HDFS311-Unit 3 Flashcards
Secondary School
The schools attended by adolescents, usually including a lower secondary school and an upper secondary school.
Comprehensive High School
The form of the American high school that arose in the 1920s and is still the main form today, which encompasses a wide range of functions and includes classes in general education, college preparation, and vocational training.
School Climate
The quality of interactions between teachers and students, including how teachers interact with students, what sort of expectations and standards they have for students, and what kinds of methods are used in the classroom.
Engagement
The quality of being psychologically committed to learning, including being alert and attentive in the classroom and making a diligent effort to learn.
Gifted Students
Students who have unusually high abilities in academics, art, or music.
Advanced Placement (AP) Classes
Classes for gifted students in high school that have higher-level material than normal classes in order to provide a challenging curriculum
Learning Disability
In schools, a diagnosis made when a child or adolescent has normal intelligence but has difficulty in one or more academic areas and in the difficulty cannot be attributed to any other disorder.
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Disorder characterized by difficulty in maintaining attention on a task along with a high activity level that makes self-control problematic
Retention
The degree of success in maintaining students in college until they graduate.
International Labor Organization (ILO)
An organization that seeks to prevent children and adolescents from being exploited in the workplace.
Debt Bondage
Arrangement in which a person who is in debt pledges his labor or the labor of his children as payment.
Retention Rate
In a longitudinal study, the percentage of participants who continued to take part in the study after the first year
Occupational Deviance
Deviant acts committed in relation to the work-place, such as stealing supplies
The Forgotten Half
The nearly half of young Americans who enter the workplace following high school rather than attending college.
The New Basic Skills
Skills identified by Murnane and Levy that are required for high school graduates who wish to be able to obtain the best jobs available in the new information-based economy.
Apprenticeship
An arrangement, common in Europe, in which an adolescent “novice” serves under contract to a “master” who has substantial experience in a profession, and through working under the master, learns the skills the skills required to enter the profession
Unemployed
The status of persons who are not in school, not working, and who are looking for a job.
Community Service
Volunteer work provided as a contribution to the community, without monetary compensation
Peace Corps
An international service program in which Americans provide service to a community in a foreign country for 2 years.
Americorps
The national service program in the United States in which young people serve in a community organization for up to 2 years for minimal pay.
Digital Device
A small hand-held device that can be used for communication and entertainment purposes
Uses and Gratifications Approach
Approach to understanding media that emphasizes that people differ in numerous ways that lead them to make different choices about which media to consume and that even people consuming the same media product will respond to it in a variety of ways, depending on their individual characteristics.
Sensation Seeking
A personality characteristic defined by the extent to which a person enjoys novelty and intensity of sensation
Super Peer
One of the functions of media for adolescents, meaning that adolescents often look to media for information (especially concerning sexuality) that their parents may be unwilling to provide, in the same way that they might look to a friend.
Field Studies
Studies in which people’s behavior is observed in a natural settings.
Cathartic Effect
Effect sometimes attributed to media experiences, in which media experience has the effect of relieving unpleasant emotions.
Social Networking Websites
Internet websites such as Facebook and Myspace that allows users a forum for identity presentation and for making and maintaining social contacts.
Blog
A public Internet journal of a person’s thoughts, feelings, and activities
Text Messaging
Communication through cell phones that involves typing a message on the cell phone screen and sending it like an email/message
Internalizing Problems
Problems such as depression and anxiety that affect a person’s internal world, for example: depression, anxiety and eating disorders
Externalizing Problems
Problems that affect a person’s external world, such as delinquency and fighting
Overcontrolled
Personality characterized by inhibition, anxiety, and self-punishment, sometimes ascribed to adolescents who have internalizing problems
Undercontrolled
Personality characterized by a lack of self-control, sometimes ascribed to adolescents who have externalizing problems
Risk Behavior
Problems that involve the risk of negative outcomes, such as risky driving and substance use.
Problem Behavior
Behavior that young people engage in that is viewed by adults as a source of problems, such as unprotected premarital sex and substance use
Driver education
Programs designed to teach young drivers safe driving skills before they receive their driver’s license
Graduated Driver Licensing (GDL)
A program that allows young people restricted driving privileges when they first receive their license, gradually increasing the privileges if the restrictions are not violated.
Driving Curfews
In graduated licensing programs, a feature of the restricted license stage in which young drivers are prohibited from driving late at night except for a specific purpose such as going back and forth to work.
Substance Use
Use of substances that have cognitive and mood-altering effects, including alcohol, cigarettes, and illegal drugs such as marijuana, LSD, and cocaine
Binge Drinking
Drinking a large number of alcoholic drinks in one episode, usually defined as drinking five or more alcoholic drinks in a row
Unstructured Socializing
The term for young people spending time together with no specific event as the center of their activity
Gateway Drugs
Term sometimes applied to alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana because young people who use harder drugs usually use these drugs first
Experimental Substance Use
Trying a substance once or perhaps a few times out of curiosity
Social Substance Use
The use of substances in the course of social activities with one or more friends
Medicinal Substance Use
Substance use undertaken for the purpose of relieving an unpleasant emotional state such as sadness, anxiety, stress, or loneliness
Self-Medication
The use of substances for relieving unpleasant states such as sadness or stress
Addictive Substance Use
Pattern of substance use in which a person has come to depend on regular use of substances to feel good physically and/or psychologically
Withdrawal Symptoms
States such as high anxiety and tremors experienced by persons who stop taking the substance to which they are addicted
Parental Monitoring
The degree to which parents keep track of where their adolescents are and what they are doing
Juveniles
Persons defined by the legal system as being younger than adult status
Delinquency
Violations of the law committed by juveniles
Status Offenses
Offenses such as running away from home that are defined as violations of the law only because they are committed by juveniles
Index Crimes
Serious crimes divided into two categories: violent crimes such as rape, assault, and murder, and property crimes such as robbery, motor vehicle theft, and arson.
Violent Crimes
Crimes that involve physical harm on others for example, assault, and murder.
Property Crimes
Crimes that involve taking or damaging others’ property, for example, robbery and arson.
Non-index Crimes
Crimes such as illegal gambling, prostitution, and disorderly conduct considered less serious offenses that index crimes.
Life-Course Persistent Delinquency
In Moffitt’s theory, adolescents who show a history of related problems both prior to and following adolescents.
Adolescent-Limited Delinquents
In Moffitt’s theory, delinquents who engage in criminal acts in adolescence and/or emerging adulthood but show no evidence of problems before or after these periods.
Multisystemic Approach
Delinquency prevention strategy that addresses risk factors at several levels, including the home, the school, and the neighborhood.
Peer Contagion
Term for the increase in delinquent behavior that often takes place as an unintended consequence of bringing adolescents with problems together for an intervention, because in the intervention setting they reinforce each other’s delinquent tendencies and find new partners for delinquent acts.
Socialized Delinquents
Delinquents who commit crimes in groups and are similar to non-delinquents in psychological functioning and family relationships.
Unsocialized Delinquents
Delinquent adolescents who have few friends and commit their crimes alone.
Ethos
The beliefs about education that characterize a school as a whole.
Protective Factor
Characteristics of young people that are related to lower likelihood of participation in risk behavior.
Low Impulse Control
Difficulty in exercising self-control, often found to be related to risk behavior in adolescence.
Depression
An enduring period of sadness.
Depressed Mood
An enduring period of sadness, without any other related symptoms of depression.
Depressive Syndrome
An enduring period of sadness along with other symptoms such as frequent crying, feelings of worthlessness, and feeling guilty, lonely, or worried.
Major Depressive Disorder
Psychological diagnosis that entails depressed mood or reduced interest or pleasure in all or almost all activities, plus at least four other specific symptoms. Symptoms must be present over at least a 2-week period and must involve a change from previous functioning.
Diathesis-Stress Model
A theory that mental disorders result from the combination of a diathesis (biological vulnerability) and environmental stresses.
Placebo Design
Research design in which some persons in a study receive medication and others receive placebos, which are pills that contain no medication
Cognitive-Behavior Therapy (CBT)
An approach to treating psychological disorders that focuses on changing negative ways of thinking and practicing new ways of interacting with others.
Negative Attributions
Beliefs that one’s current unhappiness is permanent and uncontrollable
Anorexia Nervosa
Eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation.
Bulimia
An eating disorder characterized by episodes of binge eating and followed by purging (self-induced vomiting)
Amenorrhea
Cessation of menstruation, sometimes experienced by girls whose body weight falls extremely low.
