HC3-Livelihood approaches

Question 1

livelihood

Answer 1

'’a livelihood comprises the capabilities, assets and activities required for a means of living; a livelihood is sustainable which can cope with and recover from stress and shocks, maintain or enhance its capabilities and assets, and provide sustainable livelihood opportunities for the next generation; and which contributes net benefits to other livelihoods at the local and global levels and in the short and long term.’’

-Leo de Haan: stresses the role of organize/opportunities/agency in the livelihood approach
-emphazises processes and dynamics
-important to look further than materialist/economic/rationalist.

Question 2

Chambers and Conway (1992)

Answer 2

-Thinking beyond poverty

1. production thinking
2. employment thinking
3. poverty-line thinking

Question 3

production thinking

Answer 3

-Do not only look at production, at what comes off the land. We should not forget who owns the land, think about what control people have.

-Problems variously defined as hunger, undernutrition, malnutrition and famine are in this mode seen as problems of production. But these are actually problems of entitlements (rechten), than of production supply.

Question 4

Employment thinking

Answer 4

-Engage in multiple activities, not one. When there is cropfailure, there are other sources of income, that offset the loss of income. But this can be seen as economically unefficient, but is more secure

-Problems of the poor are seen as lack of employment, leading to the prescription of generating large numbers of new ‘workplaces’. The ideal is full employment, in which everyone has a ‘job’. But this misfits rural reality, in which people seek to put together a living through multifarious activities.

Question 5

poverty-line thinking

Answer 5

depriviation (de behoefte van iemand) is defined in terms of a single continuum, the poverty line, which is measured in terms of incomes or consumption. The aim then is to enable more people to rise above the line, and fewer to sink below it. But depriviation and wellbeing, as poor rural people perceive them, have many dimensions which do not correspond with this measure.

Question 6

Associated concepts

Answer 6

1. Capability
2. Equity
3. Sustainability

-influence how people make a living and therefore influence their livelihoods

4. diversity
5. gender
6. generations
7. empowerment
   8.social and human security
8. cultural norms

Question 7

capability

Answer 7

about entitlement; borrowing the bike one day, or two years. access various modes of capital

Question 8

equity

Answer 8

not exclude categories, giving attention to all

Question 9

Sustainability

Answer 9

considering future needs in addressing current ones.

Question 10

DFID

Answer 10

department for international development

sustaiable livelihood framework (SLF)

1. vulnerability context
2. livelihood assets: keys
3. transforming structures and processes
4. livelihood outcomes

Question 11

vulnerability context

Answer 11

shocks
trends
seasonality

Question 12

Livelihood assets

Answer 12

H=human capital
N=natural capital
F=financial capital
S=social capital
P=physical capital

Question 13

Transforming structures and processes

Answer 13

Structures:
1. levels of government
2.private sector

Processes:
1.laws
2.policies
3. culture
4. institutions

Question 14

Livelihood outcomes

Answer 14

1. more income
2. increased well-being
3. reduced vulnerability
4. improved food security
5. more sustainable use of natural resource base.

Question 15

difference SLF and chambers and conway

Question 16

Friedman model

Answer 16

-starts with social unit: household
-Shows that we make individual choices, but are part of relationships (part of larger social communities)

KRITIEK

-rationalist
-assumption that households take total desicions together

Question 17

kritiek livelihoodstrategies

Answer 17

-also consider the social, cultural and historical dimensions, because that is what we need when looking beyond economy.

-focus on immateriality: balance material/immaterial things in life. ‘suboptimal’ choices because it makes you happier.

Question 18

relevance of Social security

Answer 18

• Dealing with stress and shocks – urban and rural domains (income
  fluctuations/loss, crop failures, housing security, health)
• Coverage by state mechanisms is often limited, leading to extreme
  situations of families needing to first secure financial means before
  their family member is operated in hospital.

Question 19

defenition social security

Answer 19

International labour organisation

social security is the protection that a society provides to individuals and households to ensure access to health care and to guarantee some income security, particularly in cases of old age, unemployment, sickness, invalidity, work injury, maternity and loss of a breadwinner.

Question 20

Four categories of social security

Answer 20

1. the state: policy measures like subsidies and transfers
2. market based:
3. member-based: churches ed
4. private households: family members on the base of norms and values

poor-informal-formal

Question 21

ex ante vs expost security mechanisms

Answer 21

before crises and after crises

Question 22

Aspiration

Answer 22

to achieve things we desire

for governments: what do people want: when improving lives people will stay and not migrate.

Question 23

South africa

Answer 23

-apartheidsvillage

-GUquka &Koloni: residential area, arable land, cummunal rangeland: when free to move everyone left

-Agrarian? communal rangeland and arable land always connected, because they wanted more land for the cows. started to grow crops in their own gardens.

-rural people: woman with village arrest

-rich retired teacher: build fence, to protect from other communities. IS STRANGE IN CONTEXT.

-also rural areas have very different rules, strategies and power structures within.

-catering from town to city
-fast food from the city

Question 24

Translocality Simon Alexander Peth (2014):

Answer 24

Defining translocality :

Translocality are open, and non-linear processes, which produce interrelations between different places and people. These interrelations are created through migration flows and networks that are constantly reworked [almost in real time]

Question 25

Translocality: danrodriguez-garcia (2016)

Answer 25

The global link: It is important to stress the fact that the local (trans-local) and the global (trans-national) are not mutually exclusive realities,
particularly when looking at socio-cultural accommodation and citizenship processes. This increasingly mobile and interconnected world implies
multi-dimensional connections (multi-territorialization rather than de- territorialization) on local and global scales simultaneously; that is, the development of [local] community ties (whether local or cross-border) and of external networks, are not mutually exclusive processes

Question 26

Appiah (1998)

Answer 26

Rootedness: Indeed, even cosmopolitans are rooted somewhere; in some cases, they might establish multi-territorialized associations, but they are never de-territorialized beings. Everyone, thus, combines local (particularistic) and global (universal) attachments

Question 27

Collyer & King (2014)

Answer 27

proper studies of trans-spaces need to move away from a bias towards one (perceived) dominant actor, in one place.
* This notably applies to the rather obvious: the migrant (actor), and in migration studies often host societies (global north) (Mazzucato 2007)
* Translocal studies offer something extra: They do not get caught up in methodical nationalism (Wimmer & Glick Schiller 2003)
* Trans-spaces are actively constructed, relating to agency and to a shifting relevance of network nodes and associated places: follow
the flows, accept the dynamism