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Adolescent and Emerging Adulthood > HDFS311-Unit 1 > Flashcards

HDFS311-Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Adolescence

A

A period of the life course between the time puberty begins and the time adult status is approached, when young people are in the process of preparing to take on the roles and responsibilities of adulthood in their culture.

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2
Q

Life-cycle Service

A

A period in their late teens and 20s in which young people from the 16th to 19th century engaged in domestic service, farm service, or apprenticeships in various trades and crafts

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3
Q

Child Study Movement

A

Late 19th century group, led by G. Stanley Hall, that advocated research on child and adolescent development and the improvement of conditions for children and adolescents in the family, school, and workplace.

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4
Q

Recapitulation

A

Now-discredited theory that held that the development of each individual recapitulates the evolutionary development of the human species as a whole.

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5
Q

Storm and Stress

A

Theory promoted by G. Stanley Hall asserting that adolescence is inevitably a time of mood disruptions, conflict with parents, and antisocial behavior.

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6
Q

Survey

A

A questionnaire study that involves asking a large number of people questions about their opinions, or behavior.

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7
Q

Stratified Sampling

A

Sampling technique in which researchers select participants so that various categories of people are represented in proportions equal to their presence in the population.

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8
Q

Random Sample

A

Sampling technique in which the people selected for participation in a study are chosen randomly, meaning that no one in the population has a better or worse chance of being selected than anyone else.

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9
Q

Menarche

A

A girl’s first menstrual period.

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10
Q

Emerging Adulthood

A

Period from roughly ages 18-25 in industrialized countries during which young people become more independent from parents and explore various life possibilities before making enduring commitments.

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11
Q

Lamarckian

A

Reference to Lamarck’s ideas, popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, that evolution takes place as a result of accumulated experience such that organisms pass on their characteristics from one generation to the next in the form of memories and acquired characteristics.

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12
Q

Early Adolescence

A

Period of human development lasting from about age 10 to about age 14

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13
Q

Late Adolescence

A

Period of human development lasting from about age 15 to about age 18.

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14
Q

Individualism

A

Cultural belief system that emphasizes the desirability of independence, self-sufficiency, and self-expression.

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15
Q

Collectivism

A

A set of beliefs asserting that it is important for persons to mute their individual desires in order to contribute to the well-being and success of the group.

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16
Q

Interdependence

A

The web of commitments, attachments, and obligations that exist in some human groups.

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17
Q

Scientific Method

A

A systematic way of finding the answers to questions or problems that includes standards of sampling, procedure, and measures.

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18
Q

Hypotheses

A

Ideas, based on theory or previous research, that a scholar wishes to test in a scientific study

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19
Q

Sample

A

The people included in a given study, who are intended to represent the population of interest.

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20
Q

Population

A

The entire group of people of interest in a study.

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21
Q

Representative

A

Characteristic of a sample that refers to the degree to which it accurately represents the population of interest.

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22
Q

Generalizable

A

Characteristic of a sample that refers the degree to which findings based on the sample can be used to make accurate statements about the population of interest.

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23
Q

Procedure

A

Standards for the way a study is conducted. Includes informed consent and certain rules for avoided biases in the data collection.

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24
Q

Method

A

A scientific strategy for collecting data.

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25
Q

Peer Reviewed

A

When a scholarly article or book is evaluated by a scholar’s peers (i.e., other scholars) for scientific credibility and importance.

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26
Q

Informed Consent

A

Standard procedure in social scientific studies that entails informing potential participants of what their participation would involve, including any possible risks.

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27
Q

Consent Form

A

Written statement provided by a researcher to potential participants in a study, informing them of who is conducting the study, the purposes of the study, and what their participation would involve, including potential risks.

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28
Q

Closed Question

A

Questionnaire format that entails choosing from specific responses provided for each question.

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29
Q

Open-ended Question

A

Questionnaire format that involves writing in response to each question.

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30
Q

Interview

A

Research method that involves asking people questions in a conversational format, such that people’s answers are in their own words.

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31
Q

Qualitative

A

Data that is collected in non-numerical form, usually in interviews or observations.

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32
Q

Quantitative

A

Data that is collected in numerical form, usually on questionnaires.

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33
Q

Ethnographic Research

A

Research in which scholars spend a considerable amount of time among the people they wish to study, usually living among them.

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34
Q

Ethnography

A

A book that presents an anthropologist’s observations of what life is like in a particular culture.

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35
Q

Reliability

A

Characteristic of a measure that refers to the extent to which results of the measure on one occasion are similar to results of the measure on a separate occasion

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36
Q

Validity

A

The truthfulness of a measure, that is, the extent to which it measures what it claims to measure.

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37
Q

Experimental Research Method

A

A research method that entails assigning participants randomly to an experimental group that received a treatment and a control group that does not receive the treatment, then comparing the two groups in a posttest.

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38
Q

Experimental Group

A

In experimental research, the group that receives the treatment.

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39
Q

Control Group

A

In experimental research, the group that does not receive the treatment

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40
Q

Interventions

A

Programs intended to change the attitudes and/or behavior of the participant

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41
Q

Natural Experiment

A

A situation that occurs naturally but that provides interesting scientific information to the perceptive observer

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42
Q

Monozygotic (MZ) Twins

A

Twins with exactly the same genotype. Also known as identical twins.

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43
Q

Dizygotic (DZ) Twins

A

Twins with about half their genotype in common, the same as for other siblings. Also known as fraternal twins.

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44
Q

Correlation Versus Causation

A

A correlation is a predictable relationship between two variables, such that knowing one of the variables makes it possible to predict the other. However, just because two variables are correlated does not mean that one causes the other.

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45
Q

Longitudinal Study

A

A study in which data is collected from the participants on more than one occasion.

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46
Q

Patriarchal Authority

A

Cultural beliefs in the absolute authority of the father over his wife and children

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47
Q

Filial Piety

A

Confucian belief, common in many Asian societies, that children are obligated to respect, obey, and revere their parents, especially the father.

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48
Q

Caste System

A

Hindu belief that people are born into particular caste based on their moral and spiritual conduct in their previous life. A person’s caste then determines their status in Indian society.

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49
Q

Globalization

A

Increasing worldwide technological and economic integration, which is making different parts of the world increasingly connected and increasingly similar culturally.

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50
Q

Bicultural

A

Having an identity that includes aspects of two different cultures.

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51
Q

Resilience

A

Overcoming adverse environmental circumstances to achieve healthy development.

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52
Q

Puberty

A

The changes in physiology, anatomy, and physical functioning that develop a person into a mature adult biologically and prepare the body for sexual reproduction.

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53
Q

Endocrine System

A

A network of glands in the body. Through hormones, the glands coordinate their functioning and affect the development and functioning of the body.

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54
Q

Hormones

A

Chemicals, released by the glands of the endocrine system, that affect the development and functioning of the body, including development during puberty.

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55
Q

Hypothalamus

A

The “master gland,” located in the lower part of the brain beneath the cortex, that affects a wide range of physiological and psychological functioning that stimulates and regulates the production of hormones by other glands, including the ones involved in the initiation of puberty.

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56
Q

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

A

Hormone released by the hypothalamus that causes gonadotropins to be released by the pituitary

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57
Q

Leptin

A

A protein, produced by fat cells, that signals the hypothalamus to initiate the hormonal changes of puberty.

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58
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

A gland about half an inch long located at the base of the brain that releases gonadotropins as part of the body’s preparation for reproduction.

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59
Q

Gonadotropins

A

Hormones (FSH and LH) that stimulate the development of gametes.

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60
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Along with LH, stimulates the development of gametes and sex hormones in the ovaries and testicles.

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61
Q

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

A

Along with FSH, stimulates the development of gametes and sex hormones in the ovaries and testicles

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62
Q

Gametes

A

Cells, distinctive to each sex, that are involved in reproduction (egg cells in the ovaries of the female and sperm in the testes of the male).

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63
Q

Gonads

A

The ovaries and testicles. Also known as the sex glands.

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64
Q

Sex Hormones

A

Androgens and estrogens that cause the development of primary and secondary sex characteristics.

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65
Q

Estrogens

A

The sex hormones that have especially high levels in females from puberty onward and are mostly responsible for female primary and secondary sex characteristics

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66
Q

Androgens

A

The sex hormones that have especially high levels in males from puberty onward and are mostly responsible for male primary and secondary sex characterstics.

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67
Q

Estradiol

A

The estrogen most important in pubertal development among girls.

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68
Q

Testosterone

A

The androgen most important in pubertal development among boys.

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69
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

A

The hormone that causes the adrenal glands to increase androgen production.

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70
Q

Feedback Loop

A

System of hormones involving the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the gonads, which monitors and adjusts the levels of the sex hormones.

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71
Q

Set Point

A

Optimal level of sex hormones in the body. When this point is reached, responses in the glands of the feedback loop cause the production of sex hormones can be reduced.

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72
Q

Adolescent Growth Spurt

A

The rapid increase in height that takes place at the beginning of puberty.

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73
Q

Peak Height Velocity

A

The point at which the adolescent growth spurt is at its maximum rate

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74
Q

Asynchronicity

A

Uneven growth of different parts of the body during puberty

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75
Q

Extremities

A

The feet, hands, and head.

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76
Q

Vital Capacity

A

The amount of air that can be exhaled after a deep breath, which increases rapidly during puberty, especially for boys

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77
Q

Maximum Oxygen Uptake (VO2 max)

A

A measure of the ability of the body to take in oxygen and transport it to various organs; peaks in the early 20s.

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78
Q

Cardiac Output

A

A measure of the quantity of blood pumped by the heart.

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79
Q

Health Promotion

A

Efforts to reduce health problems in young people through encouraging changes in the behaviors that put young people at risk.

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80
Q

Primary Sex Characteristics

A

The production of eggs and sperm and the development of the sex organs.

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81
Q

Secondary Sex Characteristics

A

Bodily changes of puberty not directly related to reproduction

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82
Q

Ovum

A

Mature egg that develops from follicle in ovaries about every 28 days.

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83
Q

Spermarche

A

Beginning of development of sperm in boys’ testicles at puberty

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84
Q

Vulva

A

External female sex organs, including the labia majora, the labia minora, and the clitoris.

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85
Q

Labia Majora

A

Part of vulva, latin for “large lips”

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86
Q

Labia minora

A

Part of vulva; latin for “small lips”

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87
Q

Clitoris

A

Part of vulva in which females’ sexual sensations are concentrated

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88
Q

Breast Buds

A

The first slight enlargement of the breast in girls at puberty

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89
Q

Areola

A

Area surrounding the nipple on the breast; enlarges at puberty

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90
Q

Secular Trend

A

A change in the characteristics of a population over time

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91
Q

Reaction Range

A

Term meaning that genes establish a range of possible development and environment determines where development takes place within that range.

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92
Q

Incest Taboo

A

The prohibition on sexual relations between family members. Believed to be biologically based, as children born to closely related parents are at higher risk for genetic disorders.

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93
Q

Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)

A

The combination of behavioral, emotional, and physical symptoms that occur in some females the week before menstruation

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94
Q

Semenarche

A

A male’s first ejaculation

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95
Q

Age-graded

A

Organized by age, for example in schools

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96
Q

Nature-Nurture Debate

A

Debate over the relative importance of biology and the environment in human development

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97
Q

Theory of Genotype–> Environment Effects

A

Theory that both genetics and environment make essential contributions to human development but are difficult to unravel because our genes actually influence the kind of environment we experience.

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98
Q

Passive Genotype–>Environmental effects

A

Situation in biological families that parents provide both genes and environment for their children, making genes and environment difficult to separate in their effects on children’s development.

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99
Q

Evocative Genotype–>Environment Effects

A

Occurs when a person’s inherited characteristics evoke responses from others in the environment.

100
Q

Active Genotype–> Environment Effects

A

Occur when people seek out environments that correspond to their genotypic characteristics.

101
Q

Cognitive Development

A

Changes over time in how people think, how they solve problems, and how their capacities for memory and attention change.

102
Q

Jean Piaget

A

Influential Swiss developmental psychologist, best known for his theories of cognitive and moral development

103
Q

Stage

A

A period in which abilities are organized in a coherent, interrelated way.

104
Q

Mental Structure

A

The organization of cognitive abilities into a single pattern, such that thinking in all aspects of life is a reflection of that structure.

105
Q

Cognitive-Developmental Approach

A

Approach to understanding cognition that emphasizes the changes that take place at different ages.

106
Q

Maturation

A

Process by which abilities develop through genetically based development with limited influence from the environment

107
Q

Schemes

A

A mental structure for organizing and interpreting information

108
Q

Assimilation

A

The cognitive process that occurs when new information is altered to fit an existing scheme

109
Q

Accommodation

A

The cognitive process that occurs when a scheme is changed to adapt to new information.

110
Q

Sensorimotor Stage

A

Cognitive stage in first 2 years of life that involves learning how to coordinate the activities of the senses with motor activities

111
Q

Preoperational Stage

A

Cognitive stage from ages 2 to 7 during which the child becomes capable of representing the world symbolically – for example, through the use of language – but is still very limited in ability to use mental operations.

112
Q

Concrete Operations

A

Cognitive stage from age 7 to 11 in which children learn to use mental operations but are limited to applying them to concrete, observable situations rather than hypothetical situations.

113
Q

Mental Operations

A

Cognitive activity involving manipulating and reasoning about objects.

114
Q

Formal Operations

A

Cognitive stage from age 11 on up in which people learn to think systematically about possibilities and hypotheses.

115
Q

Pendulum Problem

A

Piaget’s classic test of formal operations, in which persons are asked to figure out what determines the speed at which a pendulum sways from side to side.

116
Q

Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning

A

Piaget’s term for the process by which the formal operational thinker systematically tests possible solutions to a problem and arrives at an answer that can be defended and explained.

117
Q

Abstract Thinking

A

Thinking in terms of symbols, ideas, and concepts

118
Q

Complex Thinking

A

Thinking that takes into account multiple connections and interpretations, such as in the use of metaphor, satire, and sarcasm.

119
Q

Metacognition

A

The capacity for “thinking about thinking” that allows adolescents and adults to reason about their thought processes and monitor them.

120
Q

Individual Differences

A

Approach to research that focuses on how individuals differ within a group, for example, in performance on IQ tests.

121
Q

Postformal Thinking

A

Type of thinking beyond formal operations, involving greater awareness of the complexity of real-life situations, such as in the use of pragmatism and reflective judgment.

122
Q

Pragmatism

A

Type of thinking that involves adapting logical thinking to the practical constraints of real-life situations.

123
Q

Dialectical Thought

A

Type of thinking that develops in emerging adulthood, involving a growing awareness that most problems do not have a single solution and that problems must often be addressed with crucial pieces of information missing.

124
Q

Reflective Judgment

A

The capacity to evaluate the accuracy and logical coherence of evidence and arguments

125
Q

Dualistic Thinking

A

Cognitive tendency to see situations and issues in polarized, absolute, black-and-white terms.

126
Q

Multiple Thinking

A

Cognitive approach entailing recognition that there is more than one legitimate view of things and that it can be difficult to justify one position as the true or accurate one.

127
Q

Relativism

A

Cognitive ability to recognize the legitimacy of competing points of view but also compare the relative merits of competing views.

128
Q

Commitment

A

Cognitive status in which persons commit themselves to certain points of view they believe to be the most valid while at the same time being open to reevaluating their views if new evidence is presented to them.

129
Q

Information-Processing Approach

A

An approach to understanding cognition that seeks to delineate the steps involved in the thinking process and how each step is connected to the next.

130
Q

Discontinuous

A

A view of development as taking place in stages that are distinct from one another rather than one as gradual, continuous process.

131
Q

Continuous

A

A view of development as a gradual, steady process rather than as taking place in distinct stages.

132
Q

Componential Approach

A

Description of the information-processing approach to cognition, indicating that it involves breaking down the thinking process into its various components.

133
Q

Selective Attention

A

The ability to focus on relevant information while screening out information that is irrelevant

134
Q

Divided Attention

A

The ability to focus on more than one task at a time.

135
Q

Short-term Memory

A

Memory for information that is the current focus of attention

136
Q

Long-Term Memory

A

Memory for information that is committed to longer-term storage, so that it can be drawn upon after a period when attention has not been focused on it.

137
Q

Working memory

A

An aspect of short-term memory that refers to where information is stored as it is comprehended and analyzed.

138
Q

Mnemonic Devices

A

Memory strategies.

139
Q

Automaticity

A

Degree of cognitive effort a person needs to devote to processing a given set of information

140
Q

Reductionism

A

Breaking up a phenomenon into separate parts to such an extent that the meaning and coherence of the phenomenal as a whole becomes lost.

141
Q

Critical Thinking

A

Thinking that involves not merely memorizing information but analyzing it, making judgments about what it means, relating it to other information, and considering ways in which it might be valid or invalid

142
Q

Behavioral Decision Theory

A

Theory of decision making that describes the decision-making process as including (1) identifying the range of possible choices; (2) identifying the consequences that would result from each choice; (3) Evaluating the desirability of each consequence; (4) assessing the likelihood of each consequence; and (5) integrating this information.

143
Q

Organizational Core

A

Term applied especially to cognitive development, meaning that cognitive development affects all areas of thinking, no matter what the topic.

144
Q

Social Cognition

A

How people think about other people, social relationships, and social institutions.

145
Q

Perspective Taking

A

The ability to understand the thoughts and feelings of others.

146
Q

Mutual Perspective Taking

A

Stage of perspective taking, often found in early adolescence, in which persons understand that their perspective-taking interactions with others are mutual, in the sense that each side realizes that the other can take their perspective

147
Q

Social and Conventional System Perspective Taking

A

Realizing that the social perspectives of self and others are influenced not just by their interaction with each other but by their roles in the larger society.

148
Q

Prosocial

A

Promoting the well-being of others.

149
Q

Theory of Mind

A

The ability to attribute mental states to one’s self and others, including beliefs, thoughts, and feelings

150
Q

Adolescent Egocentrism

A

Type of egocentrism in which adolescents have difficulty distinguishing their thinking about their own thoughts from their thinking about the thoughts of others.

151
Q

Imaginary Audience

A

Belief that others are acutely aware of and attentive to one’s appearance and behavior.

152
Q

Personal Fable

A

A belief in one’s personal uniqueness, often including a sense of invulnerability to the consequences of taking risks.

153
Q

Optimistic Bias

A

The tendency to assume the accidents, diseases, and other misfortunes are more likely to happen to other people than to one’s self.

154
Q

Psychometric Approach

A

Attempt to understand human cognition by evaluating cognitive abilities using intelligence tests.

155
Q

Alfred Binet

A

French psychologist who developed the first intelligence test in the early 20th century, which later became known as the Stanford-Biney

156
Q

Stanford-Binet

A

Widely used IQ test developed by Alfred Binet and revised by scholars at Stanford University

157
Q

Intelligence Quotient

A

A measure of a person’s intellectual abilities based on a standardized test.

158
Q

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV)

A

Intelligence test for children ages 6 to 16, with six Verbal and five Performance subtests.

159
Q

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV)

A

Intelligence test for persons ages 16 and up, with six Verbal and five Performance subtests

160
Q

Verbal Subtests

A

In the Wechsler IQ tests, subtests that examine verbal abilities

161
Q

Performance Subtests

A

In the Wechsler IQ tests, subtests that examine abilities for attention, spatial perception, and speed of processing.

162
Q

Relative Performance

A

In IQ tests, performance results compared to those of other persons of the same age.

163
Q

Absolute Performance

A

In IQ tests, performance results compared to those of other persons, regardless of age.

164
Q

Age Norms

A

Technique for developing a psychological test, in which a typical score for each age is established by testing a large random sample of people from a variety of geographical areas and social class backgrounds.

165
Q

Median

A

In a distribution of scores, the point at which half of the population scores above and half below.

166
Q

Test-retest reliability

A

Type of reliability that examines whether or not persons’ scores on one occasion are similar to their scores on another occasion

167
Q

Fluid Intelligence

A

Mental abilities that involve speed of analyzing, processing, and reacting to information.

168
Q

Crystallized Intelligence

A

Accumulated knowledge and enhanced judgment based on experience.

169
Q

Predictive Validity

A

In longitudinal research, the ability of a variable at Time 1 to predict the outcome of a variable at Time 2.

170
Q

Transracial Adoption

A

The adoption of children of one race by parents of a different race.

171
Q

Theory of Multiple Intelligences

A

Howard Gardner’s theory that there are eight separate types of intelligence

172
Q

fMRI

A

A technique for measuring brain functioning during an ongoing activity

173
Q

PET scans

A

A technique for assessing ongoing brain functioning, in which a chemical that emits positrons is injected into the body, and detectors measure their activity levels in various parts of the brain.

174
Q

Synapse

A

The point of transmission between two nerve cells

175
Q

Neurons

A

Cells of the nervous system, including the brain

176
Q

Overproduction or Exuberance

A

A rapid increase in the production of synaptic connections in the brain

177
Q

Gray Matter

A

The outer layer of the brain, where most of the growth in the brain cells occurs during overproduction in adolescence

178
Q

Frontal Lobes

A

The part of the brain immediately behind the forehead. Known to be involved in higher brain functions such as planning ahead and analyzing complex problems.

179
Q

Synaptic Pruning

A

Following overproduction, the process by which the number of synapses in the brain are reduced, making brain functioning faster and more efficient but less flexible.

180
Q

Myelination

A

Process by which myelin, a blanket of fat wrapped around the main part of the neuron, grows. Myelin serves the function of keeping the brain’s electrical signals on one path and increasing their speed.

181
Q

Cerebellum

A

A structure in the lower brain, well beneath the cortex, long thought to be involved only in basic functions such as movement, now known to be important for many higher functions as well, such as mathematics, music, decision making, and social skills.

182
Q

Vygotsky

A

Russian psychologist who emphasized the cultural basis of cognitive development.

183
Q

Zone of Proximal Development

A

The gap between how competently a person performs a task alone and when guided by an adult or more competent peer.

184
Q

Scaffolding

A

The degree of assistance provided to the learner in the zone of proximal development, gradually decreasing as the learner’s skills development

185
Q

Guided Participation

A

The teaching interaction between two people (often an adult and a child or adolescent) as they participate in a culturally valued activity.

186
Q

Cultural Psychology

A

Approach to human psychology emphasizing that psychological functioning cannot be separated from the culture in which it takes place.

187
Q

Sex

A

The biological status of being male or female

188
Q

Gender

A

The social categories of male and female, established according to cultural beliefs and practices rather than being due to biology.

189
Q

Provide

A

In the manhood requirements of traditional cultures, the requirement of being able to provide economically for one’s self as well as a wife and children.

190
Q

Protect

A

In the manhood requirements of traditional cultures, the requirement of being able to assist in protecting one’s family and community from human and animal attackers

191
Q

Procreate

A

In the manhood requirements of traditional cultures, the requirement of being able to function sexually well enough to produce children.

192
Q

Hymen

A

The thin membrane inside a girl’s vagina that is usually broken during the first experience of a sexual intercourse. Tested in some cultures before marriage to verify the girls virginity.

193
Q

Communal Manhood

A

Anthony Rotundo’s term for the norm of manhood in 17th- and 18th-century colonial America, in which the focus of gender expectations for adolescent boys was on preparing to assume adult male role responsibilities in work and marriage.

194
Q

Self-made manhood

A

Anthony Rotundo’s term for the norm of manhood in 19th-century America, in which males were increasingly expected to become independent from their families in adolescence and emerging adulthood as part of becoming a man

195
Q

Passionate Manhood

A

Anthony Rotundo’s term for the norm of manhood in the 20th-century United States, in which self-expression and self-enjoyment replaced self-control and self-denial as the paramount virtues young males should learn in the course of becoming a man.

196
Q

Gender Intensification Hypothesis

A

Hypothesis that psychological and behavioral differences between males and females become more pronounced at adolescence because of intensified socialization pressures to conform to culturally prescribed gender roles.

197
Q

Differential Gender Socialization

A

The term for socializing males and females according to different expectations about what attitudes and behavior are appropriate to each gender

198
Q

Cognitive-developmental Theory of Gender

A

Kohlberg’s theory, based on Piaget’s ideas about cognitive development, asserting that gender is a fundamental way of organizing ideas about the world and that children develop through a predictable series of stages in their understanding of gender

199
Q

Gender Identity

A

Children’s understanding of themselves as being either male or female, reached at about age 3

200
Q

Self-Socialization

A

In gender socialization, refers to the way that children seek to maintain consistency between the norms they have learned about gender and their behavior.

201
Q

Gender Schema Theory

A

Theory in which gender is viewed as one of the fundamental ways that people organize information about the world

202
Q

Schema

A

A mental structure for organizing and interpreting information

203
Q

Expressive Traits

A

Personality Characteristics such as gentle and yielding, more often ascribed to females, emphasizing emotions and relationships

204
Q

Instrumental traits

A

Personality characteristics such as self-reliant and forceful, more often ascribed to males, emphasizing action and accomplishment

205
Q

Androgyny

A

A combination of “masculine” and “feminine” personality traits

206
Q

Women’s Movement

A

Organized effort in the 20th century to obtain greater rights and opportunities for women

207
Q

Machismo

A

Ideology of manhood, common in Latino cultures, which emphasizes males’ dominance over females.

208
Q

Stereotype

A

A belief that others possess certain characteristics simply as a result of being a member of a particular group

209
Q

Normal distribution or Bell Curve

A

The bell-shaped curve that represents many human characteristics, with most people around the average and a gradually decreasing proportion toward the extremes

210
Q

Social Roles Theory

A

Theory that social roles for males and females enhance or suppress different capabilities, so that males or females tend to develop different skills and attitudes, which leads to gender-specific behaviors.

211
Q

Meta-analysis

A

A statistical technique that integrates the data from many studies into one comprehensive statistical analysis

212
Q

Effect Size

A

The difference between groups in a meta-analysis, represented by the letter d

213
Q

Actual self

A

A person’s perception of the self as it is, contrasted with the possible self

214
Q

Possible selves

A

A person’s conception of the self as it potentially may be. May include both an ideal self and a feared self.

215
Q

Ideal Self

A

The person an adolescent would like to be.

216
Q

Feared Self

A

The self a person imagines it is possible to become but dreads being.

217
Q

False Self

A

The self a person may present to others while realizing that it does not represent what he or she is actually thinking and feeling

218
Q

Self-esteem

A

A person’s overall sense of worth and well-being

219
Q

Self-image

A

A person’s evaluation of his or her qualities and relations with others. Closely related to self-esteem

220
Q

Self-concept

A

Person’s view of themselves, usually including concrete characteristics (such as height and age) as well as roles, relationships, and personality characteristics

221
Q

Self-perception

A

A person’s view of his or her characteristics and abilities. Closely related to self-esteem.

222
Q

Baseline self-esteem

A

A person’s stable, enduring sense of worth and well-being

223
Q

Barometric Self-esteem

A

The fluctuating sense of worth and well-being people have as they respond to different thoughts, experiences, and interactions in the course of a day.

224
Q

Response Bias

A

On a questionnaire, the tendency to choose the same response for all items.

225
Q

Internal Consistency

A

A statistical calculation that indicates the extent to which the different items in a scale or subscale are answered in a similar way.

226
Q

Psychohistory

A

The psychological analysis of important historical figures.

227
Q

Identity

A

Individuals’ perceptions of their characteristics and abilities, their beliefs and values, their relations with others, and how their lives fit into the world around them.

228
Q

Identity versus Identity Confusion

A

Erikson’s term for the crisis typical of the adolescent stage of life, in which individuals may follow the healthy path of establishing a clear and definite sense of who they are and how they fit into the world around them, or follow the unhealthy alternative of failing to form a stable and secure identity.

229
Q

Identifications

A

Relationships formed with others, especially in childhood, in which love for another person leads one to want to be like that person

230
Q

Psychosocial Moratorium

A

Erikson’s term for a period during adolescence when adult responsibilities are postponed as young people try on various possible selves.

231
Q

Negative Identity

A

Erikson’s term for an identity based on what a person has seen portrayed as most undesirable or dangerous

232
Q

Identity Status Model

A

An approach to conceptualizing and reseraching identity development that classifies people into one of four identity categories: foreclosure, diffusion, moratorium, or achievement.

233
Q

Identity Crisis

A

Erikson’s Term of the intense period of struggle that adolescents may experience in the course of forming an identity

234
Q

Identity Diffusion

A

An identity status that combines no exploration with no commitment. No commitments have been made among the available paths of identity formation, and the person is not seriously attempting to sort through potential choices and make enduring commitments.

235
Q

Identity Moratorium

A

An identity status that involves exploration but no commitment, in which young people are trying out different personal, occupational, and ideological possibilities.

236
Q

Identity Foreclosure

A

An identity status in which young people have not experimented with a range of possibilities but have nevertheless committed themselves to certain choices–commitment, but no exploration

237
Q

Identity Achievement

A

The identity status of young people who have made definite personal, occupational, and ideological choices following a period of exploring possible alternatives.

238
Q

Postmodern Identity

A

A conception of identity as complex and as highly variable across contexts and across time.

239
Q

Intimacy Versus Isolation

A

Erikson’s term for the central issue of young adulthood, in which the person’s face alternatives between committing themselves to another person in an intimate relationship or becoming isolated as a consequence of an inability to form an enduring intimate relationship

240
Q

.Assimilation

A

In the formation of an ethnic identity, the approach that involves leaving the ethnic culture behind and adopting the ways of the majority culture.

241
Q

Marginality

A

In the formation of ethnic identity, the option that involves rejecting one’s culture of origin but also feeling rejected by the majority culture.

242
Q

Separation

A

In the formation of ethnic identity , the approach that involves associating only with members of one’s own ethnic group and rejecting the ways of the majority culture

243
Q

Biculturalism

A

In the formation of ethnic identity, the approach that involves developing a dual identity, one based in the ethnic group of origin and one based in the majority culture.

244
Q

Hybrid Identity

A

An identity that integrates elements of various cultures.

245
Q

Social Loneliness

A

Condition that occurs when people feel that they lack a sufficient number of social contracts and relationships

246
Q

Emotional Loneliness

A

Condition that occurs when people feel that the relationships they have lack sufficient closeness and intimacy

Adolescent and Emerging Adulthood (3 decks)

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