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Clinical Anatomy > Head > Flashcards

Head Flashcards

0
Q

anterior view landmarks

A 
supra-orbital foramen
nasion
glabella
infra orbital foramen
mental foramen
mental protuberance
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1
Q

Name the two divisions ( and two subdivisions) of the external cranium

A
  1. neurocranium (calvaria, cranial base)

2. facial skeleton

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2
Q

what bones make up the orbit?

A

frontal maxilla mandible sphenoid lacrimal ethmoid palatine

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3
Q

what are the openings of the orbit?

A

superior orbital fissure
optic canal
inferior orbital fissure

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4
Q

which nerves pass thru superior orbital fissure? optic canal? inferior orbital fissure?

A

CN 3,4,6 V1
CN 2
V2

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5
Q

5 nasal bones

A 
nasal r/l
maxilla
ethmoid
inferior nasal concha
vomer
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6
Q

what are the landmarks on the mandible

A 
coronoid process
condylar process head
condylar process neck
ramus
body
angle
mental protuberance
mental foramen
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7
Q

landmarks of lateral cranium

A 
temporal fossa
pterion
squamous suture
zygomatic arch
external acoustic meatus
mastoid process
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8
Q

landmarks of the calvaria

A 
coronal suture
sagittal suture
lambdoid suture
bregma suture juncture
lambda suture juncture
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9
Q

bones of cranial base

A

occipital, temporal, sphenoid, maxilla (hard palate), palatine (hard palate)

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10
Q

landmarks of cranial base

A 
occipital condyle
foamen magnum
EOP
mastoid process
styloid process
stylomastoid foramen
jugular fossa
carotid canal
foramen ovale
foramen rotundum
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11
Q

describe cranial sutures

A
  1. coronal-frontal and r/l parietal
  2. sagittal-r&l parietal
  3. lambdoid- occipital ad r/l parietal
  4. squamous - squamous portion of temporal and parietal bones
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12
Q

describe cranial junctures

A
  1. bregma-intersection of coronal and sagittal sutures
  2. lambda - intersection of lambdoid and sagittal sutures
  3. Pterion- intersection of 4 bones frontal, sphenoid, temporal, parietal
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13
Q

3 regions of internal cranium

A

anterior fossa
middle fossa
posterior fossa

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14
Q

landmarks of anterior fossa

A

cribriform plate

lesser wing of sphenoid bone

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15
Q

landmarks of middle fossa

A 
greater wing sphenoid
sella turcica
optic canal
superior orbital fissure
foramen rotundum
foramen ovale
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16
Q

landmarks of posterior fossa

A

internal acoustic meatus
jugular foramen
hypoglossal canal
foramen magnum

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17
Q

CN in cribriform plate

A

CN 1

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18
Q

CN in optic canal

A

CN 2

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19
Q

CN in superior orbital fissure

A

CN 3 4 6 and V1

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20
Q

CN in foramen rotundum

A

V2

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21
Q

CN in foramen ovale

A

V3

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22
Q

CN in jugular foramen

A

CN 9 10 11

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23
Q

CN in hypoglossal canal

A

CN 12

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24
Q

CN in foramen magnum

A

spinal cord, vertebral artery

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25
Q

from external view: CN thru foramen ovale

A

V3

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26
Q

from external view: CN thru carotid canal

A

ICA

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27
Q

from external view: CN thru stylomastoid foramen

A

CN 7

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28
Q

from external view: CN thru jugular fossa

A

CN 9 10 11

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29
Q

from external view: CN thru foramen magnum

A

spinal cord, vertebral artery

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30
Q

external anterior view: CN thru supraorbital foramen

A

V1

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31
Q

external anterior view: CN thru optic canal

A

CN 2

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32
Q

external anterior view: CN thru superior orbital fissure

A

CN 3 4 6 V1

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33
Q

external anterior view: CN thru inferior orbital fissure

A

V2

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34
Q

external anterior view: CN thru infraorbital foramen

A

V2

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35
Q

external anterior view: CN thru mental foramen

A

V3

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36
Q

what does CN 7 innervate?

A

all facial muscles and platysma

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37
Q

name facial muscles

A 
occipitofrontalis
orbicularis oculi palpebral
orbicularis oculi orbital
nasalis
orbicular oris
buccinator
mentalis
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38
Q

where does CN 7 emerge from? and divide into?

A

merges from the stylomastoid foramen and branches into 5divisions as it passes thru parotid gland

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39
Q

bell’s palsy

A

transient paralysis of facial muscles (usually 1/2) due to impaired CN 7

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40
Q

CN 5 sensory pathway

A 
V1 = orbital and frontal region
V2 = maxillary region
v3 = mandibular region
41
Q

trigeminal neuralgia

A

severe facial pain due to cn 5 impairment

most common is maxillary v2 distribution

42
Q

3 meninges

A

dura
arachnoid
pia

43
Q

layers and infoldings of dura

A
  1. external periosteal layer
  2. internal meningeal layer
    2a. falx cerebri
    2b. tentorium cerebellum
    2c. falx cerebelli
44
Q

describe dural venous sinuses

A

formed btwn periosteal and meningeal layers

large veins of brain and CSF empty into dural sinuses -eventually empty into IJV

45
Q

4 structures of arachnoid matter

A

arachnoid matter
arachnoid trabeculae
arachnoid granulations
subarachnoid space (CSF)

46
Q

describe pia matter

A

on cerebral cortex!
leptomeninges = arachnoid and pia
-small cerebral arteries penetrate pia into brain

47
Q

list the dural venous sinuses

A

superior sagittal, inferior sagittal, straight, transverse, sigmoid

48
Q

lobes of CNS

A

frontal parietal occipital temporal

49
Q

parts of brainstem

A

midbrain
pons
medulla

50
Q

regions of brain

A

lobes
cerebellum
brainstem

51
Q

pathway/structures of ventricular system

A

from lateral ventricles->interventricular foramen->third ventricle->cerebral aqueduct-> fourth ventricle (then goes to subarachnoid space, to arachnoid granulations to dural venous sinuses via one way gradient)

52
Q

pathway of CSG secretion and absorption

A

choroid plexuses in lateral 3 and 4th ventricles send csf to lateral ventricles->interventricular foramen->third ventricle->cerebral aqueduct-> fourth ventricle -> then goes to subarachnoid space, to arachnoid granulations to dural venous sinuses via one way gradient

53
Q

where are the choroid plexuses? what do they produce?

A

lateral third and fourth ventricles and they produce CSF

54
Q

absorbtion into venous system is…

A

one way valve! pressure gradient dependent

55
Q

describe blood supply to circle of willis

A

R/L ICA and Basilar artery (from the veterbral artery)

56
Q

describe branches of the circle of willis

A

ACA (anterior cerebral artery)
anterior communicating artery (connects ACA R/L)
MCA (middle cerebral artery) (same line as ICA)
posterior communicating arteries (connect MCA to PCA)
PCA (posterior cerebral artery)

57
Q

7 bones that form the orbit: (rim/bowl)

A

rim: frontal temporal maxillary
bowl: sphenoid lacrimal ethmoid palatine

58
Q

openings of the orbit and their nerves

A

superior orbital fissure
CN 3 4 6 V1

optic canal
CN 2

Inferior orbital fissure
V2

59
Q

surface anatomy of the eye

A

orbit & upper eyelids(covers upper margin of iris)
conjunctiva-wraps around back of eye and lines eyelids
sclera (white) and cornea (covers iris pupil and anterior chamber)
pupil and iris
medial and lateral canthus/angles
palpebral fissure (space between upper and lower eyelid)

60
Q

structures of the eye lid

A 
meibomian gland/tarsal gland
palpebral conjunctiva (more outer)
inferior conjunctival sac (conjunctivitis and subconjunctival hemorrhage)
bulbar conjunctiva (more inner)
levator palpebral superioris (CN3)
superior tarsal muscle (smaller one)
61
Q

conditions of conjunctiva

A

conjunctivitis-pink eye/membrane is irritated

subconjunctival hemorrhage-physical trauma/capillaries break and pool behind conjunctiva

62
Q

what is the meibomian gland (tarsal gland)

A

secretes lipid fluid to lubricate and optimize the mechanics of tear fluid and eyelids

63
Q

describe job and innervation of levator palpebral superioris

A

elevate and retract eyelid CN3

64
Q

describe job and innervation of superior tarsal muscle

A

smooth muscle assists with raising eyelid

sympathetic innervation

65
Q

damage to levator palpebral superioris or superior tarsal muscles / nerves causes

A

ptosis - lazy eye

66
Q

structure/pathway of lacrimal system

A

lacrimal gland-lacrimal lake-lacrimal punctum-lacrimal canaliculi-lacrimal sac-nasolacrimal duct- inferior nasal meatus

67
Q

3 layers of the eyeball

A

fibrous (outer)
vascular (middle)
inner

68
Q

describe fibrous later of the eye ball

A

fibrous - sclera (white/attachment for extra ocular muscles), cornea (transparent part, sensitive to touch V1/corneal reflex)

69
Q

describe the vascular layer of the eyeball

A

vascular- choroid (dense vascular bed, red eye reflection), ciliary body (deep to cornea/sclera junction, attachment for lens), iris (ring on anterior surface of lens, controls amount of light entering eye)

70
Q

describe the inner layer of the eyeball

A

inner-non visual portion, retina (optic portion: optic disc, optic cup, macula of retina, fovea centralis)

71
Q

pathway of light to retina

A

enters cornea->aqueous humor->lens->vitreous humor->retina

72
Q

what are cataracts

A

opacities that accumulate in the lens and decrease vision

73
Q

describe aqueous humor secretion/drainage and its role in maintaining IOP (intra ocular pressure)

A

produced in ciliary process of ciliary body->posterior chamber of eye->anterior chamber of eye->scleral venous sinus (canal of schlemm)
if it doesnt drain and is built up it causes increased pressure on retina (glaucoma)

74
Q

describe the role aqueous humor secretion/drainage in glaucoma

A

it is a mismatch of production/secretion and drainage–build up, blockage, slowing down of drainage = compression of retina
open angle glaucoma: stuck in the anterior chamber
closed angle glaucoma:goes back into posterior chamber

75
Q

6 extra ocular muscles, actions, innervations

A

CN3-medial superior inferior rectus, inferior obliques
CN4-superior oblique
CN6-lateral rectus

medial and lateral rectus = side to side movement
superior and inferior rectus = lateral up and down movement
superior and inferior obliques = medial up and down movement
H test

76
Q

arteries of the eye

A 
opthalamic artery (comes off ICA)
central retinal artery  (comes off ophthalmic)
77
Q

land marks of mandible

A

mental protuberance, mental foramen, body, angle, ramus, coronoid process, condylar process head and neck, mandibular foramen

78
Q

nerve going thru mandibular foramen

A

V3

79
Q

structures of TMJ (temporalmandibular joint)

A 
head of condylar process of mandible
articular disc
mandibular fossa of temporal bone
articular tubercle of temporal bone
joint capsule
80
Q

moment of TMJ to open mouth

A

rotation: 3 fingers
translation: more then 3 fingers pulls condylar head and articular disc towards articular tubercle of temporal bone

81
Q

muscles of mastication (jaw) action and innervation

A 
temporalis-close mouth 
masseter - close mouth
medial pterygoid- close mouth
lateral pterygoid disk head and condylar head -open mouth
ALL CN5!!!
82
Q

boundaries of oral cavity

A

oropharynx - space between upper and lower dental arches & is posterior to oral cavity
roof - hard palate (5/6) soft palate - posterior portion of the tongue(? according to outline)
floor-tongue and mylohyoid/geniohyoid muscles

83
Q

what makes up the roof of the oral cavity

A

hard palate and soft palate

84
Q

what makes up the floor of the oral cavity

A

tongue, mylohyoid and geniohyoid muscles

85
Q

structures of the hard palate

A

5/6 of palate : palatine process of maxillary bone and horizontal plate of palatine bone

86
Q

structures of the soft palate

A

1/6 of palate:
1. aponeurosis (anterior) and muscular (posterior) portions [CN 5 V2 sensory + CN 10 motor]
2. muscles : palatopharyngeus -starts in pharynx
platoglossus-starts at root of tongue
musculus uvulae
3. tonsils (palatine tonsils)

87
Q

innervations of the oral region:

  1. soft palate
  2. pharynx
A
  1. sensory CN 5 V2; motor CN 10
  2. sensory CN 9; CN 10
    • gag reflex/say ahh - want symmetrical uvula (if it deviates itll go to “strong side”)
88
Q

regions of the tongue

A

root-posterior and attaches to hyoid and mandible, has lymph tissue
body-anterior 2/3 of tongue, tastebuds/sensory
apex-tip
inferior surface-frenulum of tongue, wharton’s ducts/submandibular openings

89
Q

mass of muscles covered by mucosa

A

tongue

90
Q

extrinsic muscles of tongue: (dont need to know intrinsic)

A

genioglossus - CN 12
hyoglossus-CN12
styloglossus-CN 12
palatoglossus - CN10

91
Q

all muscles of tongue are innervated by .. except

A

CN 12 except palatoglossus (CN10)

92
Q

pathology of tongue vs pathology of uvula

A

tongue- deviates to weak side

uvula deviates to strong side

93
Q

three sets of salivary glands in oral region and their pathway

A

submandibular gland- in submandibular triangle -> submandibular/wharton’s ducts r/l frenulum of tongue

sublingual gland- in floor of mouth ->multiple openings in floor of mouth

parotid gland-anterior/inferior to external acoustic meatus and betwn ramus of mandible and mastoid process–>penetrates buccinator muscle –>opens in oral vestibule near upper 2nd molar _–*CN 7 facial nerve exists from stylomastoid foramen and passes thru parotid gland!

94
Q

regions of the nose (7) and describe them

A

roof (ethmoid/cribiform plate)
septum (ethmoid, vomer, septal cartilage)
floor (maxillary bone palatine process & palatine bone horizontal process)
lateral walls (inferior nasal conchae, ethmoid{sup/midd nasal conchae}, meatus{sup inf middle– also the openings for paranasal sinsues and nasolacrimal duct})
vestibule area (opening of nose)
respiratory area (bottom 2/3 of nasal cavity warms air)
olfactory area (top 2/3 of nasal cavity has CN 1 to detect smell)

95
Q

4 sinuses and their openings

A
  1. frontal - opens to middle nasal meatus
  2. ethmoid - opens to sup and mid nasal meatus
  3. sphenoid-opens to sup posterior nasal cavity
  4. maxillary- opens to mid nasal meatus most common sinus to be infected/largest of paranasal sinuses***
96
Q

structures of external ear

A

auricle-pinna, tragus, lobule
external acoustic meatus
tympanic membrane - cone of light, umbo

97
Q

structures of middle ear

A

tympanic cavity - pharyngotympanic tube/eustachian or auditory tube -(connects tympanic cavity to nasopharynx)
auditory ossicles - malleus, incus, stapes
muscles- tensor tympani, stapedius

98
Q

structures of inner ear

A

bony labyrinth - cavity within petrous portion of temporal bone that contains structures of inner ear
cochlea-auditory role
vestibule of bony labyrinth-vestibular role -balance
semicircular canals-vestibular role

99
Q

ICA direction

A

turns horizontal to enter temporal bone then verticle to ascend to circle of willis

100
Q

vertebral artery route to circle of willis

A

enters skull thru foramen magnum and R L merge together to form basilar artery

101
Q

Anastomosis between ECA and ICA

A

potential reversal of flow to provide circulation to brain if ICA is blocked off–ECA will send blood thru facial, maxillary, and superficial temporal arteries around the eye -this joins with ophthalmic artery of eye which continues up the ICA to the brain

Clinical Anatomy (7 decks)

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