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Clinical Anatomy > Lower Extremity 1 > Flashcards

Lower Extremity 1 Flashcards

0
Q

bony landmarks of the ulna

A

axis/stabilizing bone of the forearm

olecranon (triceps tendon attaches here)
coronoid process (brachialis attaches here)
trochlear notch
ulnar tuberosity (right below the coronoid process)
radial notch of the ulna (allows the head of the radius to articulate with ulna)
head of ulna (distal end of ulna)
ulnar styloid process (distal end of ulna)

articulations: 
humeroulnar joint (flexion/extension; articulates btwn trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna
proxmial radioulnar joint
distal radioulnar joint
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1
Q

boney landmarks of the distal humerus

A

radial groove (spiral) -radial nerve passes here heading posterior to humerus
trochlea
capitulum
medial epicondyle (flexor muscles of forearm attach here)
lateral epicondyle (extensor muscles of forearm attach here)
three fossa of the distal humerus:
1. olecranon fossa (posterior)
2. coronoid fossa (anterior)
3. radial fossa (anterior/capitulum side which is lateral thumb side)

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2
Q

landmarks of the radius

A

*shorter and lateral to the ulna

radial head (articulates with capitulum of humerus and radial notch of ulna; stabilized by the annular ligament)
neck of radius
radial tuberosity (separates head/neck from the body of the radius)
body of radius
ulnar notch of radius (distal end of radius; articulates with head of ulna)
radial styloid process (distal end of radius)
dorsal tubercle of radius(distal end of radius; long extensor tendons of the forearm pass along the grooves here -this is posterior)

articulations:
humeroradial joint (btwn capitulum of humerus and radial head)
proximal radioulnar joint
distal radioulnar joint 
radiocarpal joint
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3
Q

bony landmarks of carpal bones

A

8 bones
from proximal lateral–>distal medial (start thumb side near wrist)
Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrium Pisiform
Trapezium Trapeziud Capitate Hamate

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4
Q

landmarks of the metacarpals

A

Base: proximal end forms CMC (carpometacarpal) joint by articulation with carpals
Head: distal end “knuckles” forms MCP (metacarbal phalangeal) joint by articulating with phalanges

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5
Q

landmarks of the phalanges

A

proximal, middle, distal (thumb only has proximal and distal)
thumb= 1st, pinky = 5th (named lateral to medial)

articulations:

  1. MCP - metacarpal-phalangeal joint
  2. PIP - proximal interphalangeal joint
  3. DIP - distal interphalangeal joint
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6
Q

boundaries and surface anatomy of the cubital fossa

A 
boundaries:
superior=line btwn the medial and lateral epicondyles 
medial=pronator teres
lateral=brachioradialis
floor=brachialis and supinator muscles
roof=bicipital aponeurosis fascia

surface anatomy
brachial artery-terminal part AND its division into radial/ulnar arteries
biceps tendon (palpate for Deep tendon reflex -c5)
bicipital aponeurosis (spreads and attaches medial)
pronator teres (medial border)
brachioradialis (lateral border)
median cubital vein (this area varies..”needle stick” for vein puncture)

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7
Q

describe the cubital tunnel

A
  • *potential site for extrapment
    content: ulnar nerve, posterior recurrent ulnar artery
    structure: medial epicondyle, tendonious arch of flexor carpi ulnaris
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8
Q

describe the anterior and posterior compartments of the forearm

A

*not really “pure” anterior/post division

  1. anteromedial compartment
    - flexor and pronation
    - (most) supplied by medial nerve
    - 1 and 1/2 supplied by ulnar nerve
  2. posteriolateral compartment
    -extensor and supinator
    -all muscles supplied by the radial nerve
    (borders = posterior along ulna/ulna/interosseous membrane/radius/brachioradialis)

divided btwn two forearm compartments:

  1. interosseous membrane btwn the radial and ulna bones
  2. subcutaneous border of the ulna - palpate the length of ulna
  3. radial artery - palpate the pulse along full length of radial artery
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9
Q

list the muscles in the antero medial compartment of the forearm

A
  • flex wrist/digits and pronate forearm
    1. superficial group:
    pronator teres
    flexor carpi radialis
    palmaris longus
    flexor carpi ulnaris
    2. intermediate later:
    flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS)
    *superficial / intermediate layers have full or partial attachment to COMMON FLEXOR TENDON at the medial epicondyle of humerus
    3. deep group:
    flexor digitorum profundus
    flexor pollicis longus
    pronator quadratus
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10
Q

describe pronator teres

A

p: medial epicondyle of humerus and coronoid process of ulna
D: middle of lateral surface of radius
N: median nerve
A: pronate and flex forearm

  • median nerve passes betwn the two heads of the pronator teres
  • medial border of cubital fossa
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11
Q

describe flexor carpi radialis (FCR)

A

P: medial epicondyle of humerus
D: base of 2nd metacarpal
N: median nerve
A: flex and ABduct hand (radial deviation of hand/wrist)

  • radial artery lies lateral to the FCR tendon at the wrist
  • palpate easily if wrist is flexed
  • median nerve located medial to FCR tendon at wrist
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12
Q

describe palmaris longus

A

P: medial epicondyle of humerus
D: distal half of flexor retinaculum and palmer aponeurosis
N: Median Nerve
A: flex hand and “tightens palmer aponeruosis

  • 10-20% of the population
  • palpate the tendon if u flex wrist and pinch thumb and pinky
  • median nerve is lateral to palmaris longus at the wrist
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13
Q

describe the flexor carpi ulnaris

A

p: 2 attachments: A. humeral head –medial epicondyle of humerus B. Ulnar head - olecranon process and posterior border of ulna
D: pisiform, hook of hammate, base of 5th metacarpal bone
N: ulnar
A: flex and adduct hand (ulnar deviation of wrist)

  • *ulnar nerve passes btwn two heads of flexor carpi ulnaris
  • *ulnar nerve and artery are lateral to the FCU tendon at wrist
  • *palpate by laying arm flat and flex/adduct hand (not as easily palpated as FCR or PL)
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14
Q

describe the digitorum superficialis (FDS)

A

P: 2 heads: A. humeroulnar head-medial epicondule of humerus and coronoid process of ulna B. radial head: superior half of anterior border of radius
D: bodies of middle phalanges of medial four digits (2-5)
N: median nerve
A: flex PIP jointof digits 2-5, assist with flexion of hand and MCP joint

  • largest muscle of superficial group
  • median nerve and ulnar artery pass btwn two heads of FDS
  • four tendons enclosed at the wrist in common flexor synovial sheath (as they pass thru the carpal tunnel// also pass deep to flexor retinaculum i think )
  • splits just before the PIP joint to let the FDP pass thru
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15
Q

describe the flexor digitorum profundus (FDP)

A

P: proximal 3/4 of medial and anterior surfaces of the ulna and anterior interosseous membrane
D: base of distal phalanges of medial 4 digits (2-5) (pass thru the split FDS)
N: 2 nerves!! = AIN of median nerve (lateral part); Ulnar nerve (medial part)
A: flex DIP joint of medial 4 digits (2-5) and assists with flexion of hand

  • curls the finger -flexes DIP after PIP is flexed= helps make a fist
  • four tendons enclosed at the wrist in common flexor synovial sheath (deep to FDS tendon and passes deep to flexor retinaculum)
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16
Q

describe the flexor pollicis longus (FPL)

A

P: anterior surface of the radius and interosseous membrane
D: base of distal phalanx of thumb
N: AIN of median nerve
A: flex phalange of thumb (the IP joint) and assists with flexion of mcp joint of thumb

*MMT (manual muscle test?)-stabilize proximal phalange and flex distal phalange against resistance

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17
Q

describe pronator quadratus

A

P: distal 1/4 of anterior ulna
D: distal 1/4 of anterior radius
N: AIN of median nerve
A: pronates forearm and stabilizes radius and ulna

*can NOT be palpated
MMT= test with pts elbow flexed (this shortens the pronator teres and helps isolate the pronator quadratus)

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18
Q

list the muscles of the posterolateral compartment of forearm

A
  • extend wrist/digits and supinate the forearm (except the brachialis which also flexes the forearm)
  • all are innervated by the radial nerve
bracioradialis (flex)
supinator(supinates)
muscles that extend and ABduct:
-extensor carpi radialis longus
muscles that extend and adduct:
-extensor carpi radialis brevis
-extensor carpi ulnaris
muscles that extend the medil 4 digits (2-5)
-extensor digitorum (center ish)
-extensor indices (most lateral near pinky)
-extensor digiti minimi (mid toward the pinky ish)
muscles that extend or abduct thumb
-abductor pollicis longus (ABduct)
-extensor pollicis brevis (extend thumb)
-extensor pollicis longus (extend thumb)
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19
Q

describe the brachioradialis

A 
(on thumb side)
p: proximaal 2/3 of lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus
D: lateral surface of distal radius
N: radial nerve
A: flexes forearm** exception
  • “exception” because this is a FLEXOR
  • lateral order of cubital fossa
  • tendon (deep tendon reflex c-6)
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20
Q

describe the supinator

A

P: lateral epicondyle of humerus, supinator fossa, crest of ulna
D: lateral, posterior and anterior proximal 1/3 of radius
N: deep branch of radial nerve
A: supinate forearm

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21
Q

describe the extensor carpi radialis longus

A

*attached distal to brachioradialis

P:lateral supracondular ridge of humerus (but more distal then brachioradialis)
D: base of 2nd metacarpal (pointer finger)
N: radial nerve
A: extend and aBduct
*tendon goes deep to outcropping muscles that attach to thumb

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22
Q

describe extensor carpi radialis brevis

A 
P: lateral epicondyle of humerus
D: base of 3rd metacarpal
N: deep branch of radial nerve
A: extend and abduct the hand
*tendon of this goes deep to outcropping muscles
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23
Q

describe the extensor carpi ulnaris

A

P: lateral epicondyle of humerus and posterior border of ulna
D: base of 5th metacarpal
N: PIN of radial nerve
A: extend medial 4 digits (2-5) assist in extension of wrist

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24
Q

describe extensor digitorum

A

P: lateral epicondyle of humerus
D: extensor expansion of medial four digits (2-5)
N: PIN of radial nerve
A: extend medil four digits (2-5) and assist in wrist extension

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25
Q

describe extensor indices

A

*hidden under the extensor digitorium
P: posterior ulna and interosseous membrane
D: extensor expansion of second digit (pointer finger)
N: PIN of radial nerve
A: extend 2nd digit

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26
Q

describe extensor digiti minimi

A 
(when hand is pronated this is the most lateral near thumb)
P: lateral epicondyle of the humerus
D: extensor expansion of 5th digit
N: PIN of radial nerve
A: extends 5th digit
27
Q

describe abductor pollicis longus

A

this is an outcropping muscle
P:posterior ulna, radius, interosseous membrane
D: base of 1st METACARPAL (base of thumb near the wrist)
N: PIN of radial nerve
A: abducts thumb

28
Q

describe extensor pollicis brevis

A

outcropping muscle
P: posterior radius and interosseous membrane (not ulna)
D: base of proximal phalanx of thumb
N: PIN of radial nerve
A: Extends proximal phalanx of thumb at the CMC joint (more near the wrist)

29
Q

describe the extensor pollicis longus

A

outcropping muscle
P: posterior surface of middle 1/3 of ulna and interosseous membrane (not radius)
D: base of distal phalanx of thumb (IP joint)
N: PIN of radial nerve
A: extends distal phalanx of thumb (at interphalangeal joint and also MCP and CMC joints)

30
Q

list the arteries of the arm

A

Radial Artery divides into Ulnar Artery and Radial Artery in the CUBITAL FOSSA!

  1. Ulnar Artery
    - has 2 recurrent branches in the elbow
    - in cubital fossa the Common Interosseous Artery branches off
    • -which then divides into the Anterior Interosseous Artery (goes down anterior to interosseous membrane until it hits the pronator teres it dives back into the interosseous membrane and goes posterior to the wrist
      - the ulnar artery itself continues to go down to the wrist and it forms anastomses at wrist and hand with the radial artery
    • -and the Posterior Interosseous Artery (pierces interosseous membrane to go down posterior)
  2. Radial Artery
    - DEEP to the brachioradialis (can palpate pulse along the length of the artery)
    - has a recurrent branch that supplies elbow
    - descends to the wrist and forms anastomoses at the hand and wrist with ulnar artery
31
Q

list the nerves of the forearm

A
  1. median nerve
    • AIN median nerve
  2. Ulnar nerve
  3. Radial nerve
    • Deep radial nerve
      • PIN radial nerve
    • Superficial radial nerve

there are more nerves these are just the forearm

32
Q

pathway of median nerve

A
  • enters the forearm by CUBITAL FOSSA (with the brachial artery)
  • goes down btwn two heads of PRONATOR teres
  • AIN branch comes off (this is deep along the anterior compartment)
  • Median nerve itself continues down betwn the FDS and FDP
  • then at the wrist it is between the FLEXOR CARPI RADIALIS and PALMARIS LONGUS
33
Q

median nerve supplies…

AIN of median nerve supplies..

A 
Median:
pronator teres
FDS
palmaris longus
flexor carpi radialis
Thenar muscles : (abductor pollicus brevis, opponens pollicis, flexor pollicis)

AIN of median nerve:
FDP (1/2)
FPL
Pronator quadratus

34
Q

pathway of the ulnar nerve

A
  • passes posterior the MEDIAL EPICONDYLE
  • enters forearm btwn 2 heads of FLEXOR CARPI ULNARIS “cubital tunnel”
  • descends btwn FCU and FDP
  • goes down to the wrist where it passes ANTERIOR to FLEXOR RETINACULUM
35
Q

ulnar nerve supplies

A 
FCU
FDP (1/2 medial)
Muscles of the hand:
  -Hypothenar muscles:
     abductor digiti minimi
     flexor digiti minimi
     opponsens digiti minimi
  -Interosseous muscles
  -3rd and 4th lumbrical muscles
  -adductor pollicis
  -flexor pollicis
36
Q

Pathway of the radial nerve

A

(u can see this in the lower triangle and it goes down spiral groove btwn lateral and medial triceps)

  • enters forearm ANTERIOR to the LATERAL EPICONDYLE
  • goes btwn the brachialis and brachioreadialis in the CUBITAL FOSSA (on the radial side)
  • then breaks into the Deep Branch and the Superficial Branch of radial nerve
  • deep branch:
    - pierces the supinator and wraps around the radius to posterior where it continues as the PIN radial nerve
  • superficial branch:
    - continues down deep to brachioradialis to the hand where it supplies skin of LATERAL hand
37
Q

radial nerve supplies..
deep branch of radial nerve supplies…
PIN of radial nerve supplies…

A 
radial nerve:
triceps 
anconeous
brachioradialis
extensor carpi radialis longus

deep:
extensor carpi radialis brevis (last muscle near pinky that the radial branch innervates to ddx radial vs ulnar nerve damage)
supinator

PIN:
extensor carpi ulnaris
muscles of digits:
   extensor digitorum
   extensor indices
   extensor digiti minimi
extensor muscles of the thumb:
   abductor pollicis longus
   extensor pollicis brevis
   extensory pollicis longus
38
Q

describe the elbow joint (a lot of info here)

A

*radial and ulnar collaterals
boney articulations:
trochlea of humerus (articulates with trochlear notch of ulna)
capitulum of humerus (articulates with head of radius)
ligaments:
Radial Collateral (Lateral) - lateral epicondyle to annular ligament on humerous (resists medial to lateral stress)
Ulnar Collateral (Medial) - Medial epicondyle to cornoid process and olecranon of ulna (resists lateral to medial stress)
Annular Ligament (ring like, keeps head of radius in notch during pro/supination)

carrying angle men 10-15 degrees, female >/=to15 degrees

bursa:
  3 olecranon bursa: 
   1. subcutaneous olecranon bursa--olecranon bursitis
    2. intratendinous olecranon bursa
    3. subtendinous olecranon bursa
39
Q

joints of the forearm

A

elbow joint
proximal radioulnar joint
distal radioulnar joint

40
Q

describe the proximal radoiulnar joint

A

head of radius articulates with radial notch of ulna

  • annular ligament - stabilizes this during pronation and supination
  • sacciform recess- continuation of synovial joint capsule of elbow joint and is located between the annular ligament and radial head
41
Q

describe the distal radioulnar joint

A

head of ulna articulates with ulnar notch of the radius which rotates around the fixed ulna during pro/supination
TFCC!!!! attaches to base of radius and styloid process of ulna
-acts as pivot during pro/supination
acts as articular disc (on the pinky side)

42
Q

describe the anatomical snuff box

A

triangular space along lateral wrist (area kristen hurt)
borders:
abductor pollicis longus & extensor pollicis brevis tendons
extensor pollicis longus tendon

contents: Radial artery (as it passes from the deep palmer arch)
FYI: superficial branch of radial nerve will travel OVER the roof

43
Q

describe the wrist ( a lot of info here)

A 
articulations: distal radius and carpal bones, TFCC and carpal bones
radiocarpal joint (btwn radius and carpals), midcarpal joint (btwn carpal layers, CMC (cbtwn carpals and metacarpals)

ligaments:
medial(ulnar) collateral ligament
lateral (Radial) collateral ligament
dorsal radiocarpal ligament (arranged to follow radius during pronation
palmer radiocarpal ligament (arranged to alow hand to follow radius during supination) - this one is in inner hand

44
Q

list the fascia of hand/wrist

A

extensor retinaculum
palmer carpal ligament
flexor retinaculum (transverse carpal ligament)
palmer aponeruosis
fibrous septums (divide hand into compartments thenar, central, adductor, hypothenar)

45
Q

describe the extensor retinaculum

A

contain extensor tendons (as they pass across the posterior wrist)
the extensor synovial sheaths enclose the tendons and bursa allow gliding
extensor tendons pass through the wrist in 6 compartments

46
Q

describe the palmer carpal ligament

A

anterior continuation of extensor retinaculum (thickening of fascia at the wrist – all structures of wrist except cutaneous branches of median and ulnar nerves)

47
Q

describe the flexor retinaculum (transverse carpal ligament)

A

deep to palmer carpal ligament
forms the roof of the carpal tunnel
the ulnar nerve passes superficial
median nerve is deep to flexor retinaculum

48
Q

describe the palmer aponeurosis

A

apex is proximal!!!

continuous with flexor retinaculum and palmaris longus tendon

49
Q

list fibrous septums

A

thenar compartment (thumb)
central (ant hand)
adductor (post hand)
hypothenar (pinky)

50
Q

list the muscles of the hand

A

A. thenar compartment:

  1. abductor pollice brevis
  2. flexor pollicis brevis
  3. opponens pollicis

B. adductor compartment
1. adductor pollice

C. hypothenar compartment

  1. abductor digiti minimi
  2. flexor digiti minimi brevis
  3. opponens digiti minimi

D. central compartment
1. lumbricals

E. interossei muscles

 - >dorsal interossei
 - > palmer interossei

F. Palmaris Brevis

51
Q

describe the muscles of the thenar compartment

A
  1. abductor pollicis brevis
    median nerve recurrent branch
    abducts thumb / opposition
  2. flexor pollicis brevis
    median nerve recurrent branch
    flex thumb
  3. opponens pollicis
    median nerve recurrent branch
    opposes thumb
52
Q

describe the muscles of the adductor compartment

A
  1. adductor pollicis
    2 heads** oblique and transverse
    ulnar nerve (last muscle ulnar nerve plugs into important to ddx btwn ulnar and median nerve injury)
    adducts thumb toward midline of hand
53
Q

describe muscles of the hypothenar compartment

A
  1. abductor digiti minimi
    ulnar nerve
    abduct 5th digit
  2. flexor digiti minimi brevis
    ulnar nerve
    flex 5th digit
  3. opponens digiti minimi
    ulnar nerve
    opposition of 5th digit
54
Q

describe the muscles of the central compartment

A
  1. lumbricals
    flex MCP and EXTEND IP joints
    p: along tendons of FDP
    D: extensor expansion hood of digits (2-5) (lands on thumb side of digits 2-5
    N: digits 1 and 2 “unipennate muscles” -median nerve
    digits 3 and 4 “bipennate muscles” -ulnar nerve
    *observe lumbrical attachment along FDP tendons
55
Q

describe the interossei muscles

A

located btwn the metacarpals
ALL innervated by the ulnar nerve
1. DORSAL INTEROSSEI (4) DAB-(this is not attached to pinky at all) ABduct digits with the midline of the hand
–((outer parts of the metacarpals)

  1. PALMER INTEROSSEI (3) PAD -adduct the digits with the midline of the hand
    - -((so on the pointer finger the muscle is on the inner part of the bone on pinky side, but for ring and pinky fingers it is on the thumb side of bone)

DAB=dorsal abduct
PAD=palmer adduct

56
Q

describe the palmaris brevis

A

in the subcutaneous tissue of the hypothenar region BUT NOT in the hypothenar compartment
“wrinkle” skin of hypothenar eminence and deepns the hollow of the palm (on pinky side)

57
Q

describe the extensor expansions (dorsal hood/expansion) of the digits

A

these are extensor tendons (ED, EDM, EI - idk what these mean) and they flatten to form the extensor expansions
its an aponeruosis type hood that wraps around each of the digits 2-5
lumbrical and interossei attach into the lateral band of the hood

during finger flexion the long tendons are surrounded by pulleys that anchor them down

58
Q

describe the pathway of flexor tendons of the extrinsic hand muscles

A
  1. common flexor synovial sheath
    - FDS and FDP contained by the common flexor synovial sheath
    - pass deep to flexor retinaculum in the carpal tunnel
  2. digital synovial sheath
    - “protect” the long finger tendons as they pass thru the digital “pulleys” (fibrous digital sheath)
  3. fibrous digital sheath
    - enclose the synovial sheaths, superficial and deep flexor tendon and tendon of flexor pollic longus
59
Q

describe carpal tunnel

A

*wrist flexors are not involved with the tunnel they are superior to it (FCR/ FCU)

borders:
anterior: flexor retinaculum (transverse carpal ligament)
posterior: carpal bones
Medial and lateral walls: carpal bones

contains:
median nerve
FDS tendon (anterior)
FDP tendons (posterior)
FPL tendon (flexor pollice longus posterior to med nerve)

FDS and FDP are enclosed in the common flexor synovial sheath and FPL has its own synovial sheath- both are surrounded by a fibrous digital sheath

*note that the ulnar nerve and artery are superficial to flexor retinaculum

there is a bursa sheath that separates these so that the tendons can fglide

60
Q

describe guyon’s canal

A

tunnel btwn the pisiform and hook of hamate (pinky side)
ulnar nerve passes thru here to become anterior again (it was posterior) – potential site for ulnar nerve injury

guyons is still under CT bridge (flexor retinaculum)

61
Q

list the nerves of the wrist/hand

A
  1. median nerve
    • palmer branch
    • muscular branch recurrent branch
  2. ulnar nerve fine movement of hand
    - dorsal cutaneous branch
    - palmer cutaneous branch
    - superficial branch
    - deep branch
  3. radial nerve (thumb side)
    • superficial branch
62
Q

describe the radial nerve

A

does NOT supply any hand muscles
the superficial branch of radial nerve supplies LATERAL half of DORSUM of the hand EXCEPT the DISTAL part of the digits 1-3.5 (thumb index middle and half of ring finger)

63
Q

describe the median nerve pathway of hand and wrist

A

median nerve comes down and branches into palmer branch (to supply lateral palm by passing over the flexor retinaculum)
then it enters the carpal tunnel nd passes deep to the flexor retinaculum
it gives off a muscular branch (Recurrent) (to supply the thenar muscles)
the median nerve continues down to supply (lumbricals, palmer surface of digits 1-3.5 [thumb index middle and half of ring], and dorsal surface of DISTAL digits 1-3.5) ((note that the dorsal lateral hand and proximal digits are supplied by the radial nerve))

64
Q

describe the ulnar nerve of the hand and wrist

A

comes down from forearm deep to the flexor carpi ulnaris tendon where it gives off two cutaneous branches (this is still in forearm)

a. dorsal cutaneous branch of ulnar nerve (supplies medial half of dorsum of hand)
b. palmer cutaneous branch (supplies medial palm)

then the ulnar nerve continues thru the guyons canal to come anterior and divides into two more branches:

a. superficial branch (supplies skin of medial 1.5 digits (little finger and half of ring finger)
b. deep branch (supplies skin of hypothenar muscle, medial two lumbricals, all of the interossei, adductor pollicis*** important to ddx ulnar or medial injury)

*important for fine movements of the hand**

65
Q

describe the blood supply to the wrist/hand

A
  1. ulnar artery
    a. common interosseous artery [enters hand superficial to flexor retinaculum**
    -anterior interosseous artery (supplies deep forearm and contributes to both the dorsal and palmer carpal arches)
    -posterior interosseous artery (supplies deep forearm and contributes to dorsal carpal arch)
    [[[the dorsal carpal arch- base of hand ishh]]]
    [[[the palmer carpal arch - more in wrist]]]
    b. superficial palmer arch
    c. deep palmer arch
  2. Radial artery
    a. superficial and palmer arch
    b. deep palmer arch
    * passes dorsal to the wrist/thumb as it forms deep palmer arch
  3. deep and superficial palmer arches
    - supply digits of the hand of the deep palmer arch

Clinical Anatomy (7 decks)

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