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HEALTH CARE > HCARE_LEC12 > Flashcards

HCARE_LEC12 Flashcards

1
Q

Example of Nationally sponsored Health research
agencies:

A

➢ The U.S Centers for Disease Control &
Prevention (CDC): plays a unique role in
responding to international public health
crises including outbreaks, when invited by
the country or countries affected.
➢ The United Kingdom’s Medical Research
Council (MRC)
➢ The Canadian Institutes of Health Research
(CIHR)
➢ Brazil’s Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz)
➢ The Indian Council of Medical Research
(ICMR)
➢ Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)

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2
Q

Provided by hospitals, clinics, health centers & other direct patient care providers.

A

Clinical Services

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3
Q

❖ Goals:
➢ to develop friendly relations among nations;
➢ to achieve international co-operation in
solving international problems of an
economic, social, cultural or humanitarian
character.
❖ History:
➢ founded in 1945 by 51 member states.
➢ In 2011, it expanded to 193 member nations

A

UNITED NATIONS

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4
Q

4 types of INTERNATIONAL HEALTH agencies:

A

➢ MULTILATERAL
➢ BILATERAL
➢ NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS
(NGOs) or PRIVATE VOLUNTARY
ORGANIZATIONS (PVOs)
➢ Others

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5
Q

❖ Major Multilateral Organizations that are all part of
the UN:

A

➢ World Health Organization (WHO)
➢ World Bank
➢ International Monetary Fund (IMF)
➢ European Union (EU)
➢ United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)
➢ United Nations Development Programme
(UNDP)
➢ Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

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6
Q

❖ are agencies that represent a group of countries. The
term “multilateral” means that funding comes from
multiple governments (as well as from
non-governmental sources) and is distributed to
many countries.

A

Multilateral Donor Agencies

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7
Q

❖ as defined by United States of Institute of Medicine:
➢ health problems, issues, and concerns that
transcends national boundaries and may
best be addressed by cooperative action.
➢ emphasizes the global cooperation to find
solutions to certain problems.
❖ is a well-established branch of public health with
origins in the health situation of developing nations
and the efforts of industrialized countries to assist
them

A

International/Global Health

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8
Q

● Funded primarily by member governments
● Headquarters is in Geneva, Switzerland
● Is governed by the World Health
Assembly, composed of one representative from each UN state
● It was formed on April 7, 1948– a date we know now as World Health Day

A

World Health Organization

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9
Q

The first global health treaty negotiated by WHO which details
specific measures,

A

Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FTCC)

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10
Q

“Working for a World Free of Poverty”
● Whenever a country needs finances, the _____can provide a loan to a certain member country
An international lending institutions
● The Philippines has been a member since December 27, 1945
● The ___ is a vital source of financial and
technical assistance to developing countries around the world
● Is an investment bank that makes loans to
developing countries
● Its primary lending institute is the International Bank for Reconstruction & Development (IBRD)

A

World Bank

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11
Q

● Provides a structure for international monetary policy and currency changes
● Also make loans to countries of any income level that have a “balance of payment” need and would otherwise not be able to make payments on their
other international loans
● For example, if the Philippines still has a loan from the World Bank, the government can borrow from the IMF to pay for their other international loans

A

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

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12
Q

● The ____ is a union of 27 independent states in the European communities which were founded to enhance political, economic, and social cooperation.

was formerly known as the
European Community or the European Economic Community

A

European Union

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13
Q

● Created in Dec. 11, 1946,
originally known as the United
Nations International Children’s
Emergency Fund
● The driving force that
helps build a world where the
rights of every child are realized

A

United Nations Children’s Funds (UNICEF)

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14
Q

is the UN’s global development network,
advocating for change and connecting countries to
knowledge, experience and resources to help the
people build a better life.
● Four main focus areas of ____:
○ Poverty reduction and achievement of the
MDGs (Millennium Development Goals)
○ Democratic governance
○ Crisis prevention and recovery
○ Environment and energy for sustainable
development

A

UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (UNDP)

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15
Q

is the voice for the environment within the
United Nations system.
○ ___ acts as a catalyst, an advocate, an
educator, and a facilitator to promote the
wise use and sustainable development of
the global environment.
● ____work encompasses:
○ Assessing global, regional and national
environmental conditions and trends
○ Developing international and national
environmental instruments
○ Strengthening institutions for the wise
management of the environment

A

UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME (UNEP)

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16
Q

● GOALS:
○ To achieve food security for all;
○ Make sure that people have regular access
to enough high-quality food to lead active,
healthy lives.
○ With over 194 member states, FAO works in
over 130 countries worldwide. We believe
that everyone can play a part in ending
hunger.
● _____is a specialized agency of the United Nations
that needs international efforts to b e able to defeat
hunger

A

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION (FAO)

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17
Q

● In addition to supporting multilateral agencies, most industrialized nations also provide aid on a
“country-to-country” basis;
● Are official body for a single country/government,
which provide aid to developing countries;
● Donor countries and bilateral donor agencies often
rely on their own expertise through competitive
bidding to design, implement and monitor projects
funded under bilateral agreements.

A

BILATERAL
DONOR AGENCIES

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18
Q

Major Organizations: BILATERAL DONOR AGENCIES

A

➢ United States Agency for International Development (USAID)
➢ Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
➢ United Kingdom Department for International
Development (U.K. DFID)
➢ Australian Agency for International Development
(AusAID)
➢ Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA)

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19
Q

are also known as private voluntary organizations
(PVOs)
● Are increasingly active in development work as the
inadequacies of bilateral and multilateral responses become more apparent;
● Sometimes known as the “people to people aid”
● Their activities are mostly specific, i.e targeting trachoma or cataract, while some are general, for example, aids for orphans;
● For most part, the agencies operate free from governmental interference as long as they meet Revenue Service Guidelines with regard to their specific tax status.

A

NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS (NGOs)/
NON-GOVERNMENTAL HEALTH AGENCIES

20
Q

● A well known international NGO
● It was founded in the United Kingdom in 1943, and now has affiliates in ten other countries including the United States.
● Main goal is to have clean water supplies, community latrines, water pumps, cash vouchers for food and home repairs, fishing boat replacement and repairs, clearing coconut trees degrees, and setting sawmills to convert the debris into lumber for shelter.
● The goal of this health service is to really fight against poverty.
● “The power of people against poverty”
● Worldwide, the most important NGO in long-term
international health.

A

OXFAM (OXFORD FAMINE RELIEF)

21
Q

TYPES OF NON GOVERNMENTAL HEALTH AGENCIES:

A

● Voluntary
● Professional
● Philanthropic
● Service, Social and Religious Organizations
● Corporate

22
Q

● Was created by one or more concerned citizens who thought that a specific health need was not being met by the existing government agencies.
● Examples:
○ Alzheimer’s Association
○ The March of Dimes

A

VOLUNTARY HEALTH AGENCIES

23
Q

● Are made up of health professionals who have completed specialized education and training programs and have met the standards of registration, certification, and/or licensure for their respective field.
● Examples:
○ American Medical Association
○ American Dental Association
○ AMerican Nursing Association
○ American Public Health Association
○ Society for Public Health Education INC

A

PROFESSIONAL HEALTH

24
Q

● Supports the community by funding programs and research on the prevention, control, and treatment of many diseases.
● Example:
○ Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation - fund global
health projects
○ Rockefeller Foundation - funded the development
of vaccine for yellow fever
○ Ford Foundation - contributed greatly to family
planning and youth sexuality
○ Milbank Memorial Fund - funded projects dealing
with the disintegration of people with disabilities

A

PHILANTHROPIC FOUNDATIONS

25
Q

● Members of this group enjoy social interactions with people of similar interests in addition to fulfilling the group’s primary reason for existence - service to others in the communities.
● Examples of Service and Social Groups:
○ Jaycees
○ Kiwanis Club
○ Fraternal Order of Police
○ Rotary Club
○ Veterans of Foreign Wars
● Other religious support groups provide sponsorship for food banks and shelter for the hungry, the poor, and homeless.
● Some NGOs are faith-based organizations (FBO’s)
sponsored by religiously affiliated organizations

A

SERVICE, SOCIAL, AND RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS

26
Q

● Are part of the government structure (federal, state, tribal, and/or territorial or local)
● Example:
○ FDA, CDC, Agency for Toxic Substances and
Disease Registry (ATSDR), Centers for Medicine
and Medicaid Services (CMS), National Institute
of Health (NIH)
● They are designed to have authority over some geographic area
● Funded primarily by tax dollars and managed by
government officials
● Such agencies exist at the four governmental levels
○ International
○ National
○ State
○ Local

A

GOVERNMENTAL HEALTH AGENCIES

27
Q

● Non-profit public-private partnerships that are currently working to set and accomplish goals for selected global health issues:
● Examples:
○ Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics
(FIND)
○ Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN)
○ Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunizations
(GAVI)
○ Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Malaria, and
Tuberculosis (GFATM)
○ Health Metrics Network (HMN)
○ International Aids Vaccine Initiative (IAVI)
○ Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV)
○ Roll Back Malaria (RBM)
○ Stop TB Partnership (Stop TB)

A

GLOBAL HEALTH PARTNERSHIPS

28
Q

● (Kagawaran ng Kalusugan)
● ____ is the principal health agency in the Philippines
● Provides special tertiary healthcare services and
technical assistance to health providers and
stakeholders
VISION
Filipinos are among the healthiest people in
Southeast Asia by 2022, and Asia by 2040.
MISSION
To lead the country in the development of a
productive, resilient, equitable and
people-centered health system.

A

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH (DOH)

29
Q

DOH: FIVE MAJOR FUNCTIONS

A

1 Ensure equal access to basic health services;
2 Ensure formulation of national policies for proper division of labor and proper coordination of operations among the government agency and jurisdictions;
3 Ensure a minimum level of implementation of nationwide services regarded at public health goods;
4 Plan and establish arrangements for public health systems to achieve economies of scale;
5 Maintain a medium of regulations and standards to protect consumers and guide providers

30
Q

● Interrelated system in which a country organizes
available resources for the maintenance and
improvement of the health of its citizens and
communities
● A network of health facilities and personnel which
carries out the task of rendering health care to the
people

A

PHILIPPINE HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SYSTEM

31
Q

The World Health Organization (WHO) has six
building blocks of health systems:

A

➢ Leadership and Governance
➢ Service Delivery
➢ Health Financing
➢ Human Resources
➢ Medicine and Technologies
➢ Health Information System

32
Q

➢ The legal basis of devolution
➢ It devolved the following basic services:
○ Agriculture, Forest management, Health services, Social welfare, barangay level roads
○ For effective and efficient delivery
of healthcare services
○ Promote inter LGU linkages and cost sharing schemes
○ Foster participation of private sectors, NGO, etc. in health development

A

Republic Act 7160 (The Local Government Code of
1991)

33
Q

Forms of Health Service Delivery in the Philippines:
A.) ______
➢ Financed through taxes
➢ Budgeting system is done at the local and
national level
➢ Health care service is “free” at the point of
care
B.) _____
➢ Profit and non-profit health providers
➢ Services are not free (i.e. out of pocket
schemes; insurance, external funding)

A

Public Sector; Private Sector

34
Q

Physicians are assigned for 2 years
primarily in a 4th to 6th class municipality
that has not have a doctor for at least 2
years

A

Doctors to the barrios (DTTB)

35
Q
  • Deployed nurses are
    assigned for 6 months for hospital service.
A

Registered Nurses for Health enhancement and local service (RN-HEALS)

36
Q

Midwives are assigned in barangay health
stations and rural health units for improved
maternal and child care

A

Rural Health Midwives Program

37
Q
  • Dentists, medical technologists,
    nutritionists, dieticians are assigned in the
    health facilities to complement the existing
    RHU personnel.
A

Rural Health Team Placement Program
(RHTTP)

38
Q

mandates to cover all Filipino
citizens
○ Managed by the Philippine health Insurance Corporation (PHIC) or PhilHealth
○ Covers 92% of the Philippine
population (DOH, 2016)

A

National Health Insurance Program
(NHIP) - Republic Act 7875 a.k.a National
Health Insurance Act of 1995 (amended
in RA 10606)

39
Q

● National Telehealth Service Program
● Aims to improve communication capabilities and
provides better access to up-to-date information,
consultations with clinical specialists and other forms
of support for health professionals in remote
communities

A

HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEM

40
Q

EXAMPLES OF HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEM
○ ____ - telereferrals; Rx box a
biomedical device designed to provide
better access to life saving health services
in geographically isolated areas.
○____ - storage of patient’s records
online; computerized retrieval of patient’s
records
○ ____- electronic monitoring of
health indicators and performance also for
epidemiologic use e.i QR code use for
COVID19 contact tracing.

A

E-medicine; E-record; E-surveillance

41
Q

OTHER NATIONAL RESOURCES AND SERVICES:

A

A.) DENR (DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND
NATURAL RESOURCES
B.) DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE (DA)

42
Q

➢ (Kagawan ng Kapaligiran at Likas Yaman)
➢ ____ is tasked to formulate and implement
policies, guidelines, rules and regulations
relating to environmental management and
pollution prevention and control.
➢ Slogan: “Sama-sama nating alagaan ang
ating kapaligiran at likas na yaman”

A

DENR (DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND
NATURAL RESOURCES

43
Q

➢ For the development and enforcement of
food safety standards and regulations for
foods in the primary production and post
harvest stages of the food supply chain
➢monitor and ensure that the
relevant requirements of the law are
compiled with by farmers, fisherfolks, and
food business administrators.

A

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE (DA)

43
Q

➢ Specific Responsibilities of the Department
of Agriculture:
➢ For the development and enforcement of
food safety standards and regulations for
foods in the primary production and post
harvest stages of the food supply chain
➢monitor and ensure that the
relevant requirements of the law are
compiled with by farmers, fisherfolks, and
food business administrators.

A

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE (DA)

44
Q

The agencies under the DA with food safety
regulatory functions are the following:

A

○ Bureau of Animal Industry (BAI)
- food derived from animals
including eggs and honey
production.
○ National Dairy Authority (NDA) -
this is for milk production and
post-harvest handling.
○ National Meat Inspection Service
(NMIS) - for meat lf course.
○ Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic
Resources (BFAR) - this is for
fresh fish and other seafood.
Including those by aquaculture.
○ Bureau of Plant Industry (BPI) -
this is for plant foods
○ Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority
(FPA) - fertilizers and pesticides
used for the production of plant and
other animal food.
○ Philippine Coconut Authority
(PCA) - for fresh coconut
○ Sugar Regulatory Administration
(SRA) - this is for sugarcane
production and marketing.
○ National Food Authority (NFA) -
this is for rice, corn, and other
grains

HEALTH CARE (8 decks)

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