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Human Anatomy -- Head and Neck > Head > Flashcards

Head Flashcards

1
Q

Hyoid bone

A

Sits at base of throat

For attachment of muscles in neck and head

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2
Q

What are the parts of the hyoid bone?

A

Greater and lesser horns

Body

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3
Q

What are the 2 parts of the skull?

A

Neurocranium (surrounds brain)

Viscerocranium (face and jaw)

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4
Q

Fontanelle

A

Soft spots in skull of infants

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5
Q

Dentigerous

What bones are dentigerous?

A

Contain teeth

Mandible and maxilla are dentigerous

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6
Q

Name 2 types of immobile joints?

A

Suture (b/w fused bones of skull)

Symphysis (mandibular symphysis)

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7
Q

What is the joint/area where the jaw attaches to the skull?

A

Joint: tempero-mandibular joint
Area: condyloid process

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8
Q

What are the bones of the neurocranium?

A 
Frontal
Parietal (2)
Occipital
Tempora (2)l
Sphenoid
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9
Q

What are the bones of the viscerocranium?

A 
Maxilla (2 fused)
Zygomatic (2)
Nasal
Lacrimal (2)
Ethmoid
Vomer
Conchae 
Mandible
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10
Q

Where is the sphenoid located in relation to the temporal bone?

A

Sphenoid is located in front of temporal bone (closer to face)

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11
Q

What 2 bones make up the septum?

A

Etmoid and vomer

make the wall b/w the nasal cavities

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12
Q

What are the bones of the skull that are caused by inclusions when plates fuse together?

A

Sutral bones

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13
Q

Pterion

A

intersection b/w sphenoid, temporal, parietal, and frontal bones

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14
Q

Lambda

A

Meeting is at superior-most part of occipital bone

Junction of lambdoid and sagittal sutures

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15
Q

What bone is bat-shaped and has greater and lesser wings?

A

Sphenoid

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16
Q

What are the openings on the base of the skull?

A 
Choana
Foramen rotundum
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Carotid canals
Jugular foramen
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17
Q

Choana

A

AKA Posterior Nasal Aperture

Backs of nasal cavities opening up to throat (post-nasal drip)

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18
Q

What bone is foramen rotundum in?

What passes through the foramen rotundum?

A

Spenoid

V2

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19
Q

What bone is foramen ovale in?

What passes through the foramen ovale?

A 
Greater wing of sphenoid
Structures that pass through foramen ovale spell "OVALE"
Otic ganglion
V3
Accessory meningeal artery
Lesser petrosal nerve
Emissary veins
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20
Q

V2 passes through the skull and exits via the ___

A

Pterygopalatine fossa and

Foramen rotundum

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21
Q

The foramen rotundum connects what 2 areas of the skull?

A

Middle cranial fossa and

Pterygopalatine fossa

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22
Q

The lesser petrosal nerve is a branch of what nerve?

The lesser petrosal nerve passes through what structure?

A

Branch of glossopharyngeal nerve

Passes through foramen ovale

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23
Q

Emissary veins passing through the foramen ovale run from…to…

A

Cavernous sinus to the pterygoid plexus

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24
Q

The purpose of emissary veins in general is..

A

To connect the extracranial venous system with the intracranial venous sinuses

  • Connect the veins outside the cranium to the venous sinuses inside the cranium
  • Drain from the scalp, through the skull, into the larger meningeal veins and dural venous sinuses
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25
Q

What bone is the foramen spinosum in? Where is it located?

What structures pass through the foramen spinosum?

A

Sphenoid bone
Located right in front of the styloid process of the temporal bone
Structures that pass through the foramen spinosum:
-Middle meningeal artery
-Middle meningeal vein
-Meningeal branch of mandibular nerve

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26
Q

Carotid canals located in what bone?

What passes through the cranial canals?

A

Temporal
Internal carotid arteries pass through cranial canals (allows internal carotid arteries to enter middle cranial fossa from the neck

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27
Q

Jugular foramen in what bone?

What passes through the jugular foramen?

A

Petrous part of temporal bone (located right behind carotid canal)
Internal jugular veins pass through

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28
Q

Anterior cranial fossa ant/mid/post borders

A

Ant: Frontal bone
Mid: Ethmoid bone
Post: body and lesser wings of Sphenoid bone

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29
Q

What structure is between the anterior and middle cranial fossa?

A

Sphenoidal crest – formed by post borders of the lesser wings of the sphenoid bone

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30
Q

What structure is between the middle and posterior cranial fossa?

A

Superior border of the petrous part of the temporal bone

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31
Q

What structures are located in the ant cranial fossa

A

Ethmoid bone
Ethmoid foramina: nerves and vessels
Cribiform plate
Crista galli

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32
Q

Cribiform plate

A

Tiny foramina transmit olfactory nerves (CN I) from olfactory areas of nasal cavities to olfactory bulbs of brain

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33
Q

Crista galli

A

Bony sail that sticks up from ethmoid
Triangular shaped from the side
For attachment of falx cerebri

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34
Q

Falx cerebri

A

Thin sheet of dura mater
Continues down the 2 hemispheres of the cerebrum
Falx = “sickle”

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35
Q

Middle cranial fossa borders

A

Between the inf wing of the sphenoid bone and ends at the petrous crest of temporal bone

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36
Q

Greater and lesser wings belong to what bone?

Petrous crest belongs to what bone?

A

Greater and lesser wings: sphenoid

Petrous crest: temporal bone

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37
Q

Petrous crest

A

Pyramidal shaped area of temporal bone

For attachment of part of the dura mater

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38
Q

What are the openings in the middle cranial fossa?

What passes through them?

A 
OPTIC CANALS (2)
-CN II (optic nerve)
-opthalmic arteries
SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE 
-CN's III, IV, V1, (opthalmic div) VI
-Sympathetic fibers
FORAMEN ROTUNDUM:V2
FORAMEN OVALE:
-V3
-Accessory meningeal artery
FORAMEN SPINOSUM
-Meningeal branch of V3
-Middle meningeal artery and vein
FORAMEN LACERUM: plugged by cartilage
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39
Q

What opening is in the anterior clinoid process of the sphenoid bone?

A

Optic canals

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40
Q

What are the parts of the sella turcica?
What structure is in the sella turcica?
What bone is the sella turcica a part of?

A

Tuberculum sellae: bump in front
Dorsum sellae: bump in back
Hypophyseal fossa: center area
Pituitary gland hangs down in hypophyseal fossa
Sella turcica is part of the sphenoid bone

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41
Q

Post pituitary is…

Ant pituitary is…

A

Post: outgrowth of brain
Ant: glandular tissue that migrates in attaches to the rest of the pituitary

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42
Q

Cavernous sinuses located…

A

On either side of sella turcica

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43
Q

What structues pass through the internal acoustic meatus

A 
CN VII (facial nerve)
CN VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve)
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44
Q

What are the openings in the posterior cranial fossa?

What structures pass through these openings?

A 
Foramen magnum:
-Medulla
-Meninges
-Spinal cord
-Vertebral arteries
-CN XI
-Dural veins
-Ant and post spinal arteries
Jugular foramen:
-CN's IX, X, and XI
-Sup bulb of internal jugular vein
-Inf petrosal and sigmoid sinuses
-Meningeal branches of ascending pharyngeal and occipital arteries
Hypoglossal canal: CN XII (hypoglossal nerve)
Condylar canal: emissary vein from sigmoid sinus to vertebral veins in neck
Mastoid foramen: mastoid emissary vein from sigmoid sinus and meningeal branch of occipital artery
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45
Q

Blood gets to the brain via what vessels?

A

Vertebral and carotid arteries

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46
Q

Blood leaves the brain via what vessels?

A

Jugular foramina –> venous sinuses

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47
Q

Sigmoid sinuses

A

indentations in skull (S-shaped)

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48
Q

What are the 5 layers of the scalp?

A

Skin
Connective tissue (dense)
Aponeurosis
Loose connective tissue (under a layer of fat)
Pericranium: periosteum (covers all bones)

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49
Q

Epicranial aponeurosis connects…

A

Frontal belly of occipitofrontalis and

Occipital belly of occipitofrontalis

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50
Q

What is the action produced by the occipitofrontalis?

A

raise eyebrows

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51
Q

Periosteum contains…for the purpose of…

A

Live osteoblasts for the purpose of repairing broken bone

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52
Q

Muscles of facial expression are remnants of a sheet of muscle from what region?

A

Throat region

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53
Q

What cranial nerve is motor innervation to muscles of facial expression, including the occipitofrontalis?

A

CN VII

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54
Q

What are the muscles of the face?

A 
Orbicularis oculi (orbital and palpebral part)
Orbicularis oris (around mouth)
Zygomaticus major and minor
Levator labii superioris
Risorius
Mentalis (chin)
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55
Q

How are the locations of zygomaticus major and minor and the levator labii superioris related?

A

Zygomaticus major (most lateral)
Zygomaticus minor
Levator labii superioris (most medial)

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56
Q

What are the 3 div of the trigeminal?

A

Opthalmic
Maxillary
Manidbular

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57
Q

What kind of innervation does the trigeminal nerve do?

A

Mostly sensory, some motor

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58
Q

Mandibular (V3) div is motor innervation to what muscles?

A

Muscles of mastication

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59
Q

What are the muscles of mastication?

A

Temporalis
Masseter
Medial pterygoid
Lateral pterygoid

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60
Q

What kind of motion is chewing?

A

Rotation

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61
Q

What cranial nerve is responsible for all of the sensory innervation of the face?

A

CN V

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62
Q

CN V1 is sensory innervation for what part of face?
CN V2?
CN V3?

A

V1: top part of face/forehead
V2: middle face
V3: lower face

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63
Q

Opthalmic nerve (V1) comes out of face by…

A

above the orbit

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64
Q

Supraorbital nerve and supratrochlear nerve are branches of what CN?

A

V1

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65
Q

Supraorbital nerve exits face by…

Supratrochlear?

A

Supraorbital: above orbit
Supratrochlear: above trochlea (sup oblique muscle of eye), then goes back onto forehead and up to scalp

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66
Q

Which muscle of the eye is associated with a trochlea?

A

Superior oblique

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67
Q

Infraorbital nerve, zygomaticotemporal and zygomaticofacial nerves are associated with what branch of CN?

A

V2

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68
Q

Mental nerve is associated with what branch of CN?

A

V3

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69
Q

Mental nerve pops out on what area of face?

A

Chin

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70
Q

Zygomaticotemporal and zygomaticofacial nerves pop out on what area of the face?

A

Lateral area

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71
Q

What are the terminal branches of the facial nerve?

A 
Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Marginal mandibular
Cervical
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72
Q

What is the course of the facial nerve?

A

Exits stylomastoid foramen and enters fascia that surrounds the parotid gland – packed in layer of connective tissue
Enters behind parotid gland and fans out onto face

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73
Q

What are the primary blood sources to the face?

A

Branches of external carotid artery

  • Facial artery –> breaks into sup and inf labial arteries
  • Facial artery terminates as the superficial temporal artery and angular artery
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74
Q

What is the course of the facial artery in relation to the masseter?

A

Runs anterior to masseter

Runs up face

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75
Q

Common carotid arteries come off of what vessel?

Split into what branches and where?

A

Come off the aorta

Splits in neck into external and internal carotid arteries

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76
Q

Internal carotid goes to skull via…

External carotid course?

A

Internal goes to skull via carotid canal

External runs just in front of ear and branches

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77
Q

Occipital artery…

What vessel does it branch from?

A

External carotid

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78
Q

Post auricular artery…
What vessel does it branch from?
Course?

A

External carotid

Runs behind ear

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79
Q

Sup and Inf labial arteries branch from what vessel?

A

Facial artery (near angle of mouth)

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80
Q

Lateral nasal artery branches from…

A

Facial artery

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81
Q

Angular artery branches from…

A

Facial artery (terminal branch)

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82
Q

Superficial temporal artery branches from…

A

External carotid (terminal branch)

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83
Q

Transverse facial artery branches from…

A

superficial temporal artery within the parotid gland

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84
Q

Mental artery branches from…

A

Terminal branch of inf alveolar artery

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85
Q

Supraorbital and supratrochlear arteries branch from..

A

Terminal branch of opthalmic artery (from internal carotid)

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86
Q

Opthalmic artery branches from…

A

internal carotid

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87
Q

Inf alveolar artery branches from…

A

maxillary artery

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88
Q

Facial vein drains to…

A

External jugular vein

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89
Q

External jugular vein meets up with…

A

Retromandibular vein

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90
Q

What vessels of face connect to venous sinuses?

A

Supraorbital and supratrochlear veins

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91
Q

Superior sagittal sinus

A

Located in dura mater

Carries deoxygenated blood

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92
Q

Arachnoid granulations

A

Prolongations of the arachnoid that protrude through the dura mater into the dural venous sinuses
Transport CSF from subarachnoid space to venous sys
Make indentations in skull

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93
Q

Falx cerebri

A

dural infolding that separates the cerebram hemispheres

Attached to crista galli

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94
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Where hemispheres are joined

Located under falx cerebri

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95
Q

Tentorium cerebelli

A

Infolding of dura that separates cerebrum and cerebellum

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96
Q

What are the names of the dural infoldings of the brain?

A 
Falx cerebri (cerebral hemispheres)
Falx cerebelli (cerebellar hemispheres)
Tentorium cerebelli (cerebrum and cerebellum)
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97
Q

What sinus runs on the top edge of falx cerebri?
Bottom edge?
Back edge?

A

Top: sup sagittal sinus
Bottom: inf sagittal sinus
Back: straight sinus

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98
Q

Where do the sup and inf sagittal sinuses meet?

A

Confluence of sinuses

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99
Q

Transverse sinuses receive blood from…

Transverse sinuses become…

A

Receive blood from: confluence of sinuses

Transverse sinuses become sigmoid sinuses

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100
Q

Sigmoid sinus receives blood from…

A

Sup and inf petrosal sinuses

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101
Q

“Petrosal” has to do with the…

A

Temporal bone

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102
Q

Petrosal venous sinuses run along…

A

Petrous crest of temporal bone

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103
Q

Tentorium cerebelli attaches to what bone?

A

Crest of temporal bone

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104
Q

Sup and inf petrosal sinuses come from…

A

Cavernous sinus

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105
Q

Cavernous sinus

A

Large venous plexus located on each side of sella turcica

Attached to superficial veins of face

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106
Q

What surrounds the cavernous sinuses?

A

Dura mater

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107
Q

What blood vessels pass just above the cavernous sinuses?

A

Internal carotid arteries

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108
Q

What cranial nerves pass through cavernous sinus area?

A

3, 4, V1, V2, 6

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109
Q

What air sinuses are located below the cavernous sinuses?

A

Sphenodal sinuses

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110
Q

Falx cerebelli attaches to what bone?

A

Petrous crest of temporal bone

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111
Q

The opening in the falx cerebri above foramen magnum is for what structure?

A

Brainstem

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112
Q

What cranial nerve in sensory innervation to meninges?

A

CN V

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113
Q

Leptomeninges

A

Arachnoid and pia mater

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114
Q

What is the path of vertebral arteries?

A

Run through vertebral foramen and enter skull via foramen magnum

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115
Q

Internal carotid enters skull via what opening?

A

Carotid canal

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116
Q

What arteries are the major blood supply to the brain?

A

Vertebral arteries

Internal carotid arteries

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117
Q

Conjunctiva

A

Membrane on surface of eye (covers sclera) and is continuous with the membrane inside the eyelid

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118
Q

Palpebral fissure

A

Opening b/w upper and lower eyelids

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119
Q

Orbits are at a … deg angle relative to the midline of the head

A

45 deg

120
Q

What are the bones on the outer rim of the orbit?

A

Frontal (top)
Maxilla
Zygomatic

121
Q

What are the bones on the inner rim of the orbit?

A 
Frontal (roof)
Lacrimal (medial)
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Nasal
122
Q

Lens of eye grows from what germ layer?

A

Ectoderm

123
Q

Levator palpebrae superioris

A

Muscle that lifts upper eyelid

Tendons spread out and interact with orbicularis oculi

124
Q

What are the glands of the eyelid?

A

Tarsal gland
Ciliary gland
Both lubricate conjunctival membrane

125
Q

Lacrimal gland is located on what side of eye?

A

Upper lateral side

126
Q

Lacrimal canaliculi

A

Medial side of eye

Pair of tubes

127
Q

Lacrimal punctum

A

Openings of lacrimal canaliculi

128
Q

Lacrimal sac

A

Attached to lacrimal canaliculi which leads to nasal cavity via nasolacrimal duct

129
Q

Lacrimal lake

A

Area b/w 2 lacrimal canaliculi

Area where tears puddle in corner of eye

130
Q

“Palpebral” refers to

A

eyelids

131
Q

Superior and inferior orbital septum

Superior and inferior tarsus

A

Orbital septum: fibrous membrane that spans from tarsi to margins of orbit, then becomes continuous with periosteum
Tarsus: Connective tissue at base of eyelids, just above and below the split for the eyelids
-Thicker than orbital septum

132
Q

Medial and lateral palpebral ligaments

A

On sides of eyes

Anchor eyelid

133
Q

“Tarsus”

A

Foot

Refers to superior and inferior tarsi – thick membrane at base of top and bottom eyelid

134
Q

Nerve supply to lacrimal glands by what kind of nerves?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

Autonomic

135
Q

Describe innervation of lacrimal gland

A

Greater petrosal nerve (parasympathetic, branch of CN VII)
Deep petrosal nerve (sympathetic)
Join to form pterygoid canal
Nerve of pterygoid canal goes to pterygopalatine ganglion (parasympathetic nerves synapse)
Parasympathetic and sympathetic go to zygomatic nerve (V2) then to lacrimal nerve (V1)

136
Q

Symp or parasym?
Greater petrosal nerve
Deep petrosal

A

Greater petrosal: parasympathetic

Deep petrosal: sympathetic

137
Q

What actions do the parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves to lacrimal gland cause?

A

Parasym: secretomotor (secrete tears)
Sym: vasoconstrictors

138
Q

What are the 4 parasympathetic ganglion of the head?

A

Ciliary (most superior)
Pterygopalatine
Otic
Submandibular (most inferior)

139
Q

What happens at parasympathetic ganglion?

A

Parasympathetic nerves synapse

140
Q

What are the 3 layers of the eye?

A

Sclera (fibrous layer)
Vascular (AKA uvea)
Retina (inner layer)

141
Q

What are the 3 parts included in the vascular layer of the eye?

A

Choroid
Iris
Ciliary body

142
Q

Choroid

A

Layer between the sclera and retina; lines most of the sclera
Engorged with blood
Part of vascular layer of eye

143
Q

Iris

A 
Has pupil (opening)
Pigmented
144
Q

What 2 muscles control the size of the pupil?

A
  1. Dilator pupilae (sympathetic)

2. Sphinctor pupilae (parasympathetic)

145
Q

Ciliary ganglion innervates what muscles?

A

Sphinctor pupilae

Ciliaris

146
Q

Sympathetic or parasympathetic?

Ciliary ganglion

A

Parasympathetic

147
Q

Ciliary body

A

Smooth muscle connected to sides of lens (zonular fibers)
Connects choroid with iris
Provides attachment for lens
Accommodation of lens

148
Q

Zonular fibers of suspensory ligament of lens

A

Go entirely around lens so it is susupended

149
Q

Zonular fibers connect to lens on one end and … on other end

A

Ciliary body

150
Q

Ciliary processes

A

folds on internal surface of ciliary body

Secrete aqueous humor

151
Q 
When ciliary muscles are relaxed...
When ciliary muscles are contracted...
Symp or parasymp?
Zonular fibers?
Lens?
A

Ciliary muscles relaxed

  • Sympathetic
  • Zonular fibers under TENSION
  • Lens stretched thin (distant vision)

Ciliary muscles contracted

  • Parasympathetic
  • Zonular fibers relaxed
  • Lens is spherical (near vision)
152
Q

What are the important parts of the retina?

A

Macula

Optic disk

153
Q

Macula

A

Area with highest number of rods and cones (especially cones)
Where light is focused on retina
Most visual processing here

154
Q

Optic disk

A

Blind spot

Where optic nerve enters eye

155
Q

Optic part of retina

A

Fibers from Optic nerve spread out on inside surface of eye

156
Q

What structure splits the eye into ant and post compartments?

A

Lens

157
Q

Anterior compartment of eye is filled with…

A

Fluid

158
Q

What eye muscles are medial/lateral rotators?

What eye muscles are adductors/abductors?

A

Medial/lateral rotators: rectus

Add/Abd: oblique

159
Q

Adduction of eye is…

Abduction of eye is…

A

Adduction: toward nose
Abduction: away from nose

160
Q

What axis do rectus muscles (rotators) rotate around?

Oblique (Ad/Ab)?

A

Rectus: Ant-Post axis
Oblique: Vertical axis

161
Q

Most nerves and blood vessels get to orbit via…

A

Sup orbital fissure

162
Q

4 rectus muscles originate…

A

On common tendinous ring that is wrapped around the optic nerve

163
Q

What are the blood vessels of the orbit region?

A 
Opthalmic artery
Central artery of retina
Supraorbital
Supratrochlear
Lacrimal
Dorsal nasal
Infraorbital
164
Q

Opthalmic artery branches from…

A

Internal carotid

165
Q

Central artery of retina branches from…

A

Opthalmic artery

166
Q

Describe relationship of opthalmic artery with optic nerve

A

Opthalmic artery encased in connective tissue around the optic nerve (continuation of dura mater)

167
Q

What artery pierces the center of the optic nerve?

What artery travels along with the optic nerve?

A

Pierces center of optic nerve: Central artery of retina

Travels along with optic nerve: Opthalmic artery

168
Q

What CN’s run in orbit region?

A 
CN II (optic)
CN III (oculomotor)
CN IV (trochlear)
CN VI (abducent)
CN V1 (opthalmic) and V2 (maxillary)
169
Q

What are the branches of V1 in the orbit region?

A

Nasociliary
Frontal
Lacrimal

170
Q

What nerve splits into sup and inf div as soon as enters orbit?

A

CN III (oculomotor)

171
Q

What nerve does the ciliary ganglion hang from?

A 
CN III (Oculomotor)
Nasociliary nerve
172
Q

What muslces does oculomotor (III) nerve innervate?
Trochlear (IV)?
Abducent (VI)?

A

Oculomotor (III): all except sup oblique and lateral rectus
Trochlear (IV): sup oblique
Abducent (VI): lat rectus

173
Q

What are the branches of the ciliary ganglion called?

A

Short ciliary nerves (postsynaptic)

174
Q

Parasympathetic component to orbit rides on…

Sympathetic rides on…

A

Parasym: oculomotor nerve and synapse at ciliary ganglion –> short ciliary nerves (postsynaptic)
Sym:
-carotid plexus –> Opthalmic artery –> pass through ciliary ganglion OR
-nasociliary nerve

175
Q

Levator palpebrae superioris is (above/below) superior rectus

A

Levator palpebrae superioris is ABOVE superior rectus

176
Q

Describe the course of short and long ciliary nerves

A

Short: arise from ciliary ganglion –> ciliary body and iris
Long: bypass ciliary ganglion and go to eyeball –> dilator pupillae and afferent fibers from iris and cornea

177
Q

Parasympathetic, sympathetic?

Long and short ciliary nerves

A

Short: parasym and sym
Long: only sym

178
Q

What nerve passes through sup oblique?

A

Trochlear

179
Q

Opthalmic artery, which runs in the covering with the optic nerve branches from what artery?
Central artery of retina, which pierces the middle of the optic nerve branches from what artery?

A

Internal carotid –> Opthalmic

Opthalmic –> central artery of retina

180
Q

Ant and post ethmoidal arteries branch from…

A

opthalmic artery

181
Q

Lacrimal artery connects to what other artery?

A

Middle meningeal artery

182
Q

Infraorbital and supraorbital veins connect via…

A

Sup and inf opthalmic veins (and angular vein which is b/w them)

183
Q

Sup and inf opthalmic veins join and run to…

A

Cavernous sinus

184
Q
  1. What is the name of the cartilaginous outer ear?

2. What is the matching inner curve called?

A
  1. Auricle

2. Tragus

185
Q

What is the opening of the ear called?

A

External acoustic meatus

186
Q

The external auditory meatus is separated from the middle ear by…

A

Tympanic membrane

187
Q

What connects the tympanic cavity and pharynx?

A

Pharyngotympanic tube

188
Q

Tympanic cavity is lined with…

A

mucous membrane

189
Q

What bone of the middle ear is hits against the oval window?

A

Stapes

190
Q

The oval window is at the base of what strucure?

A

Cochlea

191
Q

What are the organs of the inner ear?

What functions are they associated with?

A

Cochlea: hearing

Semicircular canals: balance

192
Q

What cranial nerve innervates chochlea and semicircular canals?

A

Vestibulocochlear

CN VIII

193
Q

What is the only structure in the body that is derived from all 3 germ layers?

A

Tympanic membrane

194
Q
  1. Tympanic membrane is directly associated with what bone of middle ear?
  2. What part of this bone is attached to the tympanic membrane?
A
  1. Malleus

2. Handle

195
Q

What muscle is associated with the malleus?

Stapes?

A

Malleus: tensor tympani
Stapes: stapedius

196
Q

Tensory tympani muslce

A

Tenses tympanic membrane and prevents tympanic membrane from moving/repturing
Associated with malleus bone

197
Q

Stapedius

A

Prevents stapes from tapping too hard on oval window

198
Q

Inner ear is in what bone?

A

Petrous part of temporal bone

199
Q

Bony labyrinth

Membranous labyrinth

A

Bony labyrinth: hollow bony chamber w/in which organs of inner ear are encased
Membranous labyrinth: organs of inner ear; fluid-filled

200
Q

Describe what happens when the stapes taps the oval window

A

When oval window is tapped, fluid moves w/in cochlea
Fluid mvmt causes depolarization of hair cells
Nervous impulses
Interpret as sound

201
Q

Wide bases of semicircular canals is location of…

A

Hair cells

202
Q

Describe how semicircular canals are involved in balance/position

A

When move, fluid inside semicircular canals moves, causing hair cells to move in a certain direction
Interpret as position in space

203
Q

Internal acoustic meatus

A

Where CN VII (facial) and CN VIII (vestibulocochlear) nerves enter temporal bone

204
Q

CN VIII (vestibulocochlear) splits into…

A

Vestibular and cochlear branches

205
Q

What branch of CN VII passes through middle ear?

A

Chorda tympani
Passes b/w malleus and incus
Innervates taste in ant 2/3 of tongue

206
Q

Where is tympanic plexus located?

Its branches are from what nerve?

A

Located on medial wall of middle ear

Made from branches of glossopharyngeal nerve

207
Q

Tympanic plexus gives off…

A

(1) the lesser petrosal nerve
(2) the Deep branch (small deep petrosal nerve) to join the greater petrosal nerve
(3) branches to the tympanic cavity

208
Q

Tympanic plexus innervates…

A

Mucosa of inner ear

209
Q

What is the largest salivary gland?

A

Parotid gland

210
Q

Where is the parotid plexus of facial nerve (CN VII) located?

A

Embedded within parotid gland

211
Q

What are the 3 salivary glands?

A

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

212
Q

What nerve innervates the parotid gland?

A 
CN IX (glossopharyngeal)
Autonomic parasympathetic
213
Q

Pterygopalatine fossa

A

space with the pterygopalatine ganglion (parasympathetic)

space b/w maxilla and sphenoid

214
Q

Muscles of mastication innervated by…

Muscles of facial expression…

A

Mastication: V3

Facial expression: VII

215
Q

What are the 4 muscles of mastication?

A

Masseter (superficial)
Temporalis (superficial)
Lateral pterygoid (deeper)
Medial pterygoid (deeper)

216
Q

Origin and insertions of muscles of mastication

A 
1. Masseter
Origin: zygomatic arch
Insertion: ramus of mandible
2. Temporalis 
Origin: floor of temporal fossa
Insertion: coronoid process of mandible
3. Lateral pterygoid
Origin: Sphenoid and pterygoid plate
Insertion: joint capsule/articular disk and condyloid process of mandible
4. Medial pterygoid: 
Origin: pterygoid plate and tuberosity of maxilla
Insertion: Ramus of mandible
217
Q

What muscles of mastication have 2 heads?

A

Lateral and medial pterygoid

218
Q

External carotid artery splits into 2 major terminal branches near the parotid gland. What are they?

A

Superficial temporal artery

Maxillary artery

219
Q

Retromandibular vein – why is it named this?

A

Behind the mandible

Also Runs near parotid gland

220
Q

What are the 3 parts of the maxillary artery?

A

Mandibular
Pterygoid
Pterygopalatine

221
Q

Temperomandibular joint is between…

A

Ascending ramus of mandible and temporal bone

222
Q

What kind of joint is the temperomandibular joint?

A

Synovial

Surrounded by joint capsule

223
Q

What separates the TMJ capsule into sup and inf parts?

A

Articular disk

224
Q

Describe position of mandible when mouth is closed vs open

A

Closed: mandible snugly situated in space
Open: head and neck of mandible slide out of joint slightly

225
Q

What is sensory innervation for TMJ?

A

V3

226
Q

What nerve runs around the TMJ capsule?

A

Auriculotemporal nerve
Wraps around TMJ capsule then continues up side of head
Also sensory to area behind ear

227
Q

What ligaments attach jaw to rest of skull?

A 
Sphenomandibular ligament (from spine of sphenoid to mandible)
Stylomandibular ligament (from styloid process to angle of mandible)
228
Q

What are the neck muscles associated with chewing?

A 
Suprahyoid (raise hyoid)
1. Digastric
2. Stylohyoid
3. Mylohyoid
4. Geniohyoid
Infrahyoid (lower hyoid)
1. Thyrohyoid
2. Omohyoid
3. Sternohyoid
4. Sternothyroid
229
Q

What neck muscle has 2 bellies?

A

Digastric (ant and post)

One of the suprahyoid muscles

230
Q

Describe the course of the digastric muscle?

A

Goes through trochlea that is attached to hyoid bone

231
Q

Maxillary artery runs toward…

Runs between what muscles?

A

Runs toward face

Runs between lateral and medial pterygoid muscles

232
Q

Mandibular part of maxillary artery runs…

A

behind mandible

233
Q

What are the branches of the mandibular part of the maxillary artery?

A
  1. middle meningeal (dura of skull)

2. inferior alveolar (runs into mandible and supplies teeth of mandible, then pops out on chin as MENTAL ARTERY)

234
Q

“Alveolar” =

A

Teeth

235
Q

What are the branches of the pterygoid part of the maxillary artery?

A

muscular branches that go to temporalis, masseter, and pterygoid

236
Q

Maxillary artery dead ends where?

A

in Pterygopalataine fossa and becomes arteries that travel to nasal cavity

237
Q

What are the branches of the pterygopalatine part of the maxillary artery?

A

Infraorbital
Post sup alveolar
Mid sup alveolar
Ant sup alveolar

238
Q

Infraorbital artery course

What does it supply?

A

Runs along with infraorbital nerve (V2)
Runs straight through face and pops out the infraorbital foramen
Supplies upper teeth and upper face

239
Q

Post, Mid, and Ant sup alveolar nerves supply what area?

A

Upper jaw

240
Q

The entrance to the pterygoid fossa is what opening?

A

Sphenopalatine foramen (b/w sphenoid and palate)

241
Q

What is the terminal branch of the maxillary artery?

A

Sphenopalatine artery

242
Q

What is the course of the sphenopalatine artery?

A

Goes through sphenopalatine foramen,
into pterygopalatine fossa,
then breaks into smaller branches –> nasal cavity and palate

243
Q

Inferior alveolar nerve goes to…

A

lower teeth

244
Q

Lingual nerve is located … to the inf alveolar nerve

A

Anterior

245
Q

Chorda tympani hitches a ride on what nerve?

A

Lingual (makes sense b/c chorda tympani is taste to ant 2/3 of tongue)

246
Q

What are the branches of the maxillary nerve?

A

Infraorbital nerve

Post sup alveolar nerve (sensory to post teeth)

247
Q

Otic ganglion is attached to what nerve?

A

V3

248
Q

Pterygopalatine ganglion hangs from…

A

Maxillary branch

249
Q

Parasympathetic ganglia are all attached to branches of what CN?

A

CN V

250
Q

What nerve splits into 2 to form a loop around the middle meningeal artery?

A

Auriculotemporal nerve

251
Q

Trigeminal ganglion located near what structure?

A

Sella turcica

252
Q

Lingual nerve runs…to the inferior alveolar nerve

A

Medially

253
Q

Sensory innervation from top of oral cavity comes from…

Bottom comes from…

A

Top: V2
Bottom: V3

254
Q

Describe the sensory innervation of the vestible and gingiva of maxillary bone (top)

A

Gradual shift b/w ant, mid, and post superior alveolar + some infraorbital

255
Q

Periodontal ligament

A

group of specialized connective tissue fibers that essentially attach a tooth to the alveolar bone within which it sits

256
Q

Describe the innervation of the maxillary teeth

A

Gradual shift b/w ant, mid, and post superior alveolar
1st 3 teeth: ant
Next 2.5: mid
Last 2.5: post

257
Q

Describe the innervaion of the palate

A 
Greater palatine nerves (sides)
Nasopalatine nerve (front)
258
Q

Describe the innervation of the vestibule and gingiva of mandibular bone (bottom)

A

Mental branch of inf alveolar (front)

Buccal branch of V3

259
Q

Describe the innervation of the mandibular teeth

A

1st 3.5 teeth: incisive branch of inf alveolar

Back 4.5 teetch: dental branchees of inf alveolar

260
Q

Describe the innervation of the floor of the mouth

A

Lingual (V3 div from foramen ovale)

261
Q

What are the 2 types of teeth?

A

Incisors (front)

Molars (back)

262
Q

Enamel

A

Outermost layer

Hardest substance that vertebrates can make

263
Q

Dentine

A

Layer under enamel

Slightly less tough than enamel

264
Q

Pulp cavity

A

Below dentine

Living cells there

265
Q
  1. Where are blood vessels and nerves of the tooth?

2. What opening do they travel through to get to this space?

A
  1. Root canal

2. Apical foramen

266
Q

Cementum

A

Layer around root of tooth
Helps anchor tooth in jaw
Periodontal ligament embedded in cementum

267
Q

Hard palate

A

Bone

268
Q

Soft palate

A

post 1/3 is muscle

269
Q

3 parts of pharynx

A

Nasopharynx (behind nasal cavity)
Oralpharynx (behind oral cavity)
Laryngopharynx (entrance to larynx)

270
Q

Tongue mostly made of what muscle?

What muscles make the top layer of the tongue?

A

Genioglossus

Intrinsic muscles of tongue

271
Q

Genioglossus muscle allows for what action

A

Stick tongue out

272
Q

What bones make up the palate?

A

Palatine process of maxilla (closer to teeth)
Palatine bone (middle)
Lateral and medial pterygoid plates (part of sphenoid) (closer to back of mouth)

273
Q

Lateral and medial pterygoid plates are part of what bone?

A

sphenoid

274
Q

What openings are in the bones of the palate?

A 
Grater and lesser palatine foramina (back)
Incisive fossa (front)
275
Q

What pases through the greater palatine foramen?

Lesser palatine foramen?

A

Greater palatine artery, greater palatine nerve

Lesser palatine artery, lesser palatine nerve

276
Q

Openings on the palate are for…

A

palatine glands

277
Q

What kind of sensory innervation is responsible for mucus glands?

A

Parasympathetic

278
Q

What happens to the soft palate when swallowing?

A

Soft palate moves up and partially blocks the nasal cavity when swallowing – due to muscles

279
Q

What are the 2 muscles of the soft palate?

A

Tensor veli palatini

Levator veli palatini

280
Q

Tensor veli palatini

A

when contracts, tenses soft palate

281
Q

Describe the course of the tensor veli palatini

A

Goes around the pterygoid hamulus (pulley structure)

Goes straight down, then medial to soft palate

282
Q

Levator veli palatini

A

pulls soft palate up

283
Q

What structure is at the end of the soft palate?

A

Uvula

284
Q

Where do the greater and lesser palatine nerves originate from?

A

Maxillary div of trigeminal

Pterygopalatine ganglion

285
Q

What nerve comes out of the incisive fossa?

A

Nasopalatine nerve (from V2)

286
Q

Nasopalatine artery

A

Terminal branch of maxillary nerve (goes into sphenopalatine foramen)
Travels through nasal cavity, goes down, and pokes out of palate

287
Q

Terminal sulcus

A

divides ant and post parts of tongue

288
Q

Foramen cecum

A

divot in middle of terminal sulcus

remnant of path of thyroid

289
Q

Palatine tonsil

A

can be removed

290
Q

What are teh 2 arches in the back of the mouth?

A

Palatoglossal

Palatopharyngeal

291
Q

Frenulum

A

tongue bound to floor by this

292
Q

Sublingual caruncle

A

One on either side of frenulum

Have opening to submandibular ducts

293
Q

What is motor innervation of tongue muscles?

A

Hypoglossus (XII): everything but palatoglossus

Vagus (X): palatoglossus

294
Q

Taste to ant 2/3

Tast to post 1/3

A

Ant 2/3: chorda tympani (VII)

Post 1/3: glossopharyngeal (IX)

295
Q

General sensory to tongue:
Most…
Small patch in back

A

Most: lingual (V3)

Small patch in back: internal laryngeal (X)

Human Anatomy -- Head and Neck (4 decks)

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