HCARE_LEC6 Flashcards
According to WHO, ____ is defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of health
related states or events and application (of study) to the control of diseases and other health problems.
Epidemiology
● Illnesses caused by an infectious agent or its toxic products that are transmitted directly or indirectly to a person, animal, or intermediary host or inanimate
environment.
● Could either be a contagious or an infectious disease.
Communicable Diseases
a disease is ____ when
it is transmitted by direct physical contact.
■ Comes from the word “contagion,”
meaning “contact.”
contagious
transmitted indirectly through contaminated food, body fluids, objects, airborne inhalation, or through vector organisms.
Infectious
● The fundamental public health concept on explaining the development of communicable diseases.
● Has three major components:___,___,___
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TRIANGLE MODEL; Man/Host, Disease Agent, Environment
any organism that harbors and provides nutrition for the agent. The ability of the ___ to fight the disease agent is
influenced by many factors. (e.g. age, gender, nutritional and immune status, hygiene, etc.)
Man/Host
organism involved in the
development of a disease; must be present for an infection to occur. (e.g. bacteria,
viruses, fungi, parasites)
Disease Agent
condition in which the agent may exist, survive, or originate.
■____:Temperature,
Weather, Water or Soil
■ ____: Animals, Insects, or other human beings that foster the survival of organisms
■ ____: Behavior, Attitudes, Cultural
Characteristics of people and their occupation.
Environment; Physical Environment, Biological Environment, Socioeconomic Environment
How does epidemiological triangle model work?
● Man → manipulates his environment. (to prevent
contracting disease)
○ Keeping it “clean and liveable”
● Environment → manipulated to block disease agents
from entering man’s body.
● Disease Agent → controlled
what are the Three Preventive Strategies?
● Change the People’s Behavior
● Manipulate the Environment
● Increase Man’s Resistance or Immunity
● The occurrence of cases of disease in excess of what would normally be expected in a defined community, geographical area or season.
● May occur in a restricted geographical area, or may extend over several countries.
● May last for a few days or weeks, or for several years.
● Recurrence of a single case of a communicable
disease long absent from a population. (the disease has been absent for a long time but a single case has been reported again).
● Communicable disease caused by an agent (e.g.
bacterium or virus) not previously recognized in that community or area.
● Emergence of a previously unknown disease
Disease Outbreak
To whom do we report an outbreak?
- Community Health Center/Barangay Health Center
- City Health Department
- DOH
● A community-based and patient-directed organization.
● Goal:
○ Provide First Aid
○ Maternal Healthcare
○ Child Healthcare
● Diagnosis of Social Diseases
● Offer other basic health services to all members of the community.
● services are regulated by ____.
Barangay Health Center; DOH
● Can accommodate a larger or the general population
● Mandated to promote health.
● Prevent the occurrence of illnesses and the spread of
communicable diseases by:
○ Providing the highest standard of quality
health constituents
City Health Department
● Principal health agency in the Philippines
● Responsible for ensuring access to basic public health services to all Filipinos through the provision of quality healthcare.
Department of Health (DOH)
reportable diseases:
○ Anthrax
○ Botulism
○ Plague
○ Rabies (Human)
○ Ricin Toxin
○ Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus
(SARSCoV) Disease
○ Smallpox (Variola)
○ Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (other than
dengue)
IMMEDIATELY REPORTABLE
➔____ is a rare yet serious, life-threatening
infectious disease caused by the bacterium bacillus anthracis
➔ ____is also a rare and a potentially fatal illness
caused by toxins from a bacterium known as
Clostridium botulinum, which attacks the body’s
nerves
➔____ is a highly potent toxin; it is a poison found naturally in castor beans. A dose of this purified ricin powder, just the size of a few grains of table salt, can
already kill an adult human.
Anthrax; Botulism; Ricin
○ Animal (mammal) bute, wounds
○ Cholera
○ Dengue Fever
○ Haemophilus influenzae, invasive disease
○ Hepatitis A
○ Influenza-associated pediatric mortality
○ Lead poisoning
○ Measles (Rubeola)
○ Meningococcal disease, invasive
○ Poliovirus infection, nonparalytic
○ Rabies (animal)
○ Rubella, congenital syndrome
○ Syphilis, congenital syndrome
○ Tetanus
○ Tuberculosis disease
○ Typhoid fever (Salmonella typhi)
Take Note: Rabies (humans) - immediately reportable,
Rabies (animals) - reportable within one day.
REPORTABLE WITHIN ONE DAY
○ Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
○ Arsenic poisoning
○ Carbon monoxide poisoning
○ Chemical poisoning, acute
○ Giardiasis
○ Gonorrhea
○ Hansen’s Disease (Leprosy)
○ Heavy metal poisoning including, but not
limited to, cadmium and mercury.
○ Hepatitis B virus infection
○ Leptospirosis
○ Malaria
○ Mumps
○ Mycobacterial disease Other than Tuberculosis (MOTT)
○ Pesticide poisoning
○ Salmonellosis
○ Tuberculosis infection
○ Varicella (chickenpox)
Take Note:
- Mostly “poisoning” diseases are reportable within 3 days, except for lead poisoning which is a disease reportable within 1 day.
- Tuberculosis disease - reportable within 1 day,
Tuberculosis infection - reportable within 3 days
REPORTABLE WITHIN THREE DAYS
is an invasion of harmful organisms in the body; it occurs when an organism enters your body and can cause a disease. Infections may progress or lead to disease.
Infection
any person, animal, plant, soil, or substance in which an infectious agent normally lives
and multiplies
○ The ____ typically harbors the infectious
agent without injury to itself and serves as a
source from which other individuals can be
infected.
○ An infectious agent lives and multiplies in —the ___, yet it does not cause harm or injury
to the___, but it can also
serve as a source from which other individuals can be infected
○ Many infectious agents, especially those that cause emerging diseases have the tendency to infect more than one host species; it is important to manage ___ of these multi host pathogens to have or achieve effective disease control.
Reservoir
The general measure in reservoir control in humans comprise of:
○ ____
○ ____ - notify the health centers
○ ____ - isolate a contagious or an
infected individual
○ ____ - giving effective drugs or medicines to kill the infectious agent
○ ____ - restriction in the movement of people and goods which is intended to prevent the spread of diseases
○ ____ - monitoring the behavior, activities or information of the patient and doing close observations
○ ____
Early diagnosis, Notification, Isolation, Treatment, Quarantine, Surveillance, Disinfection
➔ Usually relate to throat or skin infections
➔ ___ are highly contagious; they can
spread through airborne droplets when someone with an infection coughs or sneezes, and can also be through shared food or drinks
➔ ___ can also be picked up from a doorknob or other surfaces and transfer them to your
nose, mouth or eyes.
Streptococcal infections; Streptococcal bacteria
According to the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), human reservoirs may or may not show the effects of illness. Usually a person with inapparent infection (no noticeable signs or
symptoms), who is still capable of transmitting the pathogen to others is called a ____ of the disease or infection.
carrier
is an organism that generally does not allow
transmission to the definitive host thereby
preventing the parasite from completing its development.
Incidental Host (Accidental Host)
(directly from animal to humans) refers to
an infectious disease that is transmissible under natural conditions from vertebrate animals to human
Zoonosis
Long recognized zoonotic diseases
include:
i. Brucellosis (cows and pigs)
ii. Anthrax (sheep)
iii. Plague (rodents)
iv. Trichinosis (swine)
v. Tularemia (rabbits)
vi. Cholera (shellfish)
vii. Rabies (bats, raccoons, dogs, and
other mammals)
Outbreaks of ____are often traced to water supplies in cooling towers and evaporative
condensers, which serve as reservoirs for the
causative organism ____
Legionnaires disease; Legionella pneumophila
Take Note: Legionella pneumophila is the organism that causes Legionnaires disease and the reservoir is water supplies in cooling towers and evaporative
condensers.
● A carrier (mosquito, tick) that takes the disease from an infected individual to an uninfected individual.
● They do not have the disease themselves; they carry the infected agent such as blood.
Vector
Vector vs. Reservoir
- Vector must be living; reservoir can be a non-living thing (e.g. environmental reservoir)
- Vectors are usually blood-sucking insects
(mosquitoes or ticks) - living organisms
- Neither have the disease but are simply transmitters.
● Branch of public health that deals with the study of preventing illnesses by:
○ Managing the environment
○ Changing people’s behavior to reduce
exposure to biological and non-biological
agents of disease and injury
○ “Prevention of illnesses”
Environmental Health
● The promotion of proper hygiene and the prevention of diseases and other consequences of ill-health, relating to environmental factors
○ Included in these factors are:
■ Water sanitation
■ Food sanitation
■ Garbage disposal
■ Human excreta disposal
(feces/stool)
■ Insect vector and rodent control
■ Housing
■ Air pollution
■ Noise
■ Radiological Protection
■ Institutional Sanitation
Environmental Sanitation
● The permanent reduction of the worldwide prevalence of a disease caused by a specific agent to zero
● Completely removing or eliminating the
microorganism from nature
ERADICATION
● The reduction of an infectious disease’s prevalence in a single country, continent, or other limited geographical area to zero
● The control of the manifestations of a disease so that it is no longer a public health problem by reducing its
incidence to a level below one case per 10,000 population
ELIMINATION
1st disease, and the only
infectious disease of humans, to be eradicated
Smallpox
are a biological
preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease.
● ____ could either be active or passive
● typically contain an agent that resembles a
disease-causing microorganism and is often made
from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its
toxins, or some of its surface proteins.
Vaccines
vaccines contain antigens of microorganism so that your body will produce antibodies against it.
Active vaccine
administration of the antibodies itself.
Passive vaccine
These are some of the vaccine-preventable diseases:
○ Cervical Cancer
○ Hepatitis A and B
○ Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
○ H1N1 & Influence (Swine & Seasonal flu)
○ Tuberculosis and Typhoid fever
○ Measles and Mumps
○ Rubella (German Measles)
○ Poliomyelitis (Polio)
○ Rabies & Tetanus (Lockjaw)
○ Varicella (Chickenpox)
INCREASING RESISTANCE OF NEW HOST can be done through: (3)
A. Vaccines
B. Immunity (Antibodies)
C. Healthy Living (Healthy Diet and Exercise)
CONTROLLING DENGUE OUTBREAKS can be done through:
A. Dengue Vaccine - Dengvaxia
B. Environmental Management
C. Personal Actions to Reduce Contact with
Mosquitos - Using window and door screen or by keeping doors
and windows closed. Wearing long pants and long-sleeved shirts
D. Chemical Control of Dengue Mosquitos
E. Bioinsecticides
F. Traps
