HDFS311-Unit 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Adolescence
A
A period of the life course between the time puberty begins and the time adult status is approached, when young people are in the process of preparing to take on the roles and responsibilities of adulthood in their culture.
2
Q
Life-cycle Service
A
A period in their late teens and 20s in which young people from the 16th to 19th century engaged in domestic service, farm service, or apprenticeships in various trades and crafts
3
Q
Child Study Movement
A
Late 19th century group, led by G. Stanley Hall, that advocated research on child and adolescent development and the improvement of conditions for children and adolescents in the family, school, and workplace.
4
Q
Recapitulation
A
Now-discredited theory that held that the development of each individual recapitulates the evolutionary development of the human species as a whole.
5
Q
Storm and Stress
A
Theory promoted by G. Stanley Hall asserting that adolescence is inevitably a time of mood disruptions, conflict with parents, and antisocial behavior.
6
Q
Survey
A
A questionnaire study that involves asking a large number of people questions about their opinions, or behavior.
7
Q
Stratified Sampling
A
Sampling technique in which researchers select participants so that various categories of people are represented in proportions equal to their presence in the population.
8
Q
Random Sample
A
Sampling technique in which the people selected for participation in a study are chosen randomly, meaning that no one in the population has a better or worse chance of being selected than anyone else.
9
Q
Menarche
A
A girl’s first menstrual period.
10
Q
Emerging Adulthood
A
Period from roughly ages 18-25 in industrialized countries during which young people become more independent from parents and explore various life possibilities before making enduring commitments.
11
Q
Lamarckian
A
Reference to Lamarck’s ideas, popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, that evolution takes place as a result of accumulated experience such that organisms pass on their characteristics from one generation to the next in the form of memories and acquired characteristics.
12
Q
Early Adolescence
A
Period of human development lasting from about age 10 to about age 14
13
Q
Late Adolescence
A
Period of human development lasting from about age 15 to about age 18.
14
Q
Individualism
A
Cultural belief system that emphasizes the desirability of independence, self-sufficiency, and self-expression.
15
Q
Collectivism
A
A set of beliefs asserting that it is important for persons to mute their individual desires in order to contribute to the well-being and success of the group.
16
Q
Interdependence
A
The web of commitments, attachments, and obligations that exist in some human groups.
17
Q
Scientific Method
A
A systematic way of finding the answers to questions or problems that includes standards of sampling, procedure, and measures.
18
Q
Hypotheses
A
Ideas, based on theory or previous research, that a scholar wishes to test in a scientific study
19
Q
Sample
A
The people included in a given study, who are intended to represent the population of interest.
20
Q
Population
A
The entire group of people of interest in a study.
21
Q
Representative
A
Characteristic of a sample that refers to the degree to which it accurately represents the population of interest.
22
Q
Generalizable
A
Characteristic of a sample that refers the degree to which findings based on the sample can be used to make accurate statements about the population of interest.
23
Q
Procedure
A
Standards for the way a study is conducted. Includes informed consent and certain rules for avoided biases in the data collection.
24
Q
Method
A
A scientific strategy for collecting data.
25
Peer Reviewed
When a scholarly article or book is evaluated by a scholar's peers (i.e., other scholars) for scientific credibility and importance.
26
Informed Consent
Standard procedure in social scientific studies that entails informing potential participants of what their participation would involve, including any possible risks.
27
Consent Form
Written statement provided by a researcher to potential participants in a study, informing them of who is conducting the study, the purposes of the study, and what their participation would involve, including potential risks.
28
Closed Question
Questionnaire format that entails choosing from specific responses provided for each question.
29
Open-ended Question
Questionnaire format that involves writing in response to each question.
30
Interview
Research method that involves asking people questions in a conversational format, such that people's answers are in their own words.
31
Qualitative
Data that is collected in non-numerical form, usually in interviews or observations.
32
Quantitative
Data that is collected in numerical form, usually on questionnaires.
33
Ethnographic Research
Research in which scholars spend a considerable amount of time among the people they wish to study, usually living among them.
34
Ethnography
A book that presents an anthropologist's observations of what life is like in a particular culture.
35
Reliability
Characteristic of a measure that refers to the extent to which results of the measure on one occasion are similar to results of the measure on a separate occasion
36
Validity
The truthfulness of a measure, that is, the extent to which it measures what it claims to measure.
37
Experimental Research Method
A research method that entails assigning participants randomly to an experimental group that received a treatment and a control group that does not receive the treatment, then comparing the two groups in a posttest.
38
Experimental Group
In experimental research, the group that receives the treatment.
39
Control Group
In experimental research, the group that does not receive the treatment
40
Interventions
Programs intended to change the attitudes and/or behavior of the participant
41
Natural Experiment
A situation that occurs naturally but that provides interesting scientific information to the perceptive observer
42
Monozygotic (MZ) Twins
Twins with exactly the same genotype. Also known as identical twins.
43
Dizygotic (DZ) Twins
Twins with about half their genotype in common, the same as for other siblings. Also known as fraternal twins.
44
Correlation Versus Causation
A correlation is a predictable relationship between two variables, such that knowing one of the variables makes it possible to predict the other. However, just because two variables are correlated does not mean that one causes the other.
45
Longitudinal Study
A study in which data is collected from the participants on more than one occasion.
46
Patriarchal Authority
Cultural beliefs in the absolute authority of the father over his wife and children
47
Filial Piety
Confucian belief, common in many Asian societies, that children are obligated to respect, obey, and revere their parents, especially the father.
48
Caste System
Hindu belief that people are born into particular caste based on their moral and spiritual conduct in their previous life. A person's caste then determines their status in Indian society.
49
Globalization
Increasing worldwide technological and economic integration, which is making different parts of the world increasingly connected and increasingly similar culturally.
50
Bicultural
Having an identity that includes aspects of two different cultures.
51
Resilience
Overcoming adverse environmental circumstances to achieve healthy development.
52
Puberty
The changes in physiology, anatomy, and physical functioning that develop a person into a mature adult biologically and prepare the body for sexual reproduction.
53
Endocrine System
A network of glands in the body. Through hormones, the glands coordinate their functioning and affect the development and functioning of the body.
54
Hormones
Chemicals, released by the glands of the endocrine system, that affect the development and functioning of the body, including development during puberty.
55
Hypothalamus
The "master gland," located in the lower part of the brain beneath the cortex, that affects a wide range of physiological and psychological functioning that stimulates and regulates the production of hormones by other glands, including the ones involved in the initiation of puberty.
56
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Hormone released by the hypothalamus that causes gonadotropins to be released by the pituitary
57
Leptin
A protein, produced by fat cells, that signals the hypothalamus to initiate the hormonal changes of puberty.
58
Pituitary Gland
A gland about half an inch long located at the base of the brain that releases gonadotropins as part of the body's preparation for reproduction.
59
Gonadotropins
Hormones (FSH and LH) that stimulate the development of gametes.
60
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Along with LH, stimulates the development of gametes and sex hormones in the ovaries and testicles.
61
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Along with FSH, stimulates the development of gametes and sex hormones in the ovaries and testicles
62
Gametes
Cells, distinctive to each sex, that are involved in reproduction (egg cells in the ovaries of the female and sperm in the testes of the male).
63
Gonads
The ovaries and testicles. Also known as the sex glands.
64
Sex Hormones
Androgens and estrogens that cause the development of primary and secondary sex characteristics.
65
Estrogens
The sex hormones that have especially high levels in females from puberty onward and are mostly responsible for female primary and secondary sex characteristics
66
Androgens
The sex hormones that have especially high levels in males from puberty onward and are mostly responsible for male primary and secondary sex characterstics.
67
Estradiol
The estrogen most important in pubertal development among girls.
68
Testosterone
The androgen most important in pubertal development among boys.
69
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
The hormone that causes the adrenal glands to increase androgen production.
70
Feedback Loop
System of hormones involving the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the gonads, which monitors and adjusts the levels of the sex hormones.
71
Set Point
Optimal level of sex hormones in the body. When this point is reached, responses in the glands of the feedback loop cause the production of sex hormones can be reduced.
72
Adolescent Growth Spurt
The rapid increase in height that takes place at the beginning of puberty.
73
Peak Height Velocity
The point at which the adolescent growth spurt is at its maximum rate
74
Asynchronicity
Uneven growth of different parts of the body during puberty
75
Extremities
The feet, hands, and head.
76
Vital Capacity
The amount of air that can be exhaled after a deep breath, which increases rapidly during puberty, especially for boys
77
Maximum Oxygen Uptake (VO2 max)
A measure of the ability of the body to take in oxygen and transport it to various organs; peaks in the early 20s.
78
Cardiac Output
A measure of the quantity of blood pumped by the heart.
79
Health Promotion
Efforts to reduce health problems in young people through encouraging changes in the behaviors that put young people at risk.
80
Primary Sex Characteristics
The production of eggs and sperm and the development of the sex organs.
81
Secondary Sex Characteristics
Bodily changes of puberty not directly related to reproduction
82
Ovum
Mature egg that develops from follicle in ovaries about every 28 days.
83
Spermarche
Beginning of development of sperm in boys' testicles at puberty
84
Vulva
External female sex organs, including the labia majora, the labia minora, and the clitoris.
85
Labia Majora
Part of vulva, latin for "large lips"
86
Labia minora
Part of vulva; latin for "small lips"
87
Clitoris
Part of vulva in which females' sexual sensations are concentrated
88
Breast Buds
The first slight enlargement of the breast in girls at puberty
89
Areola
Area surrounding the nipple on the breast; enlarges at puberty
90
Secular Trend
A change in the characteristics of a population over time
91
Reaction Range
Term meaning that genes establish a range of possible development and environment determines where development takes place within that range.
92
Incest Taboo
The prohibition on sexual relations between family members. Believed to be biologically based, as children born to closely related parents are at higher risk for genetic disorders.
93
Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)
The combination of behavioral, emotional, and physical symptoms that occur in some females the week before menstruation
94
Semenarche
A male's first ejaculation
95
Age-graded
Organized by age, for example in schools
96
Nature-Nurture Debate
Debate over the relative importance of biology and the environment in human development
97
Theory of Genotype--> Environment Effects
Theory that both genetics and environment make essential contributions to human development but are difficult to unravel because our genes actually influence the kind of environment we experience.
98
Passive Genotype-->Environmental effects
Situation in biological families that parents provide both genes and environment for their children, making genes and environment difficult to separate in their effects on children's development.
99
Evocative Genotype-->Environment Effects
Occurs when a person's inherited characteristics evoke responses from others in the environment.
100
Active Genotype--> Environment Effects
Occur when people seek out environments that correspond to their genotypic characteristics.
101
Cognitive Development
Changes over time in how people think, how they solve problems, and how their capacities for memory and attention change.
102
Jean Piaget
Influential Swiss developmental psychologist, best known for his theories of cognitive and moral development
103
Stage
A period in which abilities are organized in a coherent, interrelated way.
104
Mental Structure
The organization of cognitive abilities into a single pattern, such that thinking in all aspects of life is a reflection of that structure.
105
Cognitive-Developmental Approach
Approach to understanding cognition that emphasizes the changes that take place at different ages.
106
Maturation
Process by which abilities develop through genetically based development with limited influence from the environment
107
Schemes
A mental structure for organizing and interpreting information
108
Assimilation
The cognitive process that occurs when new information is altered to fit an existing scheme
109
Accommodation
The cognitive process that occurs when a scheme is changed to adapt to new information.
110
Sensorimotor Stage
Cognitive stage in first 2 years of life that involves learning how to coordinate the activities of the senses with motor activities
111
Preoperational Stage
Cognitive stage from ages 2 to 7 during which the child becomes capable of representing the world symbolically -- for example, through the use of language -- but is still very limited in ability to use mental operations.
112
Concrete Operations
Cognitive stage from age 7 to 11 in which children learn to use mental operations but are limited to applying them to concrete, observable situations rather than hypothetical situations.
113
Mental Operations
Cognitive activity involving manipulating and reasoning about objects.
114
Formal Operations
Cognitive stage from age 11 on up in which people learn to think systematically about possibilities and hypotheses.
115
Pendulum Problem
Piaget's classic test of formal operations, in which persons are asked to figure out what determines the speed at which a pendulum sways from side to side.
116
Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning
Piaget's term for the process by which the formal operational thinker systematically tests possible solutions to a problem and arrives at an answer that can be defended and explained.
117
Abstract Thinking
Thinking in terms of symbols, ideas, and concepts
118
Complex Thinking
Thinking that takes into account multiple connections and interpretations, such as in the use of metaphor, satire, and sarcasm.
119
Metacognition
The capacity for "thinking about thinking" that allows adolescents and adults to reason about their thought processes and monitor them.
120
Individual Differences
Approach to research that focuses on how individuals differ within a group, for example, in performance on IQ tests.
121
Postformal Thinking
Type of thinking beyond formal operations, involving greater awareness of the complexity of real-life situations, such as in the use of pragmatism and reflective judgment.
122
Pragmatism
Type of thinking that involves adapting logical thinking to the practical constraints of real-life situations.
123
Dialectical Thought
Type of thinking that develops in emerging adulthood, involving a growing awareness that most problems do not have a single solution and that problems must often be addressed with crucial pieces of information missing.
124
Reflective Judgment
The capacity to evaluate the accuracy and logical coherence of evidence and arguments
125
Dualistic Thinking
Cognitive tendency to see situations and issues in polarized, absolute, black-and-white terms.
126
Multiple Thinking
Cognitive approach entailing recognition that there is more than one legitimate view of things and that it can be difficult to justify one position as the true or accurate one.
127
Relativism
Cognitive ability to recognize the legitimacy of competing points of view but also compare the relative merits of competing views.
128
Commitment
Cognitive status in which persons commit themselves to certain points of view they believe to be the most valid while at the same time being open to reevaluating their views if new evidence is presented to them.
129
Information-Processing Approach
An approach to understanding cognition that seeks to delineate the steps involved in the thinking process and how each step is connected to the next.
130
Discontinuous
A view of development as taking place in stages that are distinct from one another rather than one as gradual, continuous process.
131
Continuous
A view of development as a gradual, steady process rather than as taking place in distinct stages.
132
Componential Approach
Description of the information-processing approach to cognition, indicating that it involves breaking down the thinking process into its various components.
133
Selective Attention
The ability to focus on relevant information while screening out information that is irrelevant
134
Divided Attention
The ability to focus on more than one task at a time.
135
Short-term Memory
Memory for information that is the current focus of attention
136
Long-Term Memory
Memory for information that is committed to longer-term storage, so that it can be drawn upon after a period when attention has not been focused on it.
137
Working memory
An aspect of short-term memory that refers to where information is stored as it is comprehended and analyzed.
138
Mnemonic Devices
Memory strategies.
139
Automaticity
Degree of cognitive effort a person needs to devote to processing a given set of information
140
Reductionism
Breaking up a phenomenon into separate parts to such an extent that the meaning and coherence of the phenomenal as a whole becomes lost.
141
Critical Thinking
Thinking that involves not merely memorizing information but analyzing it, making judgments about what it means, relating it to other information, and considering ways in which it might be valid or invalid
142
Behavioral Decision Theory
Theory of decision making that describes the decision-making process as including (1) identifying the range of possible choices; (2) identifying the consequences that would result from each choice; (3) Evaluating the desirability of each consequence; (4) assessing the likelihood of each consequence; and (5) integrating this information.
143
Organizational Core
Term applied especially to cognitive development, meaning that cognitive development affects all areas of thinking, no matter what the topic.
144
Social Cognition
How people think about other people, social relationships, and social institutions.
145
Perspective Taking
The ability to understand the thoughts and feelings of others.
146
Mutual Perspective Taking
Stage of perspective taking, often found in early adolescence, in which persons understand that their perspective-taking interactions with others are mutual, in the sense that each side realizes that the other can take their perspective
147
Social and Conventional System Perspective Taking
Realizing that the social perspectives of self and others are influenced not just by their interaction with each other but by their roles in the larger society.
148
Prosocial
Promoting the well-being of others.
149
Theory of Mind
The ability to attribute mental states to one's self and others, including beliefs, thoughts, and feelings
150
Adolescent Egocentrism
Type of egocentrism in which adolescents have difficulty distinguishing their thinking about their own thoughts from their thinking about the thoughts of others.
151
Imaginary Audience
Belief that others are acutely aware of and attentive to one's appearance and behavior.
152
Personal Fable
A belief in one's personal uniqueness, often including a sense of invulnerability to the consequences of taking risks.
153
Optimistic Bias
The tendency to assume the accidents, diseases, and other misfortunes are more likely to happen to other people than to one's self.
154
Psychometric Approach
Attempt to understand human cognition by evaluating cognitive abilities using intelligence tests.
155
Alfred Binet
French psychologist who developed the first intelligence test in the early 20th century, which later became known as the Stanford-Biney
156
Stanford-Binet
Widely used IQ test developed by Alfred Binet and revised by scholars at Stanford University
157
Intelligence Quotient
A measure of a person's intellectual abilities based on a standardized test.
158
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV)
Intelligence test for children ages 6 to 16, with six Verbal and five Performance subtests.
159
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV)
Intelligence test for persons ages 16 and up, with six Verbal and five Performance subtests
160
Verbal Subtests
In the Wechsler IQ tests, subtests that examine verbal abilities
161
Performance Subtests
In the Wechsler IQ tests, subtests that examine abilities for attention, spatial perception, and speed of processing.
162
Relative Performance
In IQ tests, performance results compared to those of other persons of the same age.
163
Absolute Performance
In IQ tests, performance results compared to those of other persons, regardless of age.
164
Age Norms
Technique for developing a psychological test, in which a typical score for each age is established by testing a large random sample of people from a variety of geographical areas and social class backgrounds.
165
Median
In a distribution of scores, the point at which half of the population scores above and half below.
166
Test-retest reliability
Type of reliability that examines whether or not persons' scores on one occasion are similar to their scores on another occasion
167
Fluid Intelligence
Mental abilities that involve speed of analyzing, processing, and reacting to information.
168
Crystallized Intelligence
Accumulated knowledge and enhanced judgment based on experience.
169
Predictive Validity
In longitudinal research, the ability of a variable at Time 1 to predict the outcome of a variable at Time 2.
170
Transracial Adoption
The adoption of children of one race by parents of a different race.
171
Theory of Multiple Intelligences
Howard Gardner's theory that there are eight separate types of intelligence
172
fMRI
A technique for measuring brain functioning during an ongoing activity
173
PET scans
A technique for assessing ongoing brain functioning, in which a chemical that emits positrons is injected into the body, and detectors measure their activity levels in various parts of the brain.
174
Synapse
The point of transmission between two nerve cells
175
Neurons
Cells of the nervous system, including the brain
176
Overproduction or Exuberance
A rapid increase in the production of synaptic connections in the brain
177
Gray Matter
The outer layer of the brain, where most of the growth in the brain cells occurs during overproduction in adolescence
178
Frontal Lobes
The part of the brain immediately behind the forehead. Known to be involved in higher brain functions such as planning ahead and analyzing complex problems.
179
Synaptic Pruning
Following overproduction, the process by which the number of synapses in the brain are reduced, making brain functioning faster and more efficient but less flexible.
180
Myelination
Process by which myelin, a blanket of fat wrapped around the main part of the neuron, grows. Myelin serves the function of keeping the brain's electrical signals on one path and increasing their speed.
181
Cerebellum
A structure in the lower brain, well beneath the cortex, long thought to be involved only in basic functions such as movement, now known to be important for many higher functions as well, such as mathematics, music, decision making, and social skills.
182
Vygotsky
Russian psychologist who emphasized the cultural basis of cognitive development.
183
Zone of Proximal Development
The gap between how competently a person performs a task alone and when guided by an adult or more competent peer.
184
Scaffolding
The degree of assistance provided to the learner in the zone of proximal development, gradually decreasing as the learner's skills development
185
Guided Participation
The teaching interaction between two people (often an adult and a child or adolescent) as they participate in a culturally valued activity.
186
Cultural Psychology
Approach to human psychology emphasizing that psychological functioning cannot be separated from the culture in which it takes place.
187
Sex
The biological status of being male or female
188
Gender
The social categories of male and female, established according to cultural beliefs and practices rather than being due to biology.
189
Provide
In the manhood requirements of traditional cultures, the requirement of being able to provide economically for one's self as well as a wife and children.
190
Protect
In the manhood requirements of traditional cultures, the requirement of being able to assist in protecting one's family and community from human and animal attackers
191
Procreate
In the manhood requirements of traditional cultures, the requirement of being able to function sexually well enough to produce children.
192
Hymen
The thin membrane inside a girl's vagina that is usually broken during the first experience of a sexual intercourse. Tested in some cultures before marriage to verify the girls virginity.
193
Communal Manhood
Anthony Rotundo's term for the norm of manhood in 17th- and 18th-century colonial America, in which the focus of gender expectations for adolescent boys was on preparing to assume adult male role responsibilities in work and marriage.
194
Self-made manhood
Anthony Rotundo's term for the norm of manhood in 19th-century America, in which males were increasingly expected to become independent from their families in adolescence and emerging adulthood as part of becoming a man
195
Passionate Manhood
Anthony Rotundo's term for the norm of manhood in the 20th-century United States, in which self-expression and self-enjoyment replaced self-control and self-denial as the paramount virtues young males should learn in the course of becoming a man.
196
Gender Intensification Hypothesis
Hypothesis that psychological and behavioral differences between males and females become more pronounced at adolescence because of intensified socialization pressures to conform to culturally prescribed gender roles.
197
Differential Gender Socialization
The term for socializing males and females according to different expectations about what attitudes and behavior are appropriate to each gender
198
Cognitive-developmental Theory of Gender
Kohlberg's theory, based on Piaget's ideas about cognitive development, asserting that gender is a fundamental way of organizing ideas about the world and that children develop through a predictable series of stages in their understanding of gender
199
Gender Identity
Children's understanding of themselves as being either male or female, reached at about age 3
200
Self-Socialization
In gender socialization, refers to the way that children seek to maintain consistency between the norms they have learned about gender and their behavior.
201
Gender Schema Theory
Theory in which gender is viewed as one of the fundamental ways that people organize information about the world
202
Schema
A mental structure for organizing and interpreting information
203
Expressive Traits
Personality Characteristics such as gentle and yielding, more often ascribed to females, emphasizing emotions and relationships
204
Instrumental traits
Personality characteristics such as self-reliant and forceful, more often ascribed to males, emphasizing action and accomplishment
205
Androgyny
A combination of "masculine" and "feminine" personality traits
206
Women's Movement
Organized effort in the 20th century to obtain greater rights and opportunities for women
207
Machismo
Ideology of manhood, common in Latino cultures, which emphasizes males' dominance over females.
208
Stereotype
A belief that others possess certain characteristics simply as a result of being a member of a particular group
209
Normal distribution or Bell Curve
The bell-shaped curve that represents many human characteristics, with most people around the average and a gradually decreasing proportion toward the extremes
210
Social Roles Theory
Theory that social roles for males and females enhance or suppress different capabilities, so that males or females tend to develop different skills and attitudes, which leads to gender-specific behaviors.
211
Meta-analysis
A statistical technique that integrates the data from many studies into one comprehensive statistical analysis
212
Effect Size
The difference between groups in a meta-analysis, represented by the letter d
213
Actual self
A person's perception of the self as it is, contrasted with the possible self
214
Possible selves
A person's conception of the self as it potentially may be. May include both an ideal self and a feared self.
215
Ideal Self
The person an adolescent would like to be.
216
Feared Self
The self a person imagines it is possible to become but dreads being.
217
False Self
The self a person may present to others while realizing that it does not represent what he or she is actually thinking and feeling
218
Self-esteem
A person's overall sense of worth and well-being
219
Self-image
A person's evaluation of his or her qualities and relations with others. Closely related to self-esteem
220
Self-concept
Person's view of themselves, usually including concrete characteristics (such as height and age) as well as roles, relationships, and personality characteristics
221
Self-perception
A person's view of his or her characteristics and abilities. Closely related to self-esteem.
222
Baseline self-esteem
A person's stable, enduring sense of worth and well-being
223
Barometric Self-esteem
The fluctuating sense of worth and well-being people have as they respond to different thoughts, experiences, and interactions in the course of a day.
224
Response Bias
On a questionnaire, the tendency to choose the same response for all items.
225
Internal Consistency
A statistical calculation that indicates the extent to which the different items in a scale or subscale are answered in a similar way.
226
Psychohistory
The psychological analysis of important historical figures.
227
Identity
Individuals' perceptions of their characteristics and abilities, their beliefs and values, their relations with others, and how their lives fit into the world around them.
228
Identity versus Identity Confusion
Erikson's term for the crisis typical of the adolescent stage of life, in which individuals may follow the healthy path of establishing a clear and definite sense of who they are and how they fit into the world around them, or follow the unhealthy alternative of failing to form a stable and secure identity.
229
Identifications
Relationships formed with others, especially in childhood, in which love for another person leads one to want to be like that person
230
Psychosocial Moratorium
Erikson's term for a period during adolescence when adult responsibilities are postponed as young people try on various possible selves.
231
Negative Identity
Erikson's term for an identity based on what a person has seen portrayed as most undesirable or dangerous
232
Identity Status Model
An approach to conceptualizing and reseraching identity development that classifies people into one of four identity categories: foreclosure, diffusion, moratorium, or achievement.
233
Identity Crisis
Erikson's Term of the intense period of struggle that adolescents may experience in the course of forming an identity
234
Identity Diffusion
An identity status that combines no exploration with no commitment. No commitments have been made among the available paths of identity formation, and the person is not seriously attempting to sort through potential choices and make enduring commitments.
235
Identity Moratorium
An identity status that involves exploration but no commitment, in which young people are trying out different personal, occupational, and ideological possibilities.
236
Identity Foreclosure
An identity status in which young people have not experimented with a range of possibilities but have nevertheless committed themselves to certain choices--commitment, but no exploration
237
Identity Achievement
The identity status of young people who have made definite personal, occupational, and ideological choices following a period of exploring possible alternatives.
238
Postmodern Identity
A conception of identity as complex and as highly variable across contexts and across time.
239
Intimacy Versus Isolation
Erikson's term for the central issue of young adulthood, in which the person's face alternatives between committing themselves to another person in an intimate relationship or becoming isolated as a consequence of an inability to form an enduring intimate relationship
240
.Assimilation
In the formation of an ethnic identity, the approach that involves leaving the ethnic culture behind and adopting the ways of the majority culture.
241
Marginality
In the formation of ethnic identity, the option that involves rejecting one's culture of origin but also feeling rejected by the majority culture.
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Separation
In the formation of ethnic identity , the approach that involves associating only with members of one's own ethnic group and rejecting the ways of the majority culture
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Biculturalism
In the formation of ethnic identity, the approach that involves developing a dual identity, one based in the ethnic group of origin and one based in the majority culture.
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Hybrid Identity
An identity that integrates elements of various cultures.
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Social Loneliness
Condition that occurs when people feel that they lack a sufficient number of social contracts and relationships
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Emotional Loneliness
Condition that occurs when people feel that the relationships they have lack sufficient closeness and intimacy
