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Human Anatomy -- Head and Neck > Head > Flashcards

Head Flashcards

1
Q

Hyoid bone

A

Sits at base of throat

For attachment of muscles in neck and head

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2
Q

What are the parts of the hyoid bone?

A

Greater and lesser horns

Body

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3
Q

What are the 2 parts of the skull?

A

Neurocranium (surrounds brain)

Viscerocranium (face and jaw)

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4
Q

Fontanelle

A

Soft spots in skull of infants

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5
Q

Dentigerous

What bones are dentigerous?

A

Contain teeth

Mandible and maxilla are dentigerous

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6
Q

Name 2 types of immobile joints?

A

Suture (b/w fused bones of skull)

Symphysis (mandibular symphysis)

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7
Q

What is the joint/area where the jaw attaches to the skull?

A

Joint: tempero-mandibular joint
Area: condyloid process

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8
Q

What are the bones of the neurocranium?

A 
Frontal
Parietal (2)
Occipital
Tempora (2)l
Sphenoid
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9
Q

What are the bones of the viscerocranium?

A 
Maxilla (2 fused)
Zygomatic (2)
Nasal
Lacrimal (2)
Ethmoid
Vomer
Conchae 
Mandible
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10
Q

Where is the sphenoid located in relation to the temporal bone?

A

Sphenoid is located in front of temporal bone (closer to face)

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11
Q

What 2 bones make up the septum?

A

Etmoid and vomer

make the wall b/w the nasal cavities

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12
Q

What are the bones of the skull that are caused by inclusions when plates fuse together?

A

Sutral bones

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13
Q

Pterion

A

intersection b/w sphenoid, temporal, parietal, and frontal bones

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14
Q

Lambda

A

Meeting is at superior-most part of occipital bone

Junction of lambdoid and sagittal sutures

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15
Q

What bone is bat-shaped and has greater and lesser wings?

A

Sphenoid

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16
Q

What are the openings on the base of the skull?

A 
Choana
Foramen rotundum
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Carotid canals
Jugular foramen
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17
Q

Choana

A

AKA Posterior Nasal Aperture

Backs of nasal cavities opening up to throat (post-nasal drip)

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18
Q

What bone is foramen rotundum in?

What passes through the foramen rotundum?

A

Spenoid

V2

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19
Q

What bone is foramen ovale in?

What passes through the foramen ovale?

A 
Greater wing of sphenoid
Structures that pass through foramen ovale spell "OVALE"
Otic ganglion
V3
Accessory meningeal artery
Lesser petrosal nerve
Emissary veins
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20
Q

V2 passes through the skull and exits via the ___

A

Pterygopalatine fossa and

Foramen rotundum

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21
Q

The foramen rotundum connects what 2 areas of the skull?

A

Middle cranial fossa and

Pterygopalatine fossa

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22
Q

The lesser petrosal nerve is a branch of what nerve?

The lesser petrosal nerve passes through what structure?

A

Branch of glossopharyngeal nerve

Passes through foramen ovale

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23
Q

Emissary veins passing through the foramen ovale run from…to…

A

Cavernous sinus to the pterygoid plexus

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24
Q

The purpose of emissary veins in general is..

A

To connect the extracranial venous system with the intracranial venous sinuses

  • Connect the veins outside the cranium to the venous sinuses inside the cranium
  • Drain from the scalp, through the skull, into the larger meningeal veins and dural venous sinuses
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25
What bone is the foramen spinosum in? Where is it located? | What structures pass through the foramen spinosum?
Sphenoid bone Located right in front of the styloid process of the temporal bone Structures that pass through the foramen spinosum: -Middle meningeal artery -Middle meningeal vein -Meningeal branch of mandibular nerve
26
Carotid canals located in what bone? | What passes through the cranial canals?
Temporal Internal carotid arteries pass through cranial canals (allows internal carotid arteries to enter middle cranial fossa from the neck
27
Jugular foramen in what bone? | What passes through the jugular foramen?
Petrous part of temporal bone (located right behind carotid canal) Internal jugular veins pass through
28
Anterior cranial fossa ant/mid/post borders
Ant: Frontal bone Mid: Ethmoid bone Post: body and lesser wings of Sphenoid bone
29
What structure is between the anterior and middle cranial fossa?
Sphenoidal crest -- formed by post borders of the lesser wings of the sphenoid bone
30
What structure is between the middle and posterior cranial fossa?
Superior border of the petrous part of the temporal bone
31
What structures are located in the ant cranial fossa
Ethmoid bone Ethmoid foramina: nerves and vessels Cribiform plate Crista galli
32
Cribiform plate
Tiny foramina transmit olfactory nerves (CN I) from olfactory areas of nasal cavities to olfactory bulbs of brain
33
Crista galli
Bony sail that sticks up from ethmoid Triangular shaped from the side For attachment of falx cerebri
34
Falx cerebri
Thin sheet of dura mater Continues down the 2 hemispheres of the cerebrum Falx = "sickle"
35
Middle cranial fossa borders
Between the inf wing of the sphenoid bone and ends at the petrous crest of temporal bone
36
Greater and lesser wings belong to what bone? | Petrous crest belongs to what bone?
Greater and lesser wings: sphenoid | Petrous crest: temporal bone
37
Petrous crest
Pyramidal shaped area of temporal bone | For attachment of part of the dura mater
38
What are the openings in the middle cranial fossa? | What passes through them?
``` OPTIC CANALS (2) -CN II (optic nerve) -opthalmic arteries SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE -CN's III, IV, V1, (opthalmic div) VI -Sympathetic fibers FORAMEN ROTUNDUM:V2 FORAMEN OVALE: -V3 -Accessory meningeal artery FORAMEN SPINOSUM -Meningeal branch of V3 -Middle meningeal artery and vein FORAMEN LACERUM: plugged by cartilage ```
39
What opening is in the anterior clinoid process of the sphenoid bone?
Optic canals
40
What are the parts of the sella turcica? What structure is in the sella turcica? What bone is the sella turcica a part of?
Tuberculum sellae: bump in front Dorsum sellae: bump in back Hypophyseal fossa: center area Pituitary gland hangs down in hypophyseal fossa Sella turcica is part of the sphenoid bone
41
Post pituitary is... | Ant pituitary is...
Post: outgrowth of brain Ant: glandular tissue that migrates in attaches to the rest of the pituitary
42
Cavernous sinuses located...
On either side of sella turcica
43
What structues pass through the internal acoustic meatus
``` CN VII (facial nerve) CN VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve) ```
44
What are the openings in the posterior cranial fossa? | What structures pass through these openings?
``` Foramen magnum: -Medulla -Meninges -Spinal cord -Vertebral arteries -CN XI -Dural veins -Ant and post spinal arteries Jugular foramen: -CN's IX, X, and XI -Sup bulb of internal jugular vein -Inf petrosal and sigmoid sinuses -Meningeal branches of ascending pharyngeal and occipital arteries Hypoglossal canal: CN XII (hypoglossal nerve) Condylar canal: emissary vein from sigmoid sinus to vertebral veins in neck Mastoid foramen: mastoid emissary vein from sigmoid sinus and meningeal branch of occipital artery ```
45
Blood gets to the brain via what vessels?
Vertebral and carotid arteries
46
Blood leaves the brain via what vessels?
Jugular foramina --> venous sinuses
47
Sigmoid sinuses
indentations in skull (S-shaped)
48
What are the 5 layers of the scalp?
Skin Connective tissue (dense) Aponeurosis Loose connective tissue (under a layer of fat) Pericranium: periosteum (covers all bones)
49
Epicranial aponeurosis connects...
Frontal belly of occipitofrontalis and | Occipital belly of occipitofrontalis
50
What is the action produced by the occipitofrontalis?
raise eyebrows
51
Periosteum contains...for the purpose of...
Live osteoblasts for the purpose of repairing broken bone
52
Muscles of facial expression are remnants of a sheet of muscle from what region?
Throat region
53
What cranial nerve is motor innervation to muscles of facial expression, including the occipitofrontalis?
CN VII
54
What are the muscles of the face?
``` Orbicularis oculi (orbital and palpebral part) Orbicularis oris (around mouth) Zygomaticus major and minor Levator labii superioris Risorius Mentalis (chin) ```
55
How are the locations of zygomaticus major and minor and the levator labii superioris related?
Zygomaticus major (most lateral) Zygomaticus minor Levator labii superioris (most medial)
56
What are the 3 div of the trigeminal?
Opthalmic Maxillary Manidbular
57
What kind of innervation does the trigeminal nerve do?
Mostly sensory, some motor
58
Mandibular (V3) div is motor innervation to what muscles?
Muscles of mastication
59
What are the muscles of mastication?
Temporalis Masseter Medial pterygoid Lateral pterygoid
60
What kind of motion is chewing?
Rotation
61
What cranial nerve is responsible for all of the sensory innervation of the face?
CN V
62
CN V1 is sensory innervation for what part of face? CN V2? CN V3?
V1: top part of face/forehead V2: middle face V3: lower face
63
Opthalmic nerve (V1) comes out of face by...
above the orbit
64
Supraorbital nerve and supratrochlear nerve are branches of what CN?
V1
65
Supraorbital nerve exits face by... | Supratrochlear?
Supraorbital: above orbit Supratrochlear: above trochlea (sup oblique muscle of eye), then goes back onto forehead and up to scalp
66
Which muscle of the eye is associated with a trochlea?
Superior oblique
67
Infraorbital nerve, zygomaticotemporal and zygomaticofacial nerves are associated with what branch of CN?
V2
68
Mental nerve is associated with what branch of CN?
V3
69
Mental nerve pops out on what area of face?
Chin
70
Zygomaticotemporal and zygomaticofacial nerves pop out on what area of the face?
Lateral area
71
What are the terminal branches of the facial nerve?
``` Temporal Zygomatic Buccal Marginal mandibular Cervical ```
72
What is the course of the facial nerve?
Exits stylomastoid foramen and enters fascia that surrounds the parotid gland -- packed in layer of connective tissue Enters behind parotid gland and fans out onto face
73
What are the primary blood sources to the face?
Branches of external carotid artery - Facial artery --> breaks into sup and inf labial arteries - Facial artery terminates as the superficial temporal artery and angular artery
74
What is the course of the facial artery in relation to the masseter?
Runs anterior to masseter | Runs up face
75
Common carotid arteries come off of what vessel? | Split into what branches and where?
Come off the aorta | Splits in neck into external and internal carotid arteries
76
Internal carotid goes to skull via... | External carotid course?
Internal goes to skull via carotid canal | External runs just in front of ear and branches
77
Occipital artery... | What vessel does it branch from?
External carotid
78
Post auricular artery... What vessel does it branch from? Course?
External carotid | Runs behind ear
79
Sup and Inf labial arteries branch from what vessel?
Facial artery (near angle of mouth)
80
Lateral nasal artery branches from...
Facial artery
81
Angular artery branches from...
Facial artery (terminal branch)
82
Superficial temporal artery branches from...
External carotid (terminal branch)
83
Transverse facial artery branches from...
superficial temporal artery within the parotid gland
84
Mental artery branches from...
Terminal branch of inf alveolar artery
85
Supraorbital and supratrochlear arteries branch from..
Terminal branch of opthalmic artery (from internal carotid)
86
Opthalmic artery branches from...
internal carotid
87
Inf alveolar artery branches from...
maxillary artery
88
Facial vein drains to...
External jugular vein
89
External jugular vein meets up with...
Retromandibular vein
90
What vessels of face connect to venous sinuses?
Supraorbital and supratrochlear veins
91
Superior sagittal sinus
Located in dura mater | Carries deoxygenated blood
92
Arachnoid granulations
Prolongations of the arachnoid that protrude through the dura mater into the dural venous sinuses Transport CSF from subarachnoid space to venous sys Make indentations in skull
93
Falx cerebri
dural infolding that separates the cerebram hemispheres | Attached to crista galli
94
Corpus callosum
Where hemispheres are joined | Located under falx cerebri
95
Tentorium cerebelli
Infolding of dura that separates cerebrum and cerebellum
96
What are the names of the dural infoldings of the brain?
``` Falx cerebri (cerebral hemispheres) Falx cerebelli (cerebellar hemispheres) Tentorium cerebelli (cerebrum and cerebellum) ```
97
What sinus runs on the top edge of falx cerebri? Bottom edge? Back edge?
Top: sup sagittal sinus Bottom: inf sagittal sinus Back: straight sinus
98
Where do the sup and inf sagittal sinuses meet?
Confluence of sinuses
99
Transverse sinuses receive blood from... | Transverse sinuses become...
Receive blood from: confluence of sinuses | Transverse sinuses become sigmoid sinuses
100
Sigmoid sinus receives blood from...
Sup and inf petrosal sinuses
101
"Petrosal" has to do with the...
Temporal bone
102
Petrosal venous sinuses run along...
Petrous crest of temporal bone
103
Tentorium cerebelli attaches to what bone?
Crest of temporal bone
104
Sup and inf petrosal sinuses come from...
Cavernous sinus
105
Cavernous sinus
Large venous plexus located on each side of sella turcica | Attached to superficial veins of face
106
What surrounds the cavernous sinuses?
Dura mater
107
What blood vessels pass just above the cavernous sinuses?
Internal carotid arteries
108
What cranial nerves pass through cavernous sinus area?
3, 4, V1, V2, 6
109
What air sinuses are located below the cavernous sinuses?
Sphenodal sinuses
110
Falx cerebelli attaches to what bone?
Petrous crest of temporal bone
111
The opening in the falx cerebri above foramen magnum is for what structure?
Brainstem
112
What cranial nerve in sensory innervation to meninges?
CN V
113
Leptomeninges
Arachnoid and pia mater
114
What is the path of vertebral arteries?
Run through vertebral foramen and enter skull via foramen magnum
115
Internal carotid enters skull via what opening?
Carotid canal
116
What arteries are the major blood supply to the brain?
Vertebral arteries | Internal carotid arteries
117
Conjunctiva
Membrane on surface of eye (covers sclera) and is continuous with the membrane inside the eyelid
118
Palpebral fissure
Opening b/w upper and lower eyelids
119
Orbits are at a ... deg angle relative to the midline of the head
45 deg
120
What are the bones on the outer rim of the orbit?
Frontal (top) Maxilla Zygomatic
121
What are the bones on the inner rim of the orbit?
``` Frontal (roof) Lacrimal (medial) Ethmoid Sphenoid Nasal ```
122
Lens of eye grows from what germ layer?
Ectoderm
123
Levator palpebrae superioris
Muscle that lifts upper eyelid | Tendons spread out and interact with orbicularis oculi
124
What are the glands of the eyelid?
Tarsal gland Ciliary gland Both lubricate conjunctival membrane
125
Lacrimal gland is located on what side of eye?
Upper lateral side
126
Lacrimal canaliculi
Medial side of eye | Pair of tubes
127
Lacrimal punctum
Openings of lacrimal canaliculi
128
Lacrimal sac
Attached to lacrimal canaliculi which leads to nasal cavity via nasolacrimal duct
129
Lacrimal lake
Area b/w 2 lacrimal canaliculi | Area where tears puddle in corner of eye
130
"Palpebral" refers to
eyelids
131
Superior and inferior orbital septum | Superior and inferior tarsus
Orbital septum: fibrous membrane that spans from tarsi to margins of orbit, then becomes continuous with periosteum Tarsus: Connective tissue at base of eyelids, just above and below the split for the eyelids -Thicker than orbital septum
132
Medial and lateral palpebral ligaments
On sides of eyes | Anchor eyelid
133
"Tarsus"
Foot | Refers to superior and inferior tarsi -- thick membrane at base of top and bottom eyelid
134
Nerve supply to lacrimal glands by what kind of nerves?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic | Autonomic
135
Describe innervation of lacrimal gland
Greater petrosal nerve (parasympathetic, branch of CN VII) Deep petrosal nerve (sympathetic) Join to form pterygoid canal Nerve of pterygoid canal goes to pterygopalatine ganglion (parasympathetic nerves synapse) Parasympathetic and sympathetic go to zygomatic nerve (V2) then to lacrimal nerve (V1)
136
Symp or parasym? Greater petrosal nerve Deep petrosal
Greater petrosal: parasympathetic | Deep petrosal: sympathetic
137
What actions do the parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves to lacrimal gland cause?
Parasym: secretomotor (secrete tears) Sym: vasoconstrictors
138
What are the 4 parasympathetic ganglion of the head?
Ciliary (most superior) Pterygopalatine Otic Submandibular (most inferior)
139
What happens at parasympathetic ganglion?
Parasympathetic nerves synapse
140
What are the 3 layers of the eye?
Sclera (fibrous layer) Vascular (AKA uvea) Retina (inner layer)
141
What are the 3 parts included in the vascular layer of the eye?
Choroid Iris Ciliary body
142
Choroid
Layer between the sclera and retina; lines most of the sclera Engorged with blood Part of vascular layer of eye
143
Iris
``` Has pupil (opening) Pigmented ```
144
What 2 muscles control the size of the pupil?
1. Dilator pupilae (sympathetic) | 2. Sphinctor pupilae (parasympathetic)
145
Ciliary ganglion innervates what muscles?
Sphinctor pupilae | Ciliaris
146
Sympathetic or parasympathetic? | Ciliary ganglion
Parasympathetic
147
Ciliary body
Smooth muscle connected to sides of lens (zonular fibers) Connects choroid with iris Provides attachment for lens Accommodation of lens
148
Zonular fibers of suspensory ligament of lens
Go entirely around lens so it is susupended
149
Zonular fibers connect to lens on one end and ... on other end
Ciliary body
150
Ciliary processes
folds on internal surface of ciliary body | Secrete aqueous humor
151
``` When ciliary muscles are relaxed... When ciliary muscles are contracted... Symp or parasymp? Zonular fibers? Lens? ```
Ciliary muscles relaxed - Sympathetic - Zonular fibers under TENSION - Lens stretched thin (distant vision) Ciliary muscles contracted - Parasympathetic - Zonular fibers relaxed - Lens is spherical (near vision)
152
What are the important parts of the retina?
Macula | Optic disk
153
Macula
Area with highest number of rods and cones (especially cones) Where light is focused on retina Most visual processing here
154
Optic disk
Blind spot | Where optic nerve enters eye
155
Optic part of retina
Fibers from Optic nerve spread out on inside surface of eye
156
What structure splits the eye into ant and post compartments?
Lens
157
Anterior compartment of eye is filled with...
Fluid
158
What eye muscles are medial/lateral rotators? | What eye muscles are adductors/abductors?
Medial/lateral rotators: rectus | Add/Abd: oblique
159
Adduction of eye is... | Abduction of eye is...
Adduction: toward nose Abduction: away from nose
160
What axis do rectus muscles (rotators) rotate around? | Oblique (Ad/Ab)?
Rectus: Ant-Post axis Oblique: Vertical axis
161
Most nerves and blood vessels get to orbit via...
Sup orbital fissure
162
4 rectus muscles originate...
On common tendinous ring that is wrapped around the optic nerve
163
What are the blood vessels of the orbit region?
``` Opthalmic artery Central artery of retina Supraorbital Supratrochlear Lacrimal Dorsal nasal Infraorbital ```
164
Opthalmic artery branches from...
Internal carotid
165
Central artery of retina branches from...
Opthalmic artery
166
Describe relationship of opthalmic artery with optic nerve
Opthalmic artery encased in connective tissue around the optic nerve (continuation of dura mater)
167
What artery pierces the center of the optic nerve? | What artery travels along with the optic nerve?
Pierces center of optic nerve: Central artery of retina | Travels along with optic nerve: Opthalmic artery
168
What CN's run in orbit region?
``` CN II (optic) CN III (oculomotor) CN IV (trochlear) CN VI (abducent) CN V1 (opthalmic) and V2 (maxillary) ```
169
What are the branches of V1 in the orbit region?
Nasociliary Frontal Lacrimal
170
What nerve splits into sup and inf div as soon as enters orbit?
CN III (oculomotor)
171
What nerve does the ciliary ganglion hang from?
``` CN III (Oculomotor) Nasociliary nerve ```
172
What muslces does oculomotor (III) nerve innervate? Trochlear (IV)? Abducent (VI)?
Oculomotor (III): all except sup oblique and lateral rectus Trochlear (IV): sup oblique Abducent (VI): lat rectus
173
What are the branches of the ciliary ganglion called?
Short ciliary nerves (postsynaptic)
174
Parasympathetic component to orbit rides on... | Sympathetic rides on...
Parasym: oculomotor nerve and synapse at ciliary ganglion --> short ciliary nerves (postsynaptic) Sym: -carotid plexus --> Opthalmic artery --> pass through ciliary ganglion OR -nasociliary nerve
175
Levator palpebrae superioris is (above/below) superior rectus
Levator palpebrae superioris is ABOVE superior rectus
176
Describe the course of short and long ciliary nerves
Short: arise from ciliary ganglion --> ciliary body and iris Long: bypass ciliary ganglion and go to eyeball --> dilator pupillae and afferent fibers from iris and cornea
177
Parasympathetic, sympathetic? | Long and short ciliary nerves
Short: parasym and sym Long: only sym
178
What nerve passes through sup oblique?
Trochlear
179
Opthalmic artery, which runs in the covering with the optic nerve branches from what artery? Central artery of retina, which pierces the middle of the optic nerve branches from what artery?
Internal carotid --> Opthalmic | Opthalmic --> central artery of retina
180
Ant and post ethmoidal arteries branch from...
opthalmic artery
181
Lacrimal artery connects to what other artery?
Middle meningeal artery
182
Infraorbital and supraorbital veins connect via...
Sup and inf opthalmic veins (and angular vein which is b/w them)
183
Sup and inf opthalmic veins join and run to...
Cavernous sinus
184
1. What is the name of the cartilaginous outer ear? | 2. What is the matching inner curve called?
1. Auricle | 2. Tragus
185
What is the opening of the ear called?
External acoustic meatus
186
The external auditory meatus is separated from the middle ear by...
Tympanic membrane
187
What connects the tympanic cavity and pharynx?
Pharyngotympanic tube
188
Tympanic cavity is lined with...
mucous membrane
189
What bone of the middle ear is hits against the oval window?
Stapes
190
The oval window is at the base of what strucure?
Cochlea
191
What are the organs of the inner ear? | What functions are they associated with?
Cochlea: hearing | Semicircular canals: balance
192
What cranial nerve innervates chochlea and semicircular canals?
Vestibulocochlear | CN VIII
193
What is the only structure in the body that is derived from all 3 germ layers?
Tympanic membrane
194
1. Tympanic membrane is directly associated with what bone of middle ear? 2. What part of this bone is attached to the tympanic membrane?
1. Malleus | 2. Handle
195
What muscle is associated with the malleus? | Stapes?
Malleus: tensor tympani Stapes: stapedius
196
Tensory tympani muslce
Tenses tympanic membrane and prevents tympanic membrane from moving/repturing Associated with malleus bone
197
Stapedius
Prevents stapes from tapping too hard on oval window
198
Inner ear is in what bone?
Petrous part of temporal bone
199
Bony labyrinth | Membranous labyrinth
Bony labyrinth: hollow bony chamber w/in which organs of inner ear are encased Membranous labyrinth: organs of inner ear; fluid-filled
200
Describe what happens when the stapes taps the oval window
When oval window is tapped, fluid moves w/in cochlea Fluid mvmt causes depolarization of hair cells Nervous impulses Interpret as sound
201
Wide bases of semicircular canals is location of...
Hair cells
202
Describe how semicircular canals are involved in balance/position
When move, fluid inside semicircular canals moves, causing hair cells to move in a certain direction Interpret as position in space
203
Internal acoustic meatus
Where CN VII (facial) and CN VIII (vestibulocochlear) nerves enter temporal bone
204
CN VIII (vestibulocochlear) splits into...
Vestibular and cochlear branches
205
What branch of CN VII passes through middle ear?
Chorda tympani Passes b/w malleus and incus Innervates taste in ant 2/3 of tongue
206
Where is tympanic plexus located? | Its branches are from what nerve?
Located on medial wall of middle ear | Made from branches of glossopharyngeal nerve
207
Tympanic plexus gives off...
(1) the lesser petrosal nerve (2) the Deep branch (small deep petrosal nerve) to join the greater petrosal nerve (3) branches to the tympanic cavity
208
Tympanic plexus innervates...
Mucosa of inner ear
209
What is the largest salivary gland?
Parotid gland
210
Where is the parotid plexus of facial nerve (CN VII) located?
Embedded within parotid gland
211
What are the 3 salivary glands?
Parotid Submandibular Sublingual
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What nerve innervates the parotid gland?
``` CN IX (glossopharyngeal) Autonomic parasympathetic ```
213
Pterygopalatine fossa
space with the pterygopalatine ganglion (parasympathetic) | space b/w maxilla and sphenoid
214
Muscles of mastication innervated by... | Muscles of facial expression...
Mastication: V3 | Facial expression: VII
215
What are the 4 muscles of mastication?
Masseter (superficial) Temporalis (superficial) Lateral pterygoid (deeper) Medial pterygoid (deeper)
216
Origin and insertions of muscles of mastication
``` 1. Masseter Origin: zygomatic arch Insertion: ramus of mandible 2. Temporalis Origin: floor of temporal fossa Insertion: coronoid process of mandible 3. Lateral pterygoid Origin: Sphenoid and pterygoid plate Insertion: joint capsule/articular disk and condyloid process of mandible 4. Medial pterygoid: Origin: pterygoid plate and tuberosity of maxilla Insertion: Ramus of mandible ```
217
What muscles of mastication have 2 heads?
Lateral and medial pterygoid
218
External carotid artery splits into 2 major terminal branches near the parotid gland. What are they?
Superficial temporal artery | Maxillary artery
219
Retromandibular vein -- why is it named this?
Behind the mandible | Also Runs near parotid gland
220
What are the 3 parts of the maxillary artery?
Mandibular Pterygoid Pterygopalatine
221
Temperomandibular joint is between...
Ascending ramus of mandible and temporal bone
222
What kind of joint is the temperomandibular joint?
Synovial | Surrounded by joint capsule
223
What separates the TMJ capsule into sup and inf parts?
Articular disk
224
Describe position of mandible when mouth is closed vs open
Closed: mandible snugly situated in space Open: head and neck of mandible slide out of joint slightly
225
What is sensory innervation for TMJ?
V3
226
What nerve runs around the TMJ capsule?
Auriculotemporal nerve Wraps around TMJ capsule then continues up side of head Also sensory to area behind ear
227
What ligaments attach jaw to rest of skull?
``` Sphenomandibular ligament (from spine of sphenoid to mandible) Stylomandibular ligament (from styloid process to angle of mandible) ```
228
What are the neck muscles associated with chewing?
``` Suprahyoid (raise hyoid) 1. Digastric 2. Stylohyoid 3. Mylohyoid 4. Geniohyoid Infrahyoid (lower hyoid) 1. Thyrohyoid 2. Omohyoid 3. Sternohyoid 4. Sternothyroid ```
229
What neck muscle has 2 bellies?
Digastric (ant and post) | One of the suprahyoid muscles
230
Describe the course of the digastric muscle?
Goes through trochlea that is attached to hyoid bone
231
Maxillary artery runs toward... | Runs between what muscles?
Runs toward face | Runs between lateral and medial pterygoid muscles
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Mandibular part of maxillary artery runs...
behind mandible
233
What are the branches of the mandibular part of the maxillary artery?
1. middle meningeal (dura of skull) | 2. inferior alveolar (runs into mandible and supplies teeth of mandible, then pops out on chin as MENTAL ARTERY)
234
"Alveolar" =
Teeth
235
What are the branches of the pterygoid part of the maxillary artery?
muscular branches that go to temporalis, masseter, and pterygoid
236
Maxillary artery dead ends where?
in Pterygopalataine fossa and becomes arteries that travel to nasal cavity
237
What are the branches of the pterygopalatine part of the maxillary artery?
Infraorbital Post sup alveolar Mid sup alveolar Ant sup alveolar
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Infraorbital artery course | What does it supply?
Runs along with infraorbital nerve (V2) Runs straight through face and pops out the infraorbital foramen Supplies upper teeth and upper face
239
Post, Mid, and Ant sup alveolar nerves supply what area?
Upper jaw
240
The entrance to the pterygoid fossa is what opening?
Sphenopalatine foramen (b/w sphenoid and palate)
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What is the terminal branch of the maxillary artery?
Sphenopalatine artery
242
What is the course of the sphenopalatine artery?
Goes through sphenopalatine foramen, into pterygopalatine fossa, then breaks into smaller branches --> nasal cavity and palate
243
Inferior alveolar nerve goes to...
lower teeth
244
Lingual nerve is located ... to the inf alveolar nerve
Anterior
245
Chorda tympani hitches a ride on what nerve?
Lingual (makes sense b/c chorda tympani is taste to ant 2/3 of tongue)
246
What are the branches of the maxillary nerve?
Infraorbital nerve | Post sup alveolar nerve (sensory to post teeth)
247
Otic ganglion is attached to what nerve?
V3
248
Pterygopalatine ganglion hangs from...
Maxillary branch
249
Parasympathetic ganglia are all attached to branches of what CN?
CN V
250
What nerve splits into 2 to form a loop around the middle meningeal artery?
Auriculotemporal nerve
251
Trigeminal ganglion located near what structure?
Sella turcica
252
Lingual nerve runs...to the inferior alveolar nerve
Medially
253
Sensory innervation from top of oral cavity comes from... | Bottom comes from...
Top: V2 Bottom: V3
254
Describe the sensory innervation of the vestible and gingiva of maxillary bone (top)
Gradual shift b/w ant, mid, and post superior alveolar + some infraorbital
255
Periodontal ligament
group of specialized connective tissue fibers that essentially attach a tooth to the alveolar bone within which it sits
256
Describe the innervation of the maxillary teeth
Gradual shift b/w ant, mid, and post superior alveolar 1st 3 teeth: ant Next 2.5: mid Last 2.5: post
257
Describe the innervaion of the palate
``` Greater palatine nerves (sides) Nasopalatine nerve (front) ```
258
Describe the innervation of the vestibule and gingiva of mandibular bone (bottom)
Mental branch of inf alveolar (front) | Buccal branch of V3
259
Describe the innervation of the mandibular teeth
1st 3.5 teeth: incisive branch of inf alveolar | Back 4.5 teetch: dental branchees of inf alveolar
260
Describe the innervation of the floor of the mouth
Lingual (V3 div from foramen ovale)
261
What are the 2 types of teeth?
Incisors (front) | Molars (back)
262
Enamel
Outermost layer | Hardest substance that vertebrates can make
263
Dentine
Layer under enamel | Slightly less tough than enamel
264
Pulp cavity
Below dentine | Living cells there
265
1. Where are blood vessels and nerves of the tooth? | 2. What opening do they travel through to get to this space?
1. Root canal | 2. Apical foramen
266
Cementum
Layer around root of tooth Helps anchor tooth in jaw Periodontal ligament embedded in cementum
267
Hard palate
Bone
268
Soft palate
post 1/3 is muscle
269
3 parts of pharynx
Nasopharynx (behind nasal cavity) Oralpharynx (behind oral cavity) Laryngopharynx (entrance to larynx)
270
Tongue mostly made of what muscle? | What muscles make the top layer of the tongue?
Genioglossus Intrinsic muscles of tongue
271
Genioglossus muscle allows for what action
Stick tongue out
272
What bones make up the palate?
Palatine process of maxilla (closer to teeth) Palatine bone (middle) Lateral and medial pterygoid plates (part of sphenoid) (closer to back of mouth)
273
Lateral and medial pterygoid plates are part of what bone?
sphenoid
274
What openings are in the bones of the palate?
``` Grater and lesser palatine foramina (back) Incisive fossa (front) ```
275
What pases through the greater palatine foramen? | Lesser palatine foramen?
Greater palatine artery, greater palatine nerve | Lesser palatine artery, lesser palatine nerve
276
Openings on the palate are for...
palatine glands
277
What kind of sensory innervation is responsible for mucus glands?
Parasympathetic
278
What happens to the soft palate when swallowing?
Soft palate moves up and partially blocks the nasal cavity when swallowing -- due to muscles
279
What are the 2 muscles of the soft palate?
Tensor veli palatini | Levator veli palatini
280
Tensor veli palatini
when contracts, tenses soft palate
281
Describe the course of the tensor veli palatini
Goes around the pterygoid hamulus (pulley structure) | Goes straight down, then medial to soft palate
282
Levator veli palatini
pulls soft palate up
283
What structure is at the end of the soft palate?
Uvula
284
Where do the greater and lesser palatine nerves originate from?
Maxillary div of trigeminal | Pterygopalatine ganglion
285
What nerve comes out of the incisive fossa?
Nasopalatine nerve (from V2)
286
Nasopalatine artery
Terminal branch of maxillary nerve (goes into sphenopalatine foramen) Travels through nasal cavity, goes down, and pokes out of palate
287
Terminal sulcus
divides ant and post parts of tongue
288
Foramen cecum
divot in middle of terminal sulcus | remnant of path of thyroid
289
Palatine tonsil
can be removed
290
What are teh 2 arches in the back of the mouth?
Palatoglossal | Palatopharyngeal
291
Frenulum
tongue bound to floor by this
292
Sublingual caruncle
One on either side of frenulum | Have opening to submandibular ducts
293
What is motor innervation of tongue muscles?
Hypoglossus (XII): everything but palatoglossus | Vagus (X): palatoglossus
294
Taste to ant 2/3 | Tast to post 1/3
Ant 2/3: chorda tympani (VII) | Post 1/3: glossopharyngeal (IX)
295
General sensory to tongue: Most... Small patch in back
Most: lingual (V3) | Small patch in back: internal laryngeal (X)

Human Anatomy -- Head and Neck (4 decks)

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