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Adolescent and Emerging Adulthood > HDFS311-Unit 3 > Flashcards

HDFS311-Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Secondary School

A

The schools attended by adolescents, usually including a lower secondary school and an upper secondary school.

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2
Q

Comprehensive High School

A

The form of the American high school that arose in the 1920s and is still the main form today, which encompasses a wide range of functions and includes classes in general education, college preparation, and vocational training.

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3
Q

School Climate

A

The quality of interactions between teachers and students, including how teachers interact with students, what sort of expectations and standards they have for students, and what kinds of methods are used in the classroom.

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4
Q

Engagement

A

The quality of being psychologically committed to learning, including being alert and attentive in the classroom and making a diligent effort to learn.

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5
Q

Gifted Students

A

Students who have unusually high abilities in academics, art, or music.

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6
Q

Advanced Placement (AP) Classes

A

Classes for gifted students in high school that have higher-level material than normal classes in order to provide a challenging curriculum

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7
Q

Learning Disability

A

In schools, a diagnosis made when a child or adolescent has normal intelligence but has difficulty in one or more academic areas and in the difficulty cannot be attributed to any other disorder.

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8
Q

Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

A

Disorder characterized by difficulty in maintaining attention on a task along with a high activity level that makes self-control problematic

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9
Q

Retention

A

The degree of success in maintaining students in college until they graduate.

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10
Q

International Labor Organization (ILO)

A

An organization that seeks to prevent children and adolescents from being exploited in the workplace.

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11
Q

Debt Bondage

A

Arrangement in which a person who is in debt pledges his labor or the labor of his children as payment.

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12
Q

Retention Rate

A

In a longitudinal study, the percentage of participants who continued to take part in the study after the first year

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13
Q

Occupational Deviance

A

Deviant acts committed in relation to the work-place, such as stealing supplies

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14
Q

The Forgotten Half

A

The nearly half of young Americans who enter the workplace following high school rather than attending college.

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15
Q

The New Basic Skills

A

Skills identified by Murnane and Levy that are required for high school graduates who wish to be able to obtain the best jobs available in the new information-based economy.

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16
Q

Apprenticeship

A

An arrangement, common in Europe, in which an adolescent “novice” serves under contract to a “master” who has substantial experience in a profession, and through working under the master, learns the skills the skills required to enter the profession

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17
Q

Unemployed

A

The status of persons who are not in school, not working, and who are looking for a job.

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18
Q

Community Service

A

Volunteer work provided as a contribution to the community, without monetary compensation

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19
Q

Peace Corps

A

An international service program in which Americans provide service to a community in a foreign country for 2 years.

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20
Q

Americorps

A

The national service program in the United States in which young people serve in a community organization for up to 2 years for minimal pay.

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21
Q

Digital Device

A

A small hand-held device that can be used for communication and entertainment purposes

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22
Q

Uses and Gratifications Approach

A

Approach to understanding media that emphasizes that people differ in numerous ways that lead them to make different choices about which media to consume and that even people consuming the same media product will respond to it in a variety of ways, depending on their individual characteristics.

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23
Q

Sensation Seeking

A

A personality characteristic defined by the extent to which a person enjoys novelty and intensity of sensation

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24
Q

Super Peer

A

One of the functions of media for adolescents, meaning that adolescents often look to media for information (especially concerning sexuality) that their parents may be unwilling to provide, in the same way that they might look to a friend.

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25
Q

Field Studies

A

Studies in which people’s behavior is observed in a natural settings.

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26
Q

Cathartic Effect

A

Effect sometimes attributed to media experiences, in which media experience has the effect of relieving unpleasant emotions.

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27
Q

Social Networking Websites

A

Internet websites such as Facebook and Myspace that allows users a forum for identity presentation and for making and maintaining social contacts.

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28
Q

Blog

A

A public Internet journal of a person’s thoughts, feelings, and activities

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29
Q

Text Messaging

A

Communication through cell phones that involves typing a message on the cell phone screen and sending it like an email/message

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30
Q

Internalizing Problems

A

Problems such as depression and anxiety that affect a person’s internal world, for example: depression, anxiety and eating disorders

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31
Q

Externalizing Problems

A

Problems that affect a person’s external world, such as delinquency and fighting

32
Q

Overcontrolled

A

Personality characterized by inhibition, anxiety, and self-punishment, sometimes ascribed to adolescents who have internalizing problems

33
Q

Undercontrolled

A

Personality characterized by a lack of self-control, sometimes ascribed to adolescents who have externalizing problems

34
Q

Risk Behavior

A

Problems that involve the risk of negative outcomes, such as risky driving and substance use.

35
Q

Problem Behavior

A

Behavior that young people engage in that is viewed by adults as a source of problems, such as unprotected premarital sex and substance use

36
Q

Driver education

A

Programs designed to teach young drivers safe driving skills before they receive their driver’s license

37
Q

Graduated Driver Licensing (GDL)

A

A program that allows young people restricted driving privileges when they first receive their license, gradually increasing the privileges if the restrictions are not violated.

38
Q

Driving Curfews

A

In graduated licensing programs, a feature of the restricted license stage in which young drivers are prohibited from driving late at night except for a specific purpose such as going back and forth to work.

39
Q

Substance Use

A

Use of substances that have cognitive and mood-altering effects, including alcohol, cigarettes, and illegal drugs such as marijuana, LSD, and cocaine

40
Q

Binge Drinking

A

Drinking a large number of alcoholic drinks in one episode, usually defined as drinking five or more alcoholic drinks in a row

41
Q

Unstructured Socializing

A

The term for young people spending time together with no specific event as the center of their activity

42
Q

Gateway Drugs

A

Term sometimes applied to alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana because young people who use harder drugs usually use these drugs first

43
Q

Experimental Substance Use

A

Trying a substance once or perhaps a few times out of curiosity

44
Q

Social Substance Use

A

The use of substances in the course of social activities with one or more friends

45
Q

Medicinal Substance Use

A

Substance use undertaken for the purpose of relieving an unpleasant emotional state such as sadness, anxiety, stress, or loneliness

46
Q

Self-Medication

A

The use of substances for relieving unpleasant states such as sadness or stress

47
Q

Addictive Substance Use

A

Pattern of substance use in which a person has come to depend on regular use of substances to feel good physically and/or psychologically

48
Q

Withdrawal Symptoms

A

States such as high anxiety and tremors experienced by persons who stop taking the substance to which they are addicted

49
Q

Parental Monitoring

A

The degree to which parents keep track of where their adolescents are and what they are doing

50
Q

Juveniles

A

Persons defined by the legal system as being younger than adult status

51
Q

Delinquency

A

Violations of the law committed by juveniles

52
Q

Status Offenses

A

Offenses such as running away from home that are defined as violations of the law only because they are committed by juveniles

53
Q

Index Crimes

A

Serious crimes divided into two categories: violent crimes such as rape, assault, and murder, and property crimes such as robbery, motor vehicle theft, and arson.

54
Q

Violent Crimes

A

Crimes that involve physical harm on others for example, assault, and murder.

55
Q

Property Crimes

A

Crimes that involve taking or damaging others’ property, for example, robbery and arson.

56
Q

Non-index Crimes

A

Crimes such as illegal gambling, prostitution, and disorderly conduct considered less serious offenses that index crimes.

57
Q

Life-Course Persistent Delinquency

A

In Moffitt’s theory, adolescents who show a history of related problems both prior to and following adolescents.

58
Q

Adolescent-Limited Delinquents

A

In Moffitt’s theory, delinquents who engage in criminal acts in adolescence and/or emerging adulthood but show no evidence of problems before or after these periods.

59
Q

Multisystemic Approach

A

Delinquency prevention strategy that addresses risk factors at several levels, including the home, the school, and the neighborhood.

60
Q

Peer Contagion

A

Term for the increase in delinquent behavior that often takes place as an unintended consequence of bringing adolescents with problems together for an intervention, because in the intervention setting they reinforce each other’s delinquent tendencies and find new partners for delinquent acts.

61
Q

Socialized Delinquents

A

Delinquents who commit crimes in groups and are similar to non-delinquents in psychological functioning and family relationships.

62
Q

Unsocialized Delinquents

A

Delinquent adolescents who have few friends and commit their crimes alone.

63
Q

Ethos

A

The beliefs about education that characterize a school as a whole.

64
Q

Protective Factor

A

Characteristics of young people that are related to lower likelihood of participation in risk behavior.

65
Q

Low Impulse Control

A

Difficulty in exercising self-control, often found to be related to risk behavior in adolescence.

66
Q

Depression

A

An enduring period of sadness.

67
Q

Depressed Mood

A

An enduring period of sadness, without any other related symptoms of depression.

68
Q

Depressive Syndrome

A

An enduring period of sadness along with other symptoms such as frequent crying, feelings of worthlessness, and feeling guilty, lonely, or worried.

69
Q

Major Depressive Disorder

A

Psychological diagnosis that entails depressed mood or reduced interest or pleasure in all or almost all activities, plus at least four other specific symptoms. Symptoms must be present over at least a 2-week period and must involve a change from previous functioning.

70
Q

Diathesis-Stress Model

A

A theory that mental disorders result from the combination of a diathesis (biological vulnerability) and environmental stresses.

71
Q

Placebo Design

A

Research design in which some persons in a study receive medication and others receive placebos, which are pills that contain no medication

72
Q

Cognitive-Behavior Therapy (CBT)

A

An approach to treating psychological disorders that focuses on changing negative ways of thinking and practicing new ways of interacting with others.

73
Q

Negative Attributions

A

Beliefs that one’s current unhappiness is permanent and uncontrollable

74
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A

Eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation.

75
Q

Bulimia

A

An eating disorder characterized by episodes of binge eating and followed by purging (self-induced vomiting)

76
Q

Amenorrhea

A

Cessation of menstruation, sometimes experienced by girls whose body weight falls extremely low.

Adolescent and Emerging Adulthood (3 decks)

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