HC11(ziek) HC12-cities of growth, cities of displacement

Question 1

planetary urbanism

Answer 1

more and more people living in cities

but what is rural? if whole life is pointed to city functions, can we call it rural?

Question 2

secondary cities

Answer 2

need to shift attention away from global cities to globalising cities and thereby also to secondary cities.

A secondary city is an urban hub that fills specific regional and local needs related to governance, economics, finance, education, trade, transportation. A secondary city is defined by population, area, function, and economic status, but also by their relationship to neighboring and distant cities and their socio-economic status. A secondary city may emerge from a cluster of smaller cities in a metropolitan region or may be the capital city of a province, state, or second-tier administrative unit within a country. Secondary cities are the fastest growing urban areas in lower and middle income countries, experiencing unplanned growth and development

Question 3

why do people move? (6)

Answer 3

1. agriculture is parttime job, does also mining ed

2.industries needed poeple; pulled people

3.security of job is low; but finding informal work is possible

4.social network support: starting pint before having a more secure job.

5.escape from social-cultural norms (young people)

6. potential dream of break-through in the city

Let op! is network rural-urban people stay in contact.

Question 4

informal economy

Answer 4

The term “informal economy” refers to all economic activities by workers and economic units that are – in law or in practice – not covered or insufficiently covered by formal arrangements.

formal and informal are strongly connected.

warung restaurants
informal entrepreneur

Question 5

slums (places of displacement, about understanding)

Answer 5

shelter within people live. It focusses differently on globalization.

Defenition by UNCHS: says every city knows the signs and should fight them (drugs, crime, diseases etc) Williams et al. critiqued this: look more broadly; also social, cultural and political realities.

rather talk about informal settlements

Question 6

informal livelihoods

Answer 6

1. inhabitants have no security of tenture (termijn) vis-a-vis the land (tenopzichte van het land dat ze bewonen) or the dwellings (onderkomen) they inhabit.
2. Lack or are cut off from basic services and formal city infrastructure.
3. housing may not comply (voldoen aan) current planning regulations, situated in environmetally hazardous areas, and lack municipal permit

Question 7

defining slums (city alliances)

Answer 7

-slums do differ from each other
-differnet mobilities; shifting state
-are an economic force
-1/3 in the developing world lives in slums

Question 8

governance approaches to slums

Answer 8

1. demographic: increasing demand for urban housing.

2.socio-behavioral: increase of social differentiation/increase of heterogeneous communities

3. economic: domestic macroeconomic growth was basis, but citywide microeconomic is as important
   paradox: cities are centre of productivity but also of increase poverty
4. environmental: growing demand for infra puts pressure on natural resources
5. financial:government financing are not meeting the demands for upgrading

6.governance: centralized and strict top-down approach to urban governance

Question 9

hustle economy

Answer 9

“The ‘hustle’ infers a constant pragmatic search for alternative structures of opportunity outside
formal education, employment, and service provision. It assumes a continuous management of risk associated with living and working beyond formal institutional norms.” p.9

‘comparative gestures’ (Robinson, 2011)