HC EXAM 3

Question 1

John Wycliffe (1329-1384)

Answer 1

• “Morning Star of Reformation”
• Bible translation in vernacular of English
• Criticized papal authority and contested the doctrine of transubstantiation but,
• Lacks any doctrine of justification by faith as found in Reformers

Question 2

Lollards
(followers of Wycliffe)
in 15th and early 16th centuries

Answer 2

Opposition to established Church
Reject celibacy, indulgences, pilgrimages, Latin scripture and transubstantiation
Popular movement, tendency towards Donatism
Pulled poorer classes into their movement

Question 3

Ten Articles 1536 by Cranmer

Answer 3

3 Sacraments: Baptism, penance and Eucharist

Eucharist both corporal and substantial, but transubstantiation not mentioned.

Question 4

Six Articles (1539) endorsed by King Henry

Answer 4

1) Transubstantiation,
2) Communion in one kind,
3) Clerical celibacy,
4) monastic vows
5) private masses,
6) auricular confession.

Question 5

King Eddie 1547 at nine

Answer 5

Others are ring for him bc he is so young.
Cranmer is one of the key advisors
Reverse the earlier six articles
English is introduced as the language for reading scripture

Question 6

Book of Common Prayer (1549 - 1st ed. and 1552)

Answer 6

Authoritative guide for priest and people
1st edition clearly showed the real presence in Eucharist
2nd edition eliminates that language
Cranmer publishes a pamphlet arguing such

Question 7

42 Articles (1553)

Answer 7

Justification (Luther & Calvin), by faith alone
Predestination (Calvin),
Eucharist (Zwingli), no real presence

Question 8

Mary Tudor (1516-1558)

Answer 8

Daughter of Catherine and not happy with the Protestants for obvious reasons.j
Initially not anti-protestants, but there were a lot of plots against her and that would make one not very happy with them.
Queen from 1553
Repeal of anti-Catholic legislation, revival of heresy laws
300 Dissenters executed. Creation of English Martyrology.
Bloody Mary
A lot of people were happy to have their churches back

Question 9

Elizabeth I 1533-1603

Answer 9

Daughter of Anne Boylen
To Catholics she was a wicked woman who was establishing protestantism
Refused to reform the church of England like her father
Restored some elements, but refused to sanction larger elements

Question 10

Act of Supremacy, Act of Uniformity 1559

Answer 10

Elizabeth was recognized as the head of the church.
reinforces her sovereignty over the church
Marian legislation repealed

Question 11

1559 Book of Common Prayer as compromise between 1549 and 1552

Answer 11

Use of images and crucifixes and masses is permitted.
Language of Eucharist
Conjoins the language of real presence with the reformed mystical symbol language.
It’s deliberately ambiguous.

Question 12

39 Articles 1563

Elizabeth’s Prayer Book

Answer 12

Trying to set a Doctrinal formulae
Based on 42 of Edward’s time.
Via Media
Not a strict confessional statement but short dogmatic tenets
Often ambiguously worded to be accommodating to multiple views
Uniformity through practice not doctrine
Episcopacy, sacraments, worship based on BCP

Question 13

1534

Answer 13

King Henry VIII’s Act of Supremacy that declared him “the only Supreme Head on earth of the Church of England.” This severed the Church of England from the papacy and subjugated it to the crown.

Question 14

1539

Answer 14

Henry VIII’s “Six Articles”

Question 15

1553

Answer 15

Edward VI’s “42 Articles”

Question 16

1559

Answer 16

Elizabeth I’s “Book of Common Prayer” with an emphasis on uniformity through practice not doctrine, so that episcopacy, worship, and sacraments were outlined in the BCP.

Question 17

1562

Answer 17

John Jewell’s “An Apology of the Church of England” refutes the accusations of the Catholic Church and offers a positive statement of Anglican faith. Like Calvin’s reply to Sadoleto, Jewell’s “Apology” states that the charges of schism, heresy, and immorality could be turned on the Catholic Church.

Question 18

1566

Answer 18

“Second Helvetic Confession” written by Heinrich Bullinger of the Reformed tradition, it combines Calvinist and Zwinglian traditions to emphasize the spiritual presence of Christ whereby the elements are outward signs.

Question 19

1577

Answer 19

“Formula of Concord” is the Lutherans article that claims the real presence of Christ through the sacramental union; two kinds of eating–Spiritual and Oral/Sacramental; and three modes of Christ–Physical, Spiritual, and Divine.

Question 20

1606

Answer 20

“True Christianity” written by Arendt is a devotional work of the practice of Christian life, which is an emphasis on orthopraxy.
Piety comes through active Christian living, engaging in Christian love, and the life-long process of repentance.

Question 21

1624

Answer 21

“De Veritate” written by Edward Lord Herbert of Cherbury in which he presents a case for religion that draws from the common notions that God has implanted in all human beings.

1. Belief in a Supreme Being (God)
2. The Supreme God Ought to be Worshiped
3. Pursuit of a Pious Life
4. Repentance
5. Rewards and Punishments

Question 22

1636

Answer 22

“Deceit Disclosed” by Ferreira who had been a Jesuit missioner to Japan. He was tortured to apostasy and married. Ferreira’s argument–that Christianity and the Bible are absurd–is based on reason as opposed to the authority of Scripture. Additionally he uses ancient Greek philosophy and writings and philosophy from Japan to attack Christian beliefs.

Question 23

1675

Answer 23

“Pia Desideria” is Spener’s proposal for reforming the corruptions in civil authorities, clergy and the common people through efforts such as biblical literacy, active practice of Christian love, avoidance of polemics, and theological praxis in ministerial training (think Con Ed.).

Question 24

1694

Answer 24

“Simple Instruction How One Should Read Holy Scripture for One’s True Edification” is Francke’s instruction on reading the Bible.
Scripture must be read with Divine Simplicity based on Luther’s triad–Oratio, Meditatio, Tentatio.
This approach differs from Spener’s 3 steps because Francke presents 3 overlapping, interrelated parts–Prayer, Meditation, Anfechtung.

Question 25

1695

Answer 25

“Reasonableness of Christianity” by John Locke is the proposition that true Christianity is rooted in reason. Locke includes 3 propositions for understanding reasonableness:

1. According to reason (Existence of God)
2. Above reason (Resurrection of the dead)
3. Contrary to reason (Existence of more than one god)

Question 26

Characteristics of Enlightenment

Answer 26

1) Autonomy
2. (Autonomous) Reason
3. Nature (as good and uncorrupted by the fall)
4. Melioristic Optimism (the future will be better but not due to millennialism)
5. Progress (inexorable progress is possible w/o superstition)
6. Toleration (Confessionalization + contact with other cultures + emphasis on autonomy = Toleration)
7. Eclecticism (borrows ideas and traditions from across the globe; not a rejection of tradition but a critical reappraisal of it)

Question 27

Deism and Deists

Answer 27

Sought knowledge through natural observation over Scripture or Revelation.

• Edward Lord Herbert of Cherbury’s “De Veritate” and the Common Notions.
• John Locke’s idea of Radical Supernaturalism and “Reasonableness of Christianity” with its 3 propositions regarding reason: According to reason, Above reason, and Contrary to reason.
• John Toland’s “Christianity Not Mysterious” that states Christianity is not contrary to reason.

These 3 examples show the spectrum of religion and reason. “De Veritate” presents religion that is only reasonable or true in nature. “Reasonableness of Christianity” addresses how Christianity is in some places reasonable; others, it is above reason. “Christianity Not Mysterious” claims any unreasonableness in Christianity as remnants of paganism.

Question 28

Deism Challenges to orthodox Protestantism

Answer 28

The “paper pope” (sola scriptura) of orthodox Protestants was challenged by the Enlightenment scrutiny of the Deists.

• James Ussher calculated the date of Creation: Evening of October 22, 4004 BC.
• Hermann Reimarus calculated the time it would have taken the Israelites to cross the Red (Reed) Sea as 9 days.
• Noah’s Ark–think of the images of the Ark as attempts to connect literal readings with reason. But does this diminish the veracity of the story?

-Johann Salamo Semler fathered historical criticism of the Bible and emphasized genres and literary styles to distinguish the Spiritual core of the Bible from its husk.

Question 29

John Jewel (1522-1571)

Answer 29

Trained at University of Oxford
flees to Continent under Mary Tudor (1553)
returns to England under Elizabeth I (1559), Bishop of Salisbury
wrote 1562 An Apology of the Church of England

Question 30

1562 An Apology of the Church of England

Answer 30

An apology for an by the Church of England for Roman Catholicism. Criticizes doctrine by shifting the burden of proof from CofE to prove their rightness toward the Catholic church and says they have to prove they are following scripture and antiquity of the church.

Question 31

Richard Hooker (1554-1600)

Answer 31

Distinctive Anglican view
Defender of Elizabethan settlement against the Catholics
Also a problem was the rise of the Puritans who criticized the CofE for being insufficiently protestant.
Emphasizes tradition, natural law alongside scriptural norm
Bible not mechanical code of rules
Criticizes doctrine of predestination
See church as organic institution evolving through history