HCARE_LEC2 Flashcards
“Externally visible activity of an animal, in which a
coordinated pattern of sensory, motor, and associated
neural activity responds to changing external or
internal conditions.” (Beck, et. al, 1981)
→ A response to external and internal stimuli following the integration of (1) sensory, (2) neural, (3) endocrine, and (4) effector components.
Behavior
→ “Observable activity of an organism; anything an
organism does that involves action and/or response to
stimulation.”
→is how someone acts and a response to things that are happening.
behavior
CLASSIFICATIONS OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR
→ Molecular or Molar
(unconscious or conscious)
→ Overt or Covert
(visible or invisible)
→ Voluntary or Involuntary
(controlled or uncontrolled)
→ Everything you think and feel is controlled by
electrical and chemical activity in your brain and
the rest of your body.
→ Also known as the _____
▪ To these theorists, the body controls the mind and
not the other way around.
Biological Viewpoint; Psychiatrist’s point of view
→neurotransmitter
→made up of amino acid tryptophan
(naturally found in nuts, cheese,
and red meat)
→found mostly in the gut
→regulates digestive functions such
as bowel function and appetite
→suppress the feeling of hunger
→low levels can lead to the
development of depression
SEROTONIN
→neurotransmitter
→produced by tyrosine
→mostly stored in the brain found mostly in the gut
→controls body movement and coordination
→promotes the feeling of hunger
→low levels can lead to the
development of depression
DOPAMINE
→ The psychologists try to explain the behaviors they’ve measured in terms of mental processes such as perceptions, motives, values, attitudes, and memories.
→ The mind dominates most bodily activities
→ Also known as the _____
Intrapsychic Viewpoint; Psychologist’s point of view
→ One’s behavior can be explained in terms of their
physical, social, and cultural environment.
Social/Behavioral Viewpoint
→ It is a nerve cell that is used for communicating
→ All 3 parts are necessary for transmitting necessary
messages through your body. Without these
messengers you could not perform the simplest action
or think a single thought (enumerate 3)
Neuron; Dendrite, Soma, Axon
- the front end or input side of a neuron
composed of a network of fibers - receives info from other nerve cells
Dendrite
- main part of the body of nerve cell
- receives inputs from other neurons
- neuron’s “housekeeper”
- most complex chem reactions in
cellular metabolism happens here (this
keeps the cell healthy)
Soma
- action end or output system of the neuron
- stretches out from the soma like a branching telephone cable
- at the end of its cable are tiny fibers
(____) that release chemicals
that affect the dendrites and cell bodies
of nearby neurons, or muscles and
glands - ______ = end of the axon, has
axonic fibers where messages are being
sent to another cell
axon; Axon terminals
Three types of neurons and their classification:
MMe-BI-USa
Multipolar neuron: Motor neurons
Bipolar neuron: Interneurons
Unipolar neuron: Sensory neurons
- also referred to as afferent neurons
- involved in relaying information from
your (1) eyes, (2) ears, and (3) other
sensory receptors, then to the brain
Sensory neurons
- also referred to as efferent neurons
- involved in relaying messages from your
brain to your muscles and glands
Motor neurons
- convey impulses from one neuron to
another in the brain and spinal cord. - most brain’s neural activity is carried on
by interneurons
Interneurons
→ A large bundle of axons from many neurons
Nerve
→ One axon, many dendrites (most common type)
Multipolar neuron
→ One axon, one dendrite
Bipolar neuron
→ A single extension branches in two directions, forming a receptive pole and an output zone
Unipolar neuron
→ consists of the brain and spinal cord
Central Nervous System (CNS)
→ consists mainly of nerves connecting the central
nervous system to the sense receptors as well as to
the muscles and glands
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
PNS is made up of:
▪ Somatic Nervous System
controls the voluntary muscles
▪ Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
controls the normal body functions (involuntary)
- Breathing, pumping out of blood from the heart
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
→ is further subdivided into two major divisions:
▪ Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)
responsible for the body’s flight and flight activities.
speeds up bodily activities such as heart rate,
breathing, and sweating.
▪ Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS)
promotes breathing, digestion and secretion
turns off or slows down most activities
automatically aroused by the sympathetic system
conserves or builds up your body’s resources
controls nipple erection (in females) and penis
erection (in males)
Five types of neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine (ACH)
Dopamine
Serotonin
Endorphins
GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid)
- controls muscle contraction
- found in the limbic system (forebrain)
- utilized by the motor neurons of the spinal cord to the muscles and glands of the body
- deficiency of ACH causes paralysis,
forgetfulness and intellectual losses
(leads to Alzheimer’s disease)
Acetylcholine (ACH)
- involved in voluntary movements, learning, memory, and emotional behavior
- located in the midbrain
- an increase can lead to schizophrenia (mental disorder)
- Parkinson’s: disease where a person progressively loses control of their muscles, producing tremors, uncoordinated movements
- L - DOPA: slows progress of parkinson’s
Dopamine
- inhibitory transmitter which is involved in body temperature, sleep, moods, and pain sensation
- deficiencies cause anxiety, mood disorder, and insomnia
- foods rich in carbohydrates increase serotonin which leads to drowsiness in women and calmness in men
Serotonin
- occur in the brain and bloodstream
- deficiency increases body pain
- excess (due to morphine, heroin, and other opiates) inhibit pain
Endorphins
- inhibitory neurotransmitter that regulates
the excitatory action of the neuron - a deficiency will result in anxiety
- Huntington’s disease: inherited disease is a
result of loss of GABA-activated neurons
resulting to inability to control the movement
of the arms and legs with loss of cognitive
capabilities - excess leads to excitation of neurons may
result to epilepsy or an intense repetitive
convulsive seizure
GABA (γ-aminobuty
ric acid)
→ These glands exert their control system by releasing
chemicals called hormones into your blood.
→ Hormones alter activity by affecting your nervous
system like neurotransmitters
Endocrine Glands
→ composed of epinephrine (adrenaline) and
norepinephrine (noradrenalin
→ located in the hindbrain
→ involved in wakefulness, learning process, memory,
eating, and regulation of moods.
→ deficiency leads to depressive moods and excess will lead to arousal and wakefulness
→ their release is under the control of the sympathetic
nervous system
Catecholamines
→ Weighs about 3lbs.
→ Master organ of the body
→ The seatbelt of self-awareness, the locus of
intelligence, compassion, and creativity
brain
Lower Management: Hindbrain & Midbrain
→ ____
▪ Lowest level making management decisions. When
you touch a stove, sensory-motor connections in
your spinal cord withdraw your hand even before
your higher levels of conscious awareness are
notified.
→ ____
▪ An enlargement of the brain stem involved in
regulating bodily functions (e.g., breathing, heart
rate, blood pressure) and certain reflexes. Also
involved in conveying messages to higher brain
centers.
→ ____
▪ A bulb-like structure at the top of the brain involved
in head movements (e.g., chewing or swallowing)
and postural reflexes (keeps your balance as you
move or stand). Also involved in conveying
messages to higher brain centers.
→ ____
▪ Distinct ball-like structure behind the brainstem and
below the cerebrum. It is involved in coordination
and balance. Thus, If there’s a problem in your gait,
then most probably there’s a defect in your
cerebellum.
→ ____
▪ A small structure above the pons; that plays a role in
arousal, vision, and hearing. Damage to this part
leads to movement difficulties associated with
Parkinson’s disease
Spinal Cord; Medulla; Pons; Cerebellum; Midbrain
Upper Management: Forebrain
→ ____
▪ The thin outer layer of the brain that contains millions of nerve cells (neurons) that influence most of what you think, feel, or do.
→ ____
▪ The cortical “peel” that covers the biggest part of the
brain where most of the important mental function
takes place (e.g., writing song lyrics, performing
scientific experiments).
→ ____
▪ A structure deep within the brain that conveys
sensory information to the cerebrum and other parts
of the brain.
→ ____
▪ Composed of the (1) hypothalamus, (2)
hippocampus, and (3) amygdala, which is important
in motivation and emotions. The latter two are also
important in memory.
Cortex; Cerebrum; Thalamus; Limbic System
→ Action taken by a person to maintain, attain, or regain good health and to prevent illness
Health Behavior
→ Probability of a specific event occurring in a given
timeframe
____Aspects of health in which an
individual has control of (e.g., diet, smoking,
sedentary lifestyle)
____Aspects of health an individual
has no control of (e.g., gender, genetic makeup,
environmental exposures)
Risk; Modifiable Risk; Non-modifiable Risk
Is a drawing that shows the family unit of
immediate interest and includes several
generations using a series of circles, squares and
connecting lines
Allows us to see hereditary patterns of behavior,
medical and psychological patterns that run
through families
Genogram
- Study of all the genes in the human genome
and their interactions with other genes, the
individual’s environment, and the influence of
cultural and psychosocial factors
Genomics
____: A family’s health risk increases if they are living in high crime areas, communities without adequate recreation or health resources, communities with noise pollution or chemical pollution
____: Determined by the
relationship between the financial resources
of a family and the demands on those
resources
Environmental Risks; Social Risks; Economic Risks
- Pattern of personal health habits and
behavior defines individual and family
lifestyle risk
Behavioral (Lifestyle) Risk
Behavioral (Lifestyle) Risks:
● Diet and Health
Metabolic Syndrome
● Physical Activity and Health
● Sleep
Postprandial Somnolence
● Psychoactive Drugs
______
▪ Lowers the body’s overall energy level, reduces
sensitivity to outside stimulation and in high doses,
induces sleep
▪ Often decreases heart rate, respiration rate, muscular coordination and energy while dulling the
senses
▪ Examples: alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines
______
▪ Activates or excites the nervous system – causes
the nerve fibers to release noradrenaline and other
stimulating neurotransmitters
▪ These drugs don’t give a person more energy but
only spends its energy sooner and in greater
quantities than it normally would
▪ Effect: Sleepiness, laziness, mental fatigue, possibly
depression (due to the prevention of dopamine
uptake)
▪ Examples: nicotine, cocaine, caffeine,
amphetamines
Depressants; Stimulants
______
▪ Also called psychedelics (mind vision)
▪ Can produce hallucinations, cause intoxication and
lead to altered perception and impaired judgment
▪ Physical effects are more constant, and it consists of
CNS stimulation
▪ Chronic use of these drugs can lead to the
psychological effects and impaired judgment
They will mimic the effects of the neurotransmitters
(serotonin and epinephrine), which lessens the
pain
They can also trick the brain into seeing things
and hearing things that are not actually there
▪ Examples: LSD, psilocybin mushrooms and morning
glory seeds
LSD - Lysergic acid diethylamide which increases
the production of neurotransmitters
Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) which
decreases the reaction in the brain
______
▪ Known to be narcotics
▪ Substances that act on opioid receptors to produce
morphine like effects
▪ Examples: Heroin and pain medications
Hallucinogens; Opioids
Alcohol Moderation is defined by Health Authorities as:
▪ Males not more than 2 drinks per day (not >2)
▪ Females not more than 1 drink per day (not >1)
____ - Consumes more than 2 drinks/day
(Males), 1 drink/day (Female)
____ – 5 or more (Males) and 4 or more
(Females) drinks on a single occasion
____ - takes the form of Heavy
Drinking, Binge Drinking, or both
Combination of heavy and binge drinking
Heavy Drinking; Binge Drinking; Excessive Drinking
▪ Most widely used psychoactive drugs in the world
▪ Usually found in coffee, tea, chocolates, soft drinks,
and various medications
▪ Moderate doses (100 to 300 mg/day) increase
mental alertness and probably have little negative
effect on health
▪ High doses can lead to insomnia, irritability,
tremulousness, anxiety, cardiac dysrhythmia, GI
disturbances, and headaches
Caffeine
● Through their work, this group found that information alone is rarely enough to motivate one to act - individuals must know what to do and how to do it before they can take action and the information must be related to one’s needs and accurate
● It is based on the assumption that the major determinant of preventive health behavior is disease avoidance.
● Limitation: it assumes that only those clients who have distorted or negative perceptions of the disease or recommended health action will fail to act.
● This model suggests that a person’s beliefs and a
personal threat of an illness or disease together with their belief in the effectiveness of the recommended health behavior or action will predict the likelihood of a person on how he or she will be able to adapt.
HEALTH BELIEF MODEL
