HD 3 Flashcards
what is puberty associated with? [2]
growth spurt
development of secondary sexual characteristics (girls - followed by menstruation)
which pathway is essential for normal puberty? [1]
explain what occurs
hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal synchrony:
from 8, pulses of gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) from hypothalamus stimulate the release of LH and FSH from anterior pit.
LH and FSH stimulate the ovary to produce oestrogen or testes to produce testosterone
at what age is failure of development of secondary sex characteristics needing investigation for females? [1]
14
development of menstrual cycle occurs within 2 years of sexual characteristics developing
what are two types of amonorrhea? [2]
why can each occur?
primary or secondary:
- primary is when menstruation has never occurred. causes include: Turners syndorome, absent vagina or uterus (abnormal development of genital tract)
-
secondary is when cessation of menstruation who has previously had regular periods. reasons include:
i) pregnancy
ii) menopause
iii) polycystic ovary syndrome
iv) hypothalamus damage
v) systemic changes (weight loss / obesity / stress)
how does menstruation change during menopause? [1]
when is a women said to have reached the menopause? [1]
becomes more infrequent and eventually stops
women reached menopause when she has not had a period for a year - after = post-menopausal
what hormonal changes occur in menopause?
- ovaries become less responsive to LH and FSH
- due to declining no. of ovarian follicles or ovarian follicle receptors
- causes decrease in ostroegen (& less ovarian cycles)
decreased oestrogen means that the negative feedback to the hypothalamus and pit does not take place: causes LH and FSH to rise
oestrogen falls more rapidly, leading to more increase in LH and FSH: get a peak post-menopausal level
how do u calculate estimated date of delivery? [3]
i) 284 days from last menstrual period
ii) Naegles formula: LMP + 1 yeasr - 3mnths + 1 week
iii) 270 days from conception
the symptoms of menopause are cauase by low levels of which hormone? [1]
what are common symptoms? [2]
the symptoms of menopause are cauase by low levels of which hormone? [1]
oestrogen
what are common symptoms? [2]
vaginal dryness - increasing no. of infections
intense vasodilation of blood vessels - hot flushes and night sweats
aching
headaches
anxiety
what are the health checks that occur for child health clinics?
when does it occur?
run by doctors and health visitor: regular health and development reivews, vaccinations and advice when needed.
to avoid illnesses and stay healthy, esp. families with babies and young childnre.
come 10 days after birth
what does it mean if a baby is in 50th percentile for weight? [1]
how does breastfed babies differ compared to bottle fed babies? [1]
50% are heavier and 50% are lighter at this age
breast fed babies appear hungrier than bottle
what is recommnded diet for breastfeeding and for how long for? [1]
exclusive breastfeeding for first 6 months
if decideto bottle feed, should use appropriate formula - not unmodified cows milk until 12 months
why is unmodified cows milk dangerous for baby? [3]
XS protein -> metabolised to urea & hyperosmolar dehyrdation
XS sodium content (same effect)
XS phosphate -> hypocalcaemia
why is breastfeeding more beneifical the bottlefeeding? [3]
breastfed babies have:
- fewer GI and resp. infections
- fewer allergic symptoms
- improved cognital development
why is soya based infant formula not recomennded? [1]
- contains glucose -> more harmful to teeth than lactose
why may mothers discontinue breastfeeding? [3]
what may this cause to occur? [1]
sore nipples
inadequate milk supply
infant having difficulties
may cause feelings of guilt in mother
