HD1b Flashcards
what are early symptoms [4] and signs [3] of pregnancy?
symptoms
missed period
very light period with only a small volume of blood.
feeling tired
morning sickness
breast tenderness
visible veins on the breasts
urinary incontinence
strange tastes and cravings
signs
cervix appears plush rather than pink
uterus and cervix appear enlarged
breasts swollen and large with prominant superficial veins and darkening of areolae
hCG is produced by WHAT? [1]
hcg produced by syncytiotrophoblast
when are the different trimesters of pregnancy?
first trimester: 1-12 weeks
second trimester: 13 to 27 weeks
third trimester: 28 - 40 weeks
which nutrtional changes should undergo before and during pregnancy? [5]
folic acid
vitamin D
iron
vitamin C
calcium
explain why you need each of the following during pregancy:
folic acid
vitamin D
iron
vitamin C
calcium
protein
explain why you need each of the following during pregancy:
folic acid: 400micrograms. rbc synthesis; decreases risk of neural tube defects (spina bifida)/ green vegetables have folate (natural form)
vitamin D: 10 micrograms: regulates calcium and phosphate levels: teeth, bone development
iron: prevents risk of anaemia by increasing RBC
vitamin C:
calcium: makes babies teeth and bones
protein: supports tissue growth
what do the following test for when screening pregnancy
ultasound:[1]
blood tests: [3]
both: [3]
ultasound: spina bidida
blood tests: SCA, HIV, hep B or syphilis
both: downs, edwards and pataus syndrome
which tests are undergone during 20-week scan? (ultrasound) [11]
anencephaly
open spina bifida
cleft lip
diaphragmatic hernia
gastroschisis
exomphalos
serious cardiac abnormalities
bilateral renal agenesis
lethal skeletal dysplasia
Edwards’ syndrome, or T18
Patau’s syndrome, or T13
which tests are undergone at 12-week scan? (aka dating scan) / what does it show?
1. how many weeks pregnant
2.1 or 1+ babies
3. baby in right place
4. baby development
can also screen for DS if want
what is the name for the screening test for DS at 12 weeks? [1] what does it involve? [1]
The screening test for Down’s syndrome used at this stage of pregnancy is called the combined test
It involves a blood test and measuring the fluid at the back of the baby’s neck (nuchal translucency) with an ultrasound scan. This is sometimes called a nuchal translucency scan.
BUT: cant have the combined screening test after 14 weeks: not as accurate, but poses less harm to baby
- Describe the three phases of menstrual/uterine cycle (3 marks)
menstrual
- menstrual: 1-5 days. menstrual flow. shedding of wall = implant cant occur
- proliferative: ( follicular of ovarian)
- secrative: corpus luteum produces progesteone for implantation. if doesnt occur. sheds (luteal of ovarian)
- Emily has an antenatal screening test to see if her baby has Down syndrome this is most likely to be the combined test. Briefly, describe the combined test and what is measured? (2 marks)
Nuchal translucency on the ultrasound (1/2 mark) = measure the fluid at the back of the baby’s neck (1/2 mark)
Blood sample measures amount of free beta-hCG (1/2 mark) and placenta associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) (1/2 mark)
- What is the effect of the supine position on cardiac output and blood pressure of a pregnant woman? [2]
Enlarged uterus can cause compression of the vena cava which impedes venous return to the heart. [1]
This leads to a reduction in cardiac output and blood pressure (maternal hypotension). [1]
- Name three methods of contraception (3x½ mark) and describe how we measure the efficacy of a contraceptive (½ mark)? (2 marks)
combined pill
condom
progesterone pill
Contraception effectiveness is measured by how many women will get pregnant within a year of using that method = pearl index
- Name the substance that is measured when determining and confirming pregnancy and state where this substance is produced.[2]
hCG: produced from placenta - trophoblast cells that surround the embryo
what is normal term for birth of pregnacny range? [1]
what is premature pregnancy? [1]
when is viable gestation? [1]
normal 37-40 weeks
premature: pre 37 weeks
24 weeks is viable gestation (born then and have a more than 50% chance of survival)
which part of the hcG is detected in pregnancy test? [1]
which is the other part of hcG not detected and why? [1]
which part of the hcG is detected in pregnancy test? [1]
beta subunit
which is the other part of hcG not detected and why? [1]
alpha because its molecular structure v similar to LH and FSH (would give false positive)
can you explain rhesus blood group testing?
can you explain rhesus blood group testing?
if mother is negative and the baby is positive: mother makes antibodies agaisnt the baby !
only a problem with the second pregnancy
from tutor notes:
what are antenatal screening tests for the mother [4]
what are fetal well being tests [3]
what are antenatal screening tests for the mother [4]
weight
BP
FBC
urinalysis for protein, blood and glucose
rubella
HIV
ABO & Rh group
what are fetal well being tests [3]
fetal ultrasound to confirm viability, number, growth and normal anamoty
tutor notes:
describe which antenatal care occurs during pregnancy
pregnant woman usually seen by GP to confirm pregnancy by 8 weeks
women is seen by a midwife every 4 weeks until 28 weeks of gestation.
goes up to 2 weeks up to 36 weeks
goes up 1 week after
explain the mechanism of pregnancy test working [2]
- detect beta subunit of hCG in urine or blood
- ## alpha subunit hCG not detected (and is same as LH and FSH) - may give false negatives
explain why a false negative pregnancy test may occur [1]
when is it advised to do pregnancy test from after the last period [1]
- too early (so not high enough hCG levels to occur)
- *- 28 days after last menstrual period**
name a method apart from blood / urine tests that could detect pregnancy? [1]
when can the embryo be observed and measured by during this method? [1]
when is heartbeat detected? [1]
ultrasound
embryo detected at 5 & 1/2 weeks
heartbeat = 7 weeks
