shoulder joint

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7
Q

What is the role of ligaments in joints?

A

Connect bones to other bones and provide stability

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8
Q

What is the function of the fibrous capsule in a synovial joint?

A

Encloses the joint and provides stability

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9
Q

What is contained within the joint cavity of a synovial joint?

A

Synovial fluid

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10
Q

What is articular cartilage?

A

Covers the surfaces of bones in a joint to reduce friction

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11
Q

What is a meniscus?

A

A crescent-shaped cartilage that provides cushioning in a joint

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12
Q

True or False: Synovial joints allow for a wide range of movement.

A

True

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13
Q

What is the role of the synovial membrane?

A

Secretes synovial fluid to lubricate the joint

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14
Q

What are intervertebral discs an example of?

A

Cartilaginous joints

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15
Q

What are synovial joints also known as?

A

True joints

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16
Q

What is the function of articular cartilage?

A

Covers the articular surfaces

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17
Q

What fills the articular space in synovial joints?

A

Synovial fluid

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18
Q

What lines the articular capsule in synovial joints?

A

Synovial membrane

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19
Q

What structures strengthen the articular capsule?

A

Ligaments

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20
Q

What is the role of muscle layers in synovial joints?

A

Increase stability

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21
Q

Name additional devices found in synovial joints.

A
  • Bursae
  • Menisci
  • Labrum
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22
Q

What are continuous joints characterized by?

A

Bone ends linked by fibrous or cartilaginous tissue

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23
Q

What is the origin in muscle anatomy?

A

Proximal attachment of a muscle

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24
Q

What is the insertion in muscle anatomy?

A

Distal attachment of a muscle

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25
Q

How much can muscles contract?

A

About 30% of their length

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26
Q

What does the range of movement in muscles depend on?

A

Fibre length

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27
Q

True or False: Muscles can contract by more than 30% of their length.

A

False

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28
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ is the proximal attachment of a muscle.

A

[origin]

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29
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ is the distal attachment of a muscle.

A

[insertion]

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30
Q

What has the upper limb sacrificed for mobility?

A

Stability

The design of the upper limb prioritizes mobility over stability.

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31
Q

How much larger is the humeral head compared to the glenoid?

A

Approximately 4 times larger

This size difference makes the humeral head susceptible to dislocation.

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32
Q

What are the primary movements of the upper limb?

A
  • Flexion/Extension
  • Abduction/Adduction
  • Protraction/Retraction (scapula)
  • Elevation/Depression
  • Medial/Lateral Rotation
  • Circumduction

These movements allow a wide range of motion for the upper limb.

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33
Q

What type of muscles are responsible for grip in the forearm?

A

Extrinsic hand muscles

These muscles originate in the forearm and control hand movements.

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34
Q

What type of muscles in the hand are responsible for precision movements?

A

Intrinsic hand muscles

These muscles are located within the hand itself and facilitate fine motor skills.

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35
Q

Fill in the blank: The upper limb has sacrificed _______ for mobility.

A

Stability

This trade-off enables a greater range of motion.

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36
Q

What muscle is located at the upper back and is responsible for moving the shoulder blades?

A

Trapezius

The trapezius muscle is crucial for various shoulder movements.

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37
Q

Which muscle is known for its role in extending, adducting, and rotating the arm?

A

Latissimus Dorsi

This muscle is often referred to as the ‘lats.’

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38
Q

The _______ is a muscle that helps in the adduction of the arm and is located below the shoulder joint.

A

Teres Major

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39
Q

What muscles are responsible for retracting the scapula?

A

Rhomboids

The rhomboids include the rhomboid major and minor.

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40
Q

Which muscle elevates the scapula?

A

Levator Scapulae

This muscle plays a role in neck movement as well.

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41
Q

Name the muscles that are involved in the movement of the ribs during respiration.

A

Serratus posterior superior & inferior

These muscles assist in the mechanics of breathing.

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42
Q

What is the primary function of the Erector spinae group of muscles?

A

Spinal extension and lateral flexion

The Erector spinae is essential for maintaining posture.

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43
Q

What view of the body is primarily used to study the muscles listed?
Trapezius
Latissimus Dorsi
Teres Major
Rhomboids
Levator Scapulae
Serratus posterior sup & inf
Erector spinae

A

Posterior view

This view is important for analyzing back muscles.

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44
Q

Identify the labelled parts (1,2,3)

A
  1. Trapezius
  2. Latissimus Dorsi
  3. Teres Major
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45
Q

What is the primary action of the trapezius muscle?

A

The trapezius muscle is involved in the movement of the shoulder blade and neck.

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46
Q

List the three parts of the trapezius and their respective actions.

A
  • Descending: Elevates the scapula
  • Horizontal: Retracts the scapula
  • Ascending: Depresses the scapula
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47
Q

Where does the trapezius muscle attach superiorly?

A

Superior nuchal line

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48
Q

What vertebrae does the trapezius muscle span?

A

Vertebrae C1-T12

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49
Q

What are the attachments of the trapezius muscle?

A
  • Superior nuchal line
  • Vertebrae C1-T12 Spinous processes
  • Descending: Lateral third of clavicle
  • Horizontal: Acromion process of the scapula
  • Ascending: Scapular spine
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50
Q

True or False: The trapezius muscle has attachments to the spinous processes of vertebrae.

A

True

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51
Q

Fill in the blank: The trapezius muscle has an attachment at the _______.

A

scapular spine

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52
Q

What muscle is located inferiorly to the trapezius?

A

Latissimus dorsi

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53
Q

Which muscles are referred to as rhomboids?

A
  • Rhomboid major
  • Rhomboid minor
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54
Q

What is the function of the teres major muscle?

A

The teres major assists in shoulder adduction and medial rotation.

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55
Q

Identify the labelled parts (1-5)

A

1 Superior nuchal line
2 Vertebrae C1-T12 Spinous processes
3 Descending: lateral third of clavicle
4 Horizontal: Acromion process of the scapula
5 Ascending: scapular spine

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56
Q

What is the action of the descending trapezius on the shoulder girdle?

A

Keeps shoulder girdle up and tilts the scapula for arm elevation

This action is important in arm circumduction and works with the serratus anterior.

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57
Q

What are the actions of the horizontal and ascending trapezius on the scapula?

A

Depress and pull scapula medially

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58
Q

What is the action of the descending trapezius on the head and neck with a fixed shoulder?

A

Contralateral rotation or extension (bilateral action)

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59
Q

Which cranial nerve is responsible for the nerve supply to the trapezius?

A

Cranial nerve XI Accessory

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60
Q

What is the role of the serratus anterior in relation to the trapezius during arm elevation?

A

Works with the descending trapezius to tilt the scapula for arm elevation

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61
Q

True or False: The trapezius can perform bilateral extension of the head and neck.

A

True

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62
Q

What is the primary action of the latissimus dorsi on the arm?

A

Adduction, internal (medial) rotation, extension

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63
Q

What action does the latissimus dorsi perform on the trunk?

A

Elevation (with arms fixed on a bar)

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64
Q

What is the nerve supply for the latissimus dorsi?

A

Thoraco-dorsal nerve from brachial plexus

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65
Q

Which muscle is associated with arm flexion/extension?

A

Pectoralis major

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66
Q

Fill in the blank: The _____ major is involved in arm flexion/extension.

A

Pectoralis

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67
Q

True or False: The rhomboid major and minor are part of the back muscles.

A

True

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68
Q

What are the two muscles mentioned that are involved in the action on the arm?

A
  • Latissimus dorsi
  • Pectoralis major
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69
Q

What type of rotation does the latissimus dorsi perform on the arm?

A

Internal (medial) rotation

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70
Q

Identify the labelled parts (1-6):

A
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71
Q

Identify the labelled parts (1-6):

A
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72
Q

Identify the labelled parts (1-4):

A
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73
Q

What is the action of the teres major on the arm?

A

Adduction, internal (medial) rotation, extension

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74
Q

What is the nerve supply of the teres major?

A

Thoraco-dorsal nerve from brachial plexus

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75
Q

What is the primary action of the rhomboid major and minor muscles?

A

Retract scapula, rotate glenoid inferiorly

The rhomboids also help in fixing the scapula to the trunk.

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76
Q

What condition may arise from failure in the action of the rhomboid muscles?

A

Wing scapula

This condition occurs when the scapula protrudes outwards due to weakness in the muscles that stabilize it.

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77
Q

Which nerve supplies the rhomboid muscles?

A

Dorsal scapular nerve

This nerve originates from the brachial plexus.

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78
Q

Fill in the blank: The rhomboid major and minor muscles are responsible for _______ of the scapula.

A

retraction

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79
Q

True or False: The rhomboid muscles assist in fixing the scapula to the trunk.

A

True

They work together with the serratus anterior muscle.

80
Q

What is the role of the rhomboid muscles in relation to the shoulder girdle?

A

Fix scapula to trunk

This function is vital for stabilizing shoulder movements.

81
Q

Identify the labelled parts (1-7):

82
Q

What are the attachments of the levator scapulae muscle?

A
  1. Vertebrae C1-C4 transverse processes
  2. Scapula: superior angle
83
Q

What is the action of the levator scapulae on the shoulder girdle?

A

Elevates scapula and rotates glenoid inferiorly

84
Q

What is the action of the levator scapulae on the vertebral column?

A

With fixed shoulder girdle, it extends the neck

85
Q

What is the nerve supply for the levator scapulae?

A

Dorsal scapular nerve from brachial plexus

86
Q

Identify the labelled parts (1-6):

87
Q

Identify the 2 labelled parts:

88
Q

What is the function of the serratus posterior superior muscle?

A

Connects the spine to the ribs

This muscle is located underneath the rhomboids.

89
Q

Where is the serratus posterior inferior muscle located?

A

Underneath the latissimus dorsi

This muscle also connects the spine to the ribs.

90
Q

Fill in the blank: The serratus posterior superior muscle is located underneath _______.

91
Q

Fill in the blank: The serratus posterior inferior muscle is located underneath _______.

A

latissimus dorsi

92
Q

What are the anterior axio-appendicular muscles?

A

A group of muscles that connect the axial skeleton to the upper appendicular skeleton

93
Q

Name the major muscles included in the anterior axio-appendicular group.

A
  • Pectoralis major
  • Pectoralis minor
  • Subclavius
  • Serratus anterior
94
Q

What is the primary function of the anterior axio-appendicular muscles?

A

To connect the trunk and spine to the shoulder girdle and upper limbs

95
Q

Fill in the blank: The anterior axio-appendicular muscles connect the _______ to the upper appendicular skeleton.

A

axial skeleton

96
Q

True or False: The anterior axio-appendicular muscles are only involved in movements of the lower limbs.

97
Q

What are the two main types of muscle attachments in the anterior axio-appendicular muscles?

A
  • Origin
  • Insertion
98
Q

What view is commonly used to study the attachments of the anterior axio-appendicular muscles?

A

Anterior view

99
Q

In which anatomical view can the right antero-lateral aspect of the anterior axio-appendicular muscles be observed?

A

Right antero-lateral view

100
Q

What muscle is primarily responsible for arm flexion?

A

Pectoralis major

The pectoralis major is a large muscle in the chest that plays a key role in flexing the arm.

101
Q

What muscle is primarily responsible for arm extension?

A

Latissimus dorsi

The latissimus dorsi is a broad muscle on the back that facilitates the extension of the arm.

102
Q

Which muscle also contributes to arm extension alongside the latissimus dorsi?

A

Teres major

The teres major is a smaller muscle located beneath the shoulder that assists in extending the arm.

103
Q

What common function do the pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, and teres major share?

A

Medial rotation

All three muscles are involved in the medial rotation of the arm.

104
Q

Identify the labelled parts (1-3):

A

1 Clavicular: medial half of clavicle
2 Sterno-costal: sternum + costal cartilages 1-7, rectus sheath
3 Humerus: Lateral lip of intertubercular sulcus

105
Q

What are the attachments of the pectoralis major?

A
  1. Clavicular: medial half of clavicle
  2. Sterno-costal: sternum + costal cartilages 1-7, rectus sheath
  3. Humerus: Lateral lip of intertubercular sulcus

The pectoralis major has distinct attachment points that contribute to its function.

106
Q

What is the action of the pectoralis major on the arm?

A

Adduction, internal rotation

These actions are critical for movements like bringing the arm closer to the body.

107
Q

What is the action of the pectoralis major on the thoracic cage?

A

With fixed shoulder girdle it elevates the ribcage → inspiration

This action is important for respiratory mechanics.

108
Q

What is the nerve supply of the pectoralis major?

A

Pectoral nerves from brachial plexus

The brachial plexus is a network of nerves that sends signals to the shoulder, arm, and hand.

109
Q

Identify the 3 labelled parts:

110
Q

What is the action of the pectoralis minor on the shoulder girdle?

A

Depression, it pulls the scapula anteriorly

The pectoralis minor plays a significant role in stabilizing the scapula.

111
Q

What is the action of the pectoralis minor on the thorax?

A

Elevation → inspiration

This action assists in the process of breathing.

112
Q

What is the nerve supply for the pectoralis minor?

A

Pectoral nerves from brachial plexus

The brachial plexus is a network of nerves that innervates the arm and shoulder.

113
Q

What muscles are involved in arm flexion and extension?

A

Pectoralis major, pectoralis minor

These muscles are essential for movements of the arm.

114
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ elevates the scapula.

A

Levator scapulae

The levator scapulae is responsible for lifting the shoulder blade.

115
Q

True or False: Pectoralis minor is involved in arm extension.

A

False

Pectoralis minor primarily functions in shoulder girdle movements and does not extend the arm.

116
Q

What is the action of the serratus anterior on the shoulder girdle?

A

Keeps scapula close to thoracic cage

This action is supported by the rhomboids.

117
Q

What occurs if there is a failure in the action of the serratus anterior on the shoulder girdle?

A

Winged scapula

118
Q

What is the action of the serratus anterior on the thorax?

A

With fixed scapula elevates the thoracic cage → inspiration

119
Q

What is the nerve supply to the serratus anterior?

A

Long thoracic nerve from brachial plexus

120
Q

True or False: The serratus anterior is responsible for keeping the scapula away from the thoracic cage.

A

False, the serratus anterior is responsible for keeping the scapula CLOSE from the thoracic cage.

121
Q

Fill in the blank: The serratus anterior helps to elevate the _______ during inspiration.

A

thoracic cage

122
Q

What is the function of the Supraspinatus muscle?

123
Q

Which muscles are responsible for lateral rotation of the shoulder?

A

Infraspinatus and Teres minor

These muscles assist in the lateral rotation of the humerus at the shoulder joint.

124
Q

What is the role of the Subscapularis muscle?

A

Medial rotation

The Subscapularis is a key muscle in the medial rotation of the shoulder joint.

125
Q

What are the rotator cuff muscles?

A

A group of four muscles that stabilize and move the shoulder joint.

126
Q

Name the four rotator cuff muscles.

A

Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor, Subscapularis.

127
Q

True or False: The rotator cuff muscles are responsible for shoulder stability.

128
Q

Which rotator cuff muscle is primarily responsible for arm abduction?

A

Supraspinatus.

129
Q

Fill in the blank: The _____ muscle helps in lateral rotation of the arm.

A

Infraspinatus.

130
Q

What is the primary function of the Subscapularis muscle?

A

Medial rotation of the arm.

131
Q

Which rotator cuff muscle is the smallest?

A

Teres Minor.

132
Q

Multiple choice: Which muscle is NOT part of the rotator cuff?
A) Supraspinatus
B) Deltoid
C) Infraspinatus

A

B) Deltoid.

133
Q

True or False: The rotator cuff muscles originate from the scapula.

134
Q

What common injury affects the rotator cuff?

A

Rotator cuff tear.

135
Q

What is the role of the rotator cuff in shoulder mobility?

A

It allows for a wide range of motion while maintaining joint stability.

136
Q

Multiple choice: Which rotator cuff muscle assists in external rotation?
A) Supraspinatus
B) Infraspinatus
C) Subscapularis

A

B) Infraspinatus.

137
Q

What is the primary nerve supply for the rotator cuff muscles?

A

The suprascapular nerve and the upper and lower subscapular nerves.

138
Q

What anatomical structure do the rotator cuff muscles form around?

A

The humeral head.

139
Q

Multiple choice: Which rotator cuff muscle is located on the anterior aspect of the shoulder?
A) Teres Minor
B) Subscapularis
C) Infraspinatus

A

B) Subscapularis.

140
Q

True or False: The rotator cuff is composed only of muscles.

A

False. It also includes tendons.

141
Q

Multiple choice: Which rotator cuff muscle is involved in both internal and external rotation?
A) Supraspinatus
B) Subscapularis
C) Infraspinatus

A

C) Infraspinatus.

142
Q

What is the significance of the rotator cuff in shoulder dislocations?

A

It helps to stabilize the shoulder joint and prevent dislocations.

143
Q

What is the function of supraspinatus?

A

Supraspinatus (initial abduction ~15 degrees)

144
Q

What is the primary muscle responsible for starting abduction of the arm?

A

Supraspinatus

The supraspinatus is one of the rotator cuff muscles and initiates the first 15 degrees of arm abduction.

145
Q

Which part of the deltoid muscle is responsible for the middle phase of arm abduction?

A

Middle part of deltoid

The middle part of the deltoid muscle is primarily responsible for the abduction of the arm from 15 to 90 degrees.

146
Q

What structure does the clavicular part of the deltoid muscle originate from?

A

Clavicle

The clavicular part of the deltoid attaches to the lateral third of the clavicle.

147
Q

What is the origin of the spinal (posterior) part of the deltoid muscle?

A

Spine of scapula

The spinal part of the deltoid originates from the spine of the scapula.

148
Q

Which muscle completes the arm abduction?

A

Deltoid

The deltoid muscle is responsible for completing the abduction of the arm after the initial movement by the supraspinatus.

149
Q

Which nerve supplies the deltoid muscle?

A

Axillary nerve

The axillary nerve arises from the brachial plexus and innervates the deltoid muscle.

150
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ part of the deltoid muscle is located anteriorly.

A

Clavicular

The clavicular part of the deltoid is located at the front of the shoulder.

151
Q

What is the insertion point of the deltoid muscle?

A

Deltoid tuberosity (of humerus)

The deltoid tuberosity is a raised area on the lateral side of the humerus where the deltoid muscle attaches.

152
Q

True or False: The acromion is involved in the origin of the deltoid muscle.

A

True

The acromion serves as one of the attachment points for the deltoid muscle.

153
Q

Identify the labelled parts:

154
Q

What muscles are included in the anterior compartment of the arm?

A

Biceps, Brachialis, Coracobrachialis

These muscles are responsible for the flexion of the shoulder and elbow.

155
Q

What is the primary action of the anterior compartment of the arm?

A

Flexion of shoulder and elbow

This action is facilitated by the muscles within this compartment.

156
Q

Which nerve supplies the anterior compartment of the arm?

A

Musculocutaneous nerve

This nerve is crucial for the motor function of the muscles in this compartment.

157
Q

What is the blood supply for the anterior compartment of the arm?

A

Brachial artery

The brachial artery provides the necessary blood flow to the muscles in this area.

158
Q

What are the two compartments of the arm discussed?

A

Anterior compartment, Posterior compartment

The anterior compartment contains flexor muscles, while the posterior compartment contains extensor muscles.

159
Q

Fill in the blank: The anterior compartment of the arm is supplied by the _______.

A

Musculocutaneous nerve

160
Q

True or False: The posterior compartment of the arm contains the Biceps muscle.

A

False

The Biceps is located in the anterior compartment.

161
Q

What is the action associated with the posterior compartment of the arm?

A

Extension of the shoulder and elbow

This compartment primarily contains muscles that extend the arm.

162
Q

Identify the labelled parts:

163
Q

Identify the labelled parts:

164
Q

Identify the label parts:

165
Q

What is the muscle located in the posterior compartment of the arm?

166
Q

What action is performed by the triceps muscle?

A

Extension of shoulder and elbow

167
Q

Which nerve supplies the triceps muscle?

A

Radial nerve

168
Q

What is the blood supply for the triceps muscle?

A

Profunda brachii artery

169
Q

Identify the labelled parts:

170
Q

Identify the labelled parts:

171
Q

What are the three layers of muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

Superficial, Intermediate, Deep

172
Q

What is the primary action of the muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

Flexion of wrist and digits, Pronation

173
Q

Which nerves supply the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

Median nerve, Ulnar nerve

174
Q

Which muscles are innervated by the ulnar nerve in the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

FCU and medial 1/2 of FDP

175
Q

Fill in the blank: The anterior compartment of the forearm is primarily responsible for _______.

A

Flexion of wrist and digits

176
Q

True or False: The median nerve innervates all muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm.

177
Q

Identify the labelled part:

178
Q

Identify the labelled part:

179
Q

Identify the labelled parts:

180
Q

What is the primary action of the forearm muscles in the posterior compartment?

A

Extension of wrist and digits

This includes the movement of the wrist and fingers to a straightened position.

181
Q

Which nerve supplies the posterior compartment of forearm muscles?

A

Radial nerve

The radial nerve is responsible for motor and sensory functions in the posterior arm and forearm.

182
Q

Name the two groups of muscles in the posterior compartment of the forearm.

A
  • Superficial (common extensor origin)
  • Deep

The superficial group originates from a common extensor tendon, while the deep group includes muscles that are located deeper within the forearm.

183
Q

What is the role of the Brachioradialis muscle?

A

Flexes the elbow and assists in supination

Although it is located in the posterior compartment, the Brachioradialis primarily functions in flexing the elbow.

184
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ muscle is primarily responsible for the supination of the forearm.

A

Brachioradialis

Supination is the rotation of the forearm that turns the palm upward.

185
Q

What is pronation?

A

A rotational movement of the forearm that turns the palm downward or backward

Involves the pronator teres and pronator quadratus muscles.

186
Q

What is supination?

A

A rotational movement of the forearm that turns the palm upward or forward

Involves the biceps brachii and supinator muscles.

187
Q

Name two muscles involved in pronation.

A
  • Pronator teres
  • Pronator quadratus
188
Q

Name two muscles involved in supination.

A
  • Biceps brachii
  • Supinator
189
Q

True or False: The pronator teres muscle is involved in supination.

190
Q

Fill in the blank: The muscle _______ is responsible for forearm supination.

A

[biceps brachii]

191
Q

Fill in the blank: The muscle _______ assists in forearm pronation.

A

[pronator teres]

192
Q

What are the intrinsic hand muscles located in the thenar region?

A

Thenar muscles: Median (superficial/lateral), Ulnar (deep/medial)

The thenar muscles are responsible for the movement of the thumb.

193
Q

Which nerve innervates the muscles in the hypothenar region?

A

Ulnar nerve

The hypothenar muscles control the movement of the little finger.

194
Q

What is the innervation of the lumbrical muscles?

A

Median (lateral), Ulnar (medial)

The lumbricals flex the metacarpophalangeal joints and extend the interphalangeal joints.

195
Q

Which nerve innervates the interossei muscles?

A

Ulnar nerve

The interossei muscles are involved in the abduction and adduction of the fingers.

196
Q

Identify the labelled parts:

Anatomy (4 decks)

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