HC5-climate change

Question 1

global governance

Answer 1

(Global) Governance = “(global)
collaborative efforts, rules and
networks of public and private actors in protecting the environment“ (Mol 2018, p. 131)

Be critical: came up with by world bank.
-not applicable in every context
-image of market creation, narrow view, not the only way to look at improvement
-lend money to people, does not support their independence

Question 2

agenda setting

Answer 2

IPCC (1988): international panel of climate change; don’t do research themselves, but combine already done research

UNFCC (1992): united nations convention on climate change:
○ provides an overall framework for intergovernmental efforts to address CC: it establishes objectives, principles, commitments, and set of institutions ; enables continued talks and thus future action on how to deal with cc
○ Conference of Parties (COP) is the convention’s ultimate authority/governing body

Question 3

COP’s

Answer 3

-first scientists
-economist came in
-social scientists came in
-goverments entered, then CEO’s

Trade-offs, emissions and CO2, decentralized view: more fragmented and complex.

Kritiek:Where are the emissions being reduced? AND more double counting of emissions. COP2006 in Glasgow, not all countries could travel so the question of inclusion and exlusion raises.

positief: businesses make more aligning rules with society

Question 4

UNFCCC- commintements of all parties

Answer 4

1. Prepare and regularly update national climate change mitigation and adaptation programs. (carbon sinks)
2. participate in climate research, systematic observation and information exchange, as well as promote education, training and public awareness relating to climate change.
3. compile an inventory of their greenhouse gas emissions, and submit reports – known as “national communications” – on the action(s) they are taking to implement the Conventions. So they do not have to reduce, but have to report on it.

Question 5

Annex1

Answer 5

industrialised (developed) countries and economies in
transition (EITs), including the European Union

Question 6

non-annex1

Answer 6

mostly low-income developing countries

Question 7

Least-developed countries (LDCs

Answer 7

49 Parties with limited capacity to adapt to the effects of climate change

Question 8

Small Island States (SIS

Answer 8

(SIS): Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia (FSM), Kiribati, Nauru, Niue, Palau, Republic of the
Marshall Islands, and Tuvalu

Question 9

UNFCCC principles

Answer 9

-Principle of common but differentiated responsibilities

-Precautionary Principle

Question 10

Precautionary Principle

Answer 10

The precautionary principle says that the lack of full scientific certainty should not be used as
an excuse to postpone action when there is a threat of serious or irreversible damage

Question 11

Principle of common but differentiated responsibilities

Answer 11

1. contribution
   2.capacity
2. ability

(CAC)

-‘‘developed’’ countries contributed more to the problem historically

–these countries have greater capacity to address the effects of climate change

-recognizes developing countries right of economic development-> states ability to respond

Question 12

Debates(5)

Answer 12

1. justice; who should take the lead?
2. polluter pays principle
3. benificiary pays principle
   4.ability to pay
4. loss and damage!
   Consequences need adaptation, but we cannot adapt to anything (there will be losses), develping countries asked for money for once the damage is made:

Problem: developed countries fear that compensating for losses and damages may be constued as
an admission of legal liability and trigger litigation and compensation claims on a major scale.

Question 13

NDC (nationally determined contributions)

Answer 13

1. percentage of reduction of GHG emissions
2. Timeline
   3.reference year

Question 14

downsides of green intervention(3)

Answer 14

1. implementation problems (raising energy prices)
   2.destruction of coal-based industry (incl. jobs)
2. unequal ecological exchange: negative consequences in resource extracting countries AND dumping e-waste in global south

Question 15

Theory of ecologically unequal exchange (Bunker 1985, Martinez Allier 2003)

Answer 15

-international trade shapes the unequal distribution of environmental harms and human development.

-core nations vs extractive peripheries

-ecological debt or climate debt: pollutions and other externalities of productions are burdened on the global south

cobolt mining congo and lithium mining chile

Question 16

Decarbonisation divide, (Sovacool et al. 2020

Answer 16

phenomenon that decarbonisation
contributes to cleaner air and cleaner production in the Global North, much of the environmental and social harm is simply made invisible and displaced, or spatially
externalized, to the Global South.

epistemic divide: research focus on diffusion of technologies instead of harmful impact in other parts of lifecycle.

geographic divide: unevenly distributed impacts across spaces.

environmental: cleaner gl north than south

developmental: power imbalances

Question 17

Sacrifice zones (Healy et al., 2019)

Answer 17

geographic area that has
been permanently impaired (verzwakt) by environmental damage or economic disinvestment.

Question 18

green growth

Answer 18

new technologies; new markets; what we did but greener. (incremental)

we still want growth, we do not change the bigger underlying structures.

THEREFORE we do not change the underlying problems so….

1.greater efficiency
2.investor confidence
3.new markets
4.green taxes

Question 19

degrowth

Answer 19

whole new lifestyle change whole system. (radical) define goals other than economic growth.

admitting that there are limits to growth, also focus on unequal power relations.

1.scale down
2.unemployment (shorter working weeks)
3.redistribution
4.expand public goods and services

Question 20

green growth and decoupling

Answer 20

1.productivity
2.innovation
3.new markets
4. confidence more predictavillity and stability around how governments are going to deal with major environmental issues.
5.stability: more balances macroeconomic conditions

Question 21

problems green growth(3)

Answer 21

1. ongoing unequal ecological exchange
2. CO2 emissions are couples with economic growth
3. if decoupling is not possible, it does not address the indirct drivers of unsustaiability

Question 22

decoupling (2kinds)

Answer 22

o Relative decoupling: rate at which emissions increase is lower than the rate at which GDP decreases
o Absolute decoupling: GDP growth without emission

Question 23

degrowth paradigm

Answer 23

when earning more than 200.000 dollar, people do not become happier, however they consume way more.

Question 24

phase-out

Question 25

decarbonization divide