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HEALTH CARE > HCARE_LEC6 > Flashcards

HCARE_LEC6 Flashcards

1
Q

According to WHO, ____ is defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of health
related states or events and application (of study) to the control of diseases and other health problems.

A

Epidemiology

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2
Q

● Illnesses caused by an infectious agent or its toxic products that are transmitted directly or indirectly to a person, animal, or intermediary host or inanimate
environment.
● Could either be a contagious or an infectious disease.

A

Communicable Diseases

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3
Q

a disease is ____ when
it is transmitted by direct physical contact.
■ Comes from the word “contagion,”
meaning “contact.”

A

contagious

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4
Q

transmitted indirectly through contaminated food, body fluids, objects, airborne inhalation, or through vector organisms.

A

Infectious

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5
Q

● The fundamental public health concept on explaining the development of communicable diseases.
● Has three major components:___,___,___

A

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TRIANGLE MODEL; Man/Host, Disease Agent, Environment

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6
Q

any organism that harbors and provides nutrition for the agent. The ability of the ___ to fight the disease agent is
influenced by many factors. (e.g. age, gender, nutritional and immune status, hygiene, etc.)

A

Man/Host

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7
Q

organism involved in the
development of a disease; must be present for an infection to occur. (e.g. bacteria,
viruses, fungi, parasites)

A

Disease Agent

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8
Q

condition in which the agent may exist, survive, or originate.
■____:Temperature,
Weather, Water or Soil
■ ____: Animals, Insects, or other human beings that foster the survival of organisms
■ ____: Behavior, Attitudes, Cultural
Characteristics of people and their occupation.

A

Environment; Physical Environment, Biological Environment, Socioeconomic Environment

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9
Q

How does epidemiological triangle model work?

A

● Man → manipulates his environment. (to prevent
contracting disease)
○ Keeping it “clean and liveable”
● Environment → manipulated to block disease agents
from entering man’s body.
● Disease Agent → controlled

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10
Q

what are the Three Preventive Strategies?

A

● Change the People’s Behavior
● Manipulate the Environment
● Increase Man’s Resistance or Immunity

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11
Q

● The occurrence of cases of disease in excess of what would normally be expected in a defined community, geographical area or season.
● May occur in a restricted geographical area, or may extend over several countries.
● May last for a few days or weeks, or for several years.
● Recurrence of a single case of a communicable
disease long absent from a population. (the disease has been absent for a long time but a single case has been reported again).
● Communicable disease caused by an agent (e.g.
bacterium or virus) not previously recognized in that community or area.
● Emergence of a previously unknown disease

A

Disease Outbreak

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12
Q

To whom do we report an outbreak?

A
  1. Community Health Center/Barangay Health Center
  2. City Health Department
  3. DOH
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13
Q

● A community-based and patient-directed organization.
● Goal:
○ Provide First Aid
○ Maternal Healthcare
○ Child Healthcare
● Diagnosis of Social Diseases
● Offer other basic health services to all members of the community.
● services are regulated by ____.

A

Barangay Health Center; DOH

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14
Q

● Can accommodate a larger or the general population
● Mandated to promote health.
● Prevent the occurrence of illnesses and the spread of
communicable diseases by:
○ Providing the highest standard of quality
health constituents

A

City Health Department

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15
Q

● Principal health agency in the Philippines
● Responsible for ensuring access to basic public health services to all Filipinos through the provision of quality healthcare.

A

Department of Health (DOH)

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16
Q

reportable diseases:
○ Anthrax
○ Botulism
○ Plague
○ Rabies (Human)
○ Ricin Toxin
○ Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus
(SARSCoV) Disease
○ Smallpox (Variola)
○ Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (other than
dengue)

A

IMMEDIATELY REPORTABLE

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17
Q

➔____ is a rare yet serious, life-threatening
infectious disease caused by the bacterium bacillus anthracis
➔ ____is also a rare and a potentially fatal illness
caused by toxins from a bacterium known as
Clostridium botulinum, which attacks the body’s
nerves
➔____ is a highly potent toxin; it is a poison found naturally in castor beans. A dose of this purified ricin powder, just the size of a few grains of table salt, can
already kill an adult human.

A

Anthrax; Botulism; Ricin

18
Q

○ Animal (mammal) bute, wounds
○ Cholera
○ Dengue Fever
○ Haemophilus influenzae, invasive disease
○ Hepatitis A
○ Influenza-associated pediatric mortality
○ Lead poisoning
○ Measles (Rubeola)
○ Meningococcal disease, invasive
○ Poliovirus infection, nonparalytic
○ Rabies (animal)
○ Rubella, congenital syndrome
○ Syphilis, congenital syndrome
○ Tetanus
○ Tuberculosis disease
○ Typhoid fever (Salmonella typhi)

Take Note: Rabies (humans) - immediately reportable,
Rabies (animals) - reportable within one day.

A

REPORTABLE WITHIN ONE DAY

19
Q

○ Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
○ Arsenic poisoning
○ Carbon monoxide poisoning
○ Chemical poisoning, acute
○ Giardiasis
○ Gonorrhea
○ Hansen’s Disease (Leprosy)
○ Heavy metal poisoning including, but not
limited to, cadmium and mercury.
○ Hepatitis B virus infection
○ Leptospirosis
○ Malaria
○ Mumps
○ Mycobacterial disease Other than Tuberculosis (MOTT)
○ Pesticide poisoning
○ Salmonellosis
○ Tuberculosis infection
○ Varicella (chickenpox)

Take Note:
- Mostly “poisoning” diseases are reportable within 3 days, except for lead poisoning which is a disease reportable within 1 day.
- Tuberculosis disease - reportable within 1 day,
Tuberculosis infection - reportable within 3 days

A

REPORTABLE WITHIN THREE DAYS

20
Q

is an invasion of harmful organisms in the body; it occurs when an organism enters your body and can cause a disease. Infections may progress or lead to disease.

A

Infection

21
Q

any person, animal, plant, soil, or substance in which an infectious agent normally lives
and multiplies
○ The ____ typically harbors the infectious
agent without injury to itself and serves as a
source from which other individuals can be
infected.
○ An infectious agent lives and multiplies in —the ___, yet it does not cause harm or injury
to the___, but it can also
serve as a source from which other individuals can be infected
○ Many infectious agents, especially those that cause emerging diseases have the tendency to infect more than one host species; it is important to manage ___ of these multi host pathogens to have or achieve effective disease control.

A

Reservoir

22
Q

The general measure in reservoir control in humans comprise of:
○ ____
○ ____ - notify the health centers
○ ____ - isolate a contagious or an
infected individual
○ ____ - giving effective drugs or medicines to kill the infectious agent
○ ____ - restriction in the movement of people and goods which is intended to prevent the spread of diseases
○ ____ - monitoring the behavior, activities or information of the patient and doing close observations
○ ____

A

Early diagnosis, Notification, Isolation, Treatment, Quarantine, Surveillance, Disinfection

23
Q

➔ Usually relate to throat or skin infections
➔ ___ are highly contagious; they can
spread through airborne droplets when someone with an infection coughs or sneezes, and can also be through shared food or drinks
➔ ___ can also be picked up from a doorknob or other surfaces and transfer them to your
nose, mouth or eyes.

A

Streptococcal infections; Streptococcal bacteria

24
Q

According to the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), human reservoirs may or may not show the effects of illness. Usually a person with inapparent infection (no noticeable signs or
symptoms), who is still capable of transmitting the pathogen to others is called a ____ of the disease or infection.

A

carrier

25
Q

is an organism that generally does not allow
transmission to the definitive host thereby
preventing the parasite from completing its development.

A

Incidental Host (Accidental Host)

26
Q

(directly from animal to humans) refers to
an infectious disease that is transmissible under natural conditions from vertebrate animals to human

A

Zoonosis

27
Q

Long recognized zoonotic diseases
include:
i. Brucellosis (cows and pigs)
ii. Anthrax (sheep)
iii. Plague (rodents)
iv. Trichinosis (swine)
v. Tularemia (rabbits)
vi. Cholera (shellfish)
vii. Rabies (bats, raccoons, dogs, and
other mammals)

A
28
Q

Outbreaks of ____are often traced to water supplies in cooling towers and evaporative
condensers, which serve as reservoirs for the
causative organism ____

A

Legionnaires disease; Legionella pneumophila

Take Note: Legionella pneumophila is the organism that causes Legionnaires disease and the reservoir is water supplies in cooling towers and evaporative
condensers.

29
Q

● A carrier (mosquito, tick) that takes the disease from an infected individual to an uninfected individual.
● They do not have the disease themselves; they carry the infected agent such as blood.

A

Vector

30
Q

Vector vs. Reservoir
- Vector must be living; reservoir can be a non-living thing (e.g. environmental reservoir)
- Vectors are usually blood-sucking insects
(mosquitoes or ticks) - living organisms
- Neither have the disease but are simply transmitters.

A
31
Q

● Branch of public health that deals with the study of preventing illnesses by:
○ Managing the environment
○ Changing people’s behavior to reduce
exposure to biological and non-biological
agents of disease and injury
○ “Prevention of illnesses”

A

Environmental Health

32
Q

● The promotion of proper hygiene and the prevention of diseases and other consequences of ill-health, relating to environmental factors
○ Included in these factors are:
■ Water sanitation
■ Food sanitation
■ Garbage disposal
■ Human excreta disposal
(feces/stool)
■ Insect vector and rodent control
■ Housing
■ Air pollution
■ Noise
■ Radiological Protection
■ Institutional Sanitation

A

Environmental Sanitation

33
Q

● The permanent reduction of the worldwide prevalence of a disease caused by a specific agent to zero
● Completely removing or eliminating the
microorganism from nature

A

ERADICATION

34
Q

● The reduction of an infectious disease’s prevalence in a single country, continent, or other limited geographical area to zero
● The control of the manifestations of a disease so that it is no longer a public health problem by reducing its
incidence to a level below one case per 10,000 population

A

ELIMINATION

35
Q

1st disease, and the only
infectious disease of humans, to be eradicated

A

Smallpox

36
Q

are a biological
preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease.
● ____ could either be active or passive
● typically contain an agent that resembles a
disease-causing microorganism and is often made
from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its
toxins, or some of its surface proteins.

A

Vaccines

37
Q

vaccines contain antigens of microorganism so that your body will produce antibodies against it.

A

Active vaccine

38
Q

administration of the antibodies itself.

A

Passive vaccine

39
Q

These are some of the vaccine-preventable diseases:
○ Cervical Cancer
○ Hepatitis A and B
○ Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
○ H1N1 & Influence (Swine & Seasonal flu)
○ Tuberculosis and Typhoid fever
○ Measles and Mumps
○ Rubella (German Measles)
○ Poliomyelitis (Polio)
○ Rabies & Tetanus (Lockjaw)
○ Varicella (Chickenpox)

A
40
Q

INCREASING RESISTANCE OF NEW HOST can be done through: (3)

A

A. Vaccines
B. Immunity (Antibodies)
C. Healthy Living (Healthy Diet and Exercise)

41
Q

CONTROLLING DENGUE OUTBREAKS can be done through:

A

A. Dengue Vaccine - Dengvaxia
B. Environmental Management
C. Personal Actions to Reduce Contact with
Mosquitos - Using window and door screen or by keeping doors
and windows closed. Wearing long pants and long-sleeved shirts
D. Chemical Control of Dengue Mosquitos
E. Bioinsecticides
F. Traps

HEALTH CARE (8 decks)

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