HDFS311-Unit 2 Flashcards
Family Systems Approach
An approach to understanding family functioning that emphasizes how each relationship within the family influences the family as a whole.
Dyadic Relationship
A relationship between two persons
Disequilibrium
In the family systems approach, this term is used in reference to a change that requires adjustments from family members.
Midlife crisis
The popular belief, largely unfounded according to research, that most people experience a crisis when they reach about age 40, involving intensive reexamination of their lives and perhaps sudden and dramatic changes if they are dissatisfied.
Caregiver relationship
Between siblings, a relationship in which one sibling serves parental functions for the other.
Buddy Relationship
Between siblings, a relationship in which they treat each other as friends.
Critical Relationship
Between siblings, a relationship characterized by a high level of conflict and teasing.
Rival Relationship
Between siblings, a relationship in which they compete against each other and measure their success against one another.
Casual Relationship
Between siblings, a relationship that is not emotionally intense, in which they have little to do with one another.
Parenting Styles
The patterns of practices that parents exhibit in relation to their children.
Demandingness
The degree to which parents set down rules and expectations for behavior and require their children to comply with them.
Responsiveness
The degree to which parents are sensitive to their children’s needs and express love, warmth, and concern for them.
Authoritative Parents
A parenting style in which parents are high in demandingness and high in responsiveness, i.e., they love their children but also set clear standards for behavior and explain to their children those reasons for those standards.
Authoritarian Parents
Parenting style in which parents are high in demandingness but low in responsiveness; i.e., they require obedience from their children and punish disobedience without compromise, but show little warmth or affection toward them.
Permissive Parents
Parenting style in which parents are low in demandingness and high in responsiveness. They show love and affection toward their children but are permissive with regard to standards for behavior.
Disengaged Parents
Parenting style in which parents are low in both demandingness and responsiveness and relatively uninvolved in their children’s development.
Autonomy
The quality of being independent and self-sufficient, capable of thinking for one’s self
Reciprocal Effects
In relations between parents and children, the concept that children are not only affected by their parents but affect their parents in return. Also called bidirectional effects.
Bidirectional Effects
See Reciprocal Effects
Differential Parenting
When parents’ behavior differs towards siblings within the same family.
Nonshared Environment Influences
Influences experienced differently among siblings within the same family, e.g., when parents behave differently with their different children.
Traditional Parenting Style
The kind of parenting typical in traditional cultures, high in responsiveness and high in a kind of demandingness that does not encourage discussion and debate but rather expects compliance by virtue of cultural beliefs supporting the inherent authority of the parental role.
Familismo
Concept of family life characteristic of Latino cultures that emphasizes the love, closeness, and mutual obligations of family life.
Attachment Theory
Theory originally developed by British psychiatrist John Bowlby, asserting that among humans as among other primates, attachments between parents and children have an evolutionary basis in the need for vulnerable young members of the species to stay in close proximity to adults who will care for and protect them.
Secure Attachment
Type of attachment to caregiver in which infants use the caregiver as a “secure base from which to explore” when all is well, but seek physical comfort and consolation from her if frightened or threatened.
Insecure Attachment
Type of attachment to caregiver in which infants are timid about exploring the environment and resist or avoid the caregiver when she attempts to offer comfort or consolation.
Primary Caregiver
The person mainly responsible for caring for an infant or young child.
Internal Working Model
In attachment theory, the term for the cognitive framework, based on interactions in infancy with the primary caregiver, that shapes expectations and interactions in relationships to others throughout life.
Relatedness
The quality of being emotionally close to another person.
Affective Functions
Emotional functions of the family, pertaining to love, nurturance, and attachment.
Custodial Parent
The parent who lives in the same household as the children following a divorce.
Dual-earner Family
A family in which both parents are employed.
Family Structure
The outward characteristics of a family, such as whether or not the parents are married.
Family Process
The quality of relationships among family members.
Divorce Mediation
An arrangement in which a professional mediator helps divorcing parents negotiate an agreement that both will find acceptable.
Peers
People who share some aspect of their status, such as being the same age.
Friends
Persons with whom an individual has a valued, mutual relationship.
Intimacy
The degree to which two people share personal knowledge, thoughts, and feelings.
Selective Association
The principle that most people tend to choose friends who are similar to themselves.
Informational Support
Between friends, advice and guidance in solving personal problems.
Instrumental Support
Between friends, help with tasks of various kinds.
Companionship Support
Between friends, reliance on each other as companions in social activities.
Esteem Support
The support friends provide each other by providing congratulations for success and encouragement or consolation for failure.
Cliques
Small groups of friends who know each other well, do things together, and form a regular social group.
Crowds
Large, reputation-based groups of adolescents.
Relational Aggression
A form of nonphysical aggression that harms others by damaging their relationships, for example by excluding them socially or spreading rumors about them.
Dormitory
In some traditional cultures, a dwelling in which the community’s adolescents sleep and spend their leisure time.
Men’s House
In some traditional cultures, a dormitory where adolescent boys sleep and hang out along with adult men who are widowed or divorced.
Participant Observation
A research method that involves talking part in various activities with the people being studied, and learning about them through participating in the activities with them
Sociometry
A method for assessing popularity and unpopularity that involves having students rate the social status of other students.
Social Skills
Skills for successfully handling social relations and getting along well with others.
Rejected Adolescents
Adolescents who are actively disliked by their peers.
Neglected Adolescents
Adolescents who have few or no friends and are largely unnoticed by their peers.
Social Information Processing
Their interpretation of others’ behavior and intentions in a social interaction.
Controversial Adolescents
Adolescents who are aggressive but who also possess social skills, so that they evoke strong emotions both positive and negative from their peers.
Bullying
In peer relationships the aggressive assertion of power by one person over another.
Cyberbullying
Bullying via electronic means, mainly through the internet.
Youth Culture
The culture of young people as a whole, separate from children and separate from adult society, characterized by values of hedonism and irresponsibility.
Subterranean Values
Values such as hedonism, excitement, and adventure, asserted by sociologists to be the basis of youth culture.
Style
The distinguishing features to youth culture, including image, demeanor, and argot.
Image
In Brake’s description of the characteristic of youth culture, refers to dress, hair style, jewelry, and other aspects of appearance.
Demeanor
In Brake’s description of youth cultures, refers to distinctive forms of gesture, gait, and posture.
Argot (pronounced ar-go)
In youth culture, a certain vocabulary and a certain way of speaking.
Postfigurative Cultures
Cultures in which what children and adolescents need to learn to function as adults changes little from one generation to the next, and therefore children and adolescents can learn all they need to know from their elders.
Cofigurative Cultures
Cultures in which young people learn what they need to know not only from adults but also from other young people.
Prefigurative Cultures
Cultures in which young people teach knowledge to adults.
Dating Scripts
The cognitive models that guide dating interactions.
Proactive Script
A dating script, more common for males than for females, that includes initiating the date, deciding where they will go, controlling the public domain (e.g., driving the car and opening the doors), and initiating sexual contact.
Reactive Script
A dating script, more common for females than males, that focuses on the private domain (e.g., spending considerable time on dress and grooming prior to the date), responding to the date’s gestures in the public domain (e.g., being picked up, waiting for him to open the doors), and responding to his sexual initiatives.
Liking
In Sternberg’s theory of love, the type of love that is based on intimacy alone, without passion or commitment.
Infatuation
In Sternberg’s theory of love, the type of love that is based on passion alone, without intimacy or commitment.
Empty Love
In Sternberg’s theory of love, the type of love that is based on commitment alone, without passion or intimacy.
Romantic Love
In Sternberg’s theory of love, the type of love that combines passion and intimacy, but without commitment.
Companionate Love
In Sternberg’s theory of love, the type of love that combines intimacy and commitment, but without passion.
Fatuous Love
In Sternberg’s theory of love, the type of love that involves passion and commitment without intimacy.
Consummate Love
In Sternberg’s theory of love, the form of love that integrates passion, intimacy, and commitment.
Consensual Validation
In social science studies of interpersonal attraction, the principle that people like to find in others an agreement or consensus with their own characteristics and view of life.
Initiation Phase
In Brown’s developmental model of adolescent love, the first phase, usually in early adolescense, when the first tentative explorations of romatic interests begin, usually superficial and brief, often fraught with anxiety, fear, and excitement.
Status Phase
In Brown’s developmental model of adolescent love, the second phase, in which adolescents begin to gain confidence in their skills at interacting with potential romantic partners and begin to form their first romantic relationships, assessing not just how much they like and are attracted to the person but also how their status with friends and peers would be influenced.
Affection Phase
In Brown’s developmental model of adolescent love, the third phase, in which adolescents come to know each other better and express deeper feelings for each other, as well as engaging in more extensive sexual activity.
Bonding Phase
In Brown’s developmental model of adolescent love, the final phase, in which the romantic relationship becomes more enduring and serious; partners begin to discuss the possibility of a lifelong commitment to each other.
Arranged Marriage
A marriage in which the marriage partners are determined not by the partners themselves but by others, usually the parents or other family elders.
Cohabitation
Living with a romantic partner outside of marriage
Sexuality
Biological sexual development as well as sexual values, beliefs, thoughts, feelings, relationships, and behavior.
Restrictive Cultures
Cultures that place strong prohibitions on adolescent sexual activity before marriage.
Double Standard
Two different sets of rules for sexual behavior, one applying to males and the other females, with rules for females usually being more restrictive
Semirestrictive Cultures
Cultures that have prohibitions on premarital adolescent sex, but the prohibitions are not strongly enforced and are easily evaded
Permissive Cultures
Cultures that encourage and expect sexual activity from their adolescents.
Sexual Scripts
Cognitive frameworks, often different for males and females, for understanding how a sexual experience is supposed to proceed and how sexual experiences are to be interpreted.
Sexual Harassment
A wide range of threatening or aggressive behaviors related to sexuality, from mild harassment such as name-calling, jokes, and leering looks to severe harassment involving unwanted touching or sexual contact.
Date Rape
An act of sexual aggression in which a person, usually a woman, is forced by a romantic partner, date, or acquaintance to have sexual relations against her will.
Coming Out
For homosexuals, the process of acknowledging their homosexuality and then disclosing the truth to their friends, family, and others.
Homophobia
Fear and hatred of homosexuals.
Parental Notification
A legal requirement, in some states, that minors must notify their parents before having an abortion.
Parental Consent
A legal requirement in some states, that minors must obtain their parents’ permission to have an abortion.
Asymptomatic
A condition common with STIs in which an infected person shows no symptoms of the disease but may potentially infect others.
Latency Period
A period, common with STI’s between the time a person is infected with a disease and the time symptoms appear.
Comprehensive Sexuality Education
Sex education programs that begin at an early age and include detailed information on sexual development and sexual behavior, with easy access to contraception for adolescents who choose to become sexually active.
Abstinence-Plus Programs
Sex education programs that encourage adolescents to delay intercourse while also providing contraceptive information for adolescents who nevertheless choose to have intercourse.
Cultural Beliefs
The predominant beliefs in a culture about right and wrong, what is most important in life, and how life should be lived. May also include beliefs about where and how life originated and what happens after death.
Symbolic Inheritance
The set of ideas and understandings, both implicit and explicit, about persons, society, nature, and divinity that serve as a guide to life in a particular culture. It is expressed symbolically through stories, songs, rituals, sacred objects, and sacred places.
Roles
Defined social positions in a culture, containing specifications of behavior, status, and relations with others. Examples include gender, age, and social class.
Gender Roles
Cultural beliefs about the kinds of work, appearance, and other aspects of behavior that distinguish women from men.
Socialization
The process by which people acquire the behaviors and beliefs of the culture in which they live.
Self-regulation
The capacity of exercising self-control in order to restrain one’s impulses and comply with social norms.
Role Preparation
An outcome of socialization that includes preparation for occupational roles, gender roles, and roles in institutions such as marriage and parenthood.
Bat Mitzvah
Jewish religious ritual for girls at age 13 that signifies the adolescents’ new responsibilities with respect to Jewish beliefs.
Bar Mitzvah
Jewish religious ritual for boys at age 13 that signifies the adolescents’ new responsibilities with respect to Jewish beliefs.
Sources of Meaning
The ideas and beliefs that people learn as a part of socialization, indicating what is important, what is to be valued, what is to be lived for, and how to explain and offer consolation for the individual’s morality.
Interdependent Self
A conception of the self typically found in collectivistic cultures, in which the self is seen as defined by roles and relationships within the group.
Independent Self
A conception of the self typically found in individualistic cultures, in which the self is seen as existing independently of relations with others, with an emphasis on independence, individual freedoms, and individual achievements.
Broad Socialization
The process by which persons in an individualistic culture come to learn individualism, including values of individual uniqueness, independence, and self-expression.
Narrow Socialization
The process by which persons in a collectivistic culture come to learn collectivism, including values of obedience and conformity.
Custom Complex
A customary practice and the beliefs, values, sanctions, rules, motives, and satisfactions associated with it; that is, a normative practice in a culture and the cultural beliefs that provide the basis for that practice.
Ontogenetic
Something that occurs naturally in the course of development as part of normal maturation; that is, it is driven by innate processes rather than by environmental stimulation or a specific cultural practice.
First-generational Families
The status of persons who were born in one country and then immigrated to another.
Second-generation Families
The status of persons who were born in the country they currently reside in but whose parents were born in a different country.
Secular
Based on nonreligious beliefs and values
Social Desirability
The tendency for people participating in social science studies to report their behavior as they believe it would be approved by others rather than as it actually occurred.
Poetic-Conventional Faith
Folwer’s term for the stage of faith development most typical of early adolescence, in which people become more aware of the symbolism used in their faith and religious understanding becomes more complex in the sense that early adolescents increasingly believe that there is more than one way of knowing the truth.
Individuating-Reflective Faith
Fowler’s term for the stage of faith most typical of late adolescence and emerging adulthood, in which people rely less on what their parents believed and develop a more individualized faith based on questioning their beliefs and incorporating their personal experience into their beliefs.
Ramadan
A month in the Muslim year that commemorates the revelation of the Koran from God to the prophet Muhammad, requiring fasting from sunrise to sunset each day and refraining from all sensual indulgences.
Koran
The holy book of the religion of Islam, believed by Muslims to have been communicated to Muhammad from God through the angel Gabriel.
Heteronomous Morality
Piaget’s term for the period of moral development from about ages 4 to about 7, in which moral rules are viewed as having a sacred, fixed quality, handed down from figures of authority and alterable only by them.
Autonomous Morality
Piaget’s term for the period of moral development from about ages 10 to 12, involving a growing realization that moral rules are social conventions that can be changed if people decide they should be changed.
Preconventional Reasoning
In Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, the level in which moral reasoning is based on perceptions of the likelihood of external rewards and punishments.
Conventional Reasoning
In Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, the level of moral reasoning in which the person advocates the value of conforming to the moral expectations of others. What is right is whatever agrees with the rules established by tradition and by authorities.
Postconventional Reasoning
In Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, the level in which moral reasoning is based on the individual’s own independent judgments rather than on egocentric considerations or considerations of what others view as wrong or right.
Justice Orientation
A type of moral orientation that places a premium on abstract principles of justice, equality, and fairness.
Care Orientation
Gilligan’s term for the type of moral orientation that involves focusing on relationships with others as the basis for moral reasoning.
Worldview
A set of cultural beliefs that explain what it means to be human, how human relations should be conducted, and how human problems should be addressed.
