Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HC 504 > Exam 2 Objectives > Flashcards

Exam 2 Objectives Flashcards

1
Q

Counter-Reformation (Protestant term)

A

Pointing to a specific political move after the Peace of Augsburg, where Catholics tried to take back cities that had become Protestant

Largely negative term, not really acceptable today, only measured by reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Catholic Reformation

A

Still based on Protestant model

Catholic reform had been going on for centuries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Catholic Reform and Renewal

A

Term most accepted today (What Strom prefers)

Connects the movement back to the Middle ages; also covers global expansion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Early modern Catholicism

A

coined by John O’Malley

Newer term, idea that modern Catholicism has a distinctive character

May lose some of the political context

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Reforms of the Papacay prior to Trent:

Fifth Lateran Council 1512-1517

A

Pope was still reluctant, reform was very moderate

Pope Julius II who first convened (Julius was very corrupt, but effective in consolidating Roman Catholic power)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Reforms of the Papacay prior to Trent:

Giles of Viterbo

A

Augustinian Friar, “Men must be changed by religion, not religion by men”

Protestants were changing Doctrine, Catholics were not (and the Protestant reformation actually made it a more difficult to get Catholic reform done)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Reforms of the Papacay prior to Trent:

Pope Leo X 1513-1521

A

Much more pious that Julius; but quite liberal with money & offices, which fueled Luther’s 95 theses and his other issues

Did not take seriously the Protestant movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Reforms of the Papacay prior to Trent:

Pope Adrian VI (1522-1523)

A

Very interested in reform; but died within a year,

Had massive opposition to his reform interest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Reforms of the Papacay prior to Trent:

Pope Clement VI (1523-1534)

A

Not corrupt, but totally incompetent

Sack of Rome by Imperial Forces; Charles V is trying to force Pope Clement to convene a council (1527)

Henry VIII of England thwarted in request for annulment – creates issue with England

Historically accused of frittering away the opportunity to avoid church schism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Reforms of the Papacay prior to Trent:

Paul III (1534-49)

A

Not pious (nepotism, had children); but first Pope actually effective at Reform

Called together new orders: Jesuits (most importantly)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

_Consilium de Emendanda Ecclesia 1537 _

A

Empaneled: Contarini (most progressive), Gian Pietro Carafa (later becomes Pope Paul IV), Jacobo Sadoleto (who Calvin responds), Reginal Pole, Jerome Aleander, Cartese, Badia – a very impressive group of theologians

Critique of condition of church with suggestions: improve quality of priests,

benefice issue (double salaries for priests),

better government of people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Reforms of the Papacay prior to Trent:

Failure of the Colloquy of Ratisbon (Regensburg) 1541

A

Double Justification: Contarini with others is trying to reconcile the doctrine of Justification (ends up rejected by Luther and Catholics alike)

Seen as the last opportunity to avoid the schism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why are Popes reluctant to hold a council?

(Council of Trent 1545 to 1563)

A

They underestimated the power of the Reformation They saw councils as a limit to their own Papal Power

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How is Trent as example of Catholic Confessionalism?

A

Trent allows Roman Catholics a chance to clarify their doctrine

The medieval church was not very uniform prior to Trent – this unified the Church across Europe and the globe

Established new confessional standards for the church

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Council of Trent: First Phase 1545-1547

A

Scripture and Tradition

  • Included books of the Apocrypha as canonical
  • Affirmed Vulgate as the normative text, BUT it does not reject vernacular translations
  • Affirmed sufficiency of Scripture – but only the traditional CHURCH interpretation of Scripture is authoritative – thus holds tradition and Scripture up together (as opposed to Sola Scriptura)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How does the council of Trent define Justification?

A
  • **Justification not a moment but rather a process of regeneration and renewal. **
  • What Catholics think of as Justification – the Protestants would think of as both Justification and Sanctification
  • We have cooperation in ones own salvation (but not by merit!)
  • Rejection of the nominalist view “to do what in you”; but warning against anti-nominalism (that Christians are free from all laws and good works)
  • Cooperation with grace is necessary for salvation / no subjective certainty of salvation (against Luther and others)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Council of Trent: Second Phase (1551-52)

A
  • Sacraments - reaffirms 7 sacraments
    • Protestants reduced to Baptism and Eucharist
    • Think Carthugian manuscript: baptism, penance, ordination, marriage, extreme unction, confirmation, Eucharist
  • Doctrine of transubstantiation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Council of Trent: Third Phase (1561-63)

A
  • Ecclesial Reforms: clerical residency, simony, and the benefice
    • Pope Pious IV decided to implement council decrees in their entirety; which put the Popes at the head for reform; so it actually strengthened Papal Authority
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556)

A
  • Originally a soldier – religious experience when healing from an injury
  • 1522-23 Begins work on Spiritual Exercises
  • 1524-1528 Studied in Spain
  • 1528-1535 University of Paris
  • 1539 Founding document of Ignatius and Friend
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

1540 Society of Jesus (Jesuits)

A
  • approved by Paul III
  • Vows of poverty, chastity, obedience
  • Called to be in the World – not cloistered or removed from the world
  • Following Pope’s orders (in service of the Pope)
  • Militaristic missionary vision: concerned with Turks, New World, & Lutherans
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Additional Jesuit terms

A
  • Action/prayer
  • Spiritual direction
  • Loyalty to papacy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What role did the Jesuits play as part of European world expansion?

A
  • the Order of Jesuits grew rapidly
  • Francis Xavier (1506-1552) to India, Indonesia, Japan
  • Matteo Ricci to China
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

A
  • “Recipe for Conversion”
  • Instructional, not devotional.
  • Prepares you for action in the world on behalf of the Church.
  • 1523 begun, by 1540 mostly complete, first printed in 1548
    • Broken into four discrete weeks with different foci for prayer and meditation
      • First Week: Sin and its consequences.
      • Second Week: Kingdom of Christ
      • Third Week: Passion of Christ
      • Fourth Week: Risen and Glorified Christ
    • Appendix: Rules for Thinking with the Church
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Jerome Nadal (+1580)

A
  • Adnotationes et Meditationes in Evangelia 1594, 1595 see Blackboard
    • What is distinctly Catholic?
    • What is universal?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Spanish Mysticism and Teresa of Avila (1515-1582)

A
  • 1535 Teresa enters Convent (20 yrs old)
    • Could not read Latin
  • 1555 Spiritual Experiences
  • 1562 Founded Discalced (“barefoot”) Carmelite Convent
    • Because she puts an emphasis on mysticism, she is seen as a real threat to the male hierarchy of the Church
    • Well known sculpture: painful and sweet ecstasy of vision
  • 1562 Wrote Book of Her Life
  • 1567 Established additional houses
  • 1562-1569 Way of Perfection
  • 1576 Spiritual Testimony
  • 1577 Interior Castle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Book of Her Life

(Theresa of Avila)

A

Excerpt: Whenever the Lord gave me some command in prayer and the confessor told me to do something different, the Lord Himself would speak to me again and tell me to obey Him…..***His Majesty Himself has been to me the Book in which I have seen what is true.

***Complete excerpt on BB. Know bold for exam.

  • Strom read the above aloud in lecture – Teresa is not condemning male hierarchy, but she is still subverting it – forced to really defend her spiritual mysticism and religious experiences
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Theresa of Avila - Book of Her Life

A
  • Confessors took away all Spanish works – if she can’t have access to the Spanish literature, “God will give me a Living Book” – a strong confidence that kind of stands up to the church hierarchy
  • She couldn’t speak/read Latin
  • Her works are banned under the inquisition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Teresa of Avila - 1577 Interior Castle

A

Prayer as entrance to Interior Castle

  • Two divisions of seven dwelling places:
    • Active:
      • 1st dwelling place – entrance to castle through prayer
      • 2nd – rooms set apart for those with experience in practice or prayer
      • 3rd – for those who persevere and struggle
    • Passive/Mystical:
      • 4th – infused prayer
      • 5th – prayer of union
      • 6th – inward journey and spiritual betrothal (soul in ecstasy – could be a torment)
      • 7th – intellectual vision of Most Blessed Trinity, spiritual marriage, and perfect union
        • The point of reaching spiritual union is not the union itself – but instead after the union, to live a life of good works – the fruit of spiritual marriage is good works
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is work for cloistered society?

A

Their prayers for the world are making a difference – prayer leads to action!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are some key points in the development of Christianity in the Phillipines?

A
  • Currently the most Christian country in Asia
  • 1465 Spanish claimed as a new territory, co-oped the local elites into their structures, including Christianity
  • converted almost all the Philippinos with just a few hundred priests
  • the Phillipino church becomes a major force of resistance for nationalists against colonial authority
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How did the Christian Church spread in the Philippines?

A

missionaries were forced early on to learn the language creating dictionaries and grammars

these helped with translation of Christianity into the culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are some key points on the spread of Christianity in Japan?

A
  • most successful early mission but ends in disaster
  • 1559 Jesuits established base in Kyoto
  • treated Japanese with contempt, didn’t learn the language
  • Valignano said it was important to adopt the culture and build churches like Japanese architecture
  • move to indigenization enculturation and it was extremely successful once it was implemented
  • Christians began to be persecuted, over 2,000 including prominent Japanese Christians and European missionaries but created “martyrs”
  • Torture was then used to create apostates; those who renounce their faith
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What was Valignano’s view on Christianity and Chinese culture?

A
  • stressed the need for adaptation in China
  • do not attempt to change their behavior or culture; bring the faith not our countries’ culture
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

How does Matteo Ricci attempt to spread Christianity in China?

A
  • Enculturation approach - adapts Christianity to Chinese context
  • decides to learn the Chinese language and culture; engages in an exchange where he passes along knowledge from scientific revolution in the west in exchange for knowledge of the Chinese culture
  • ingratiates himself with the highest Chinese intellectuals
  • vertical conversion = convert the elite and others will follow; finds points of equivalency between Christianity and Confucianism
  • Argues that Christianity is the most reasonable; trying to replace Buddhism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What type of conflict occured in regards to Monophysite/Miaphysite, Chalcedonian, and Nestorian Churches

A
  • differences in Christologies
  • Nestorians in Asia; object to Caledonians image as Mary being mother of God
  • Europe is Caledonian - dominates
  • Monophysite and Miaphysite is Africa
  • Europeans have problems when they encounter different Christologies in Asia and Africa
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the milet system?

A

In the Ottoman Empire, a millet was a separate legal court pertaining to “personal law” under which a confessional community (a group abiding by the laws of Muslim Sharia, Christian Canon law, or Jewish Halakha) was allowed to rule itself under its own system. (Wikipedia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Church of the East

A

ottoman empire = Church of the east but primarily Islamic;

Christians were given status and weren’t persecuted (millet system) but weren’t allowed to proselytize and had to pay special taxes

this resulted in less Christians over time

38
Q

dhimmi

A

a historical term referring to non-Muslim citizens of an Islamic state.

The word literally means “protected person.”

Dhimmis were excluded from specific duties assigned to Muslims, and did not enjoy certain political rights reserved for Muslims, but were otherwise equal under the laws of property, contract, and obligation

39
Q

Name some key points of the Chinese Rites controversy.

A
  • Jesuits/Enculturation vs. Dominicans/UniversalCatholic Doctrine
  • 1630: Spanish Dominicans show up and are concerned with Jesuit techniques of enculturation
  • Spanish Dominicans see China as mission field; quick evangelization and saw Jesuits as compromising Catholic doctrine
  • Both sides petitioned Rome for their way of evangelization
  • Dominicans gained influence with the emperors in China and the Jesuit missionaries were expelled in 1724
40
Q

What was the result of the Chinese Rites controversy?

A

Christianity remains in China but not tied to literary elites and continues in a diminished respect

No native clergy left after the Jesuits were expelled to lead the church = greatest failing of this movement

41
Q

What were some key characteristics of Iberian Christinaity in the 15th and 16th centuries?

A

No great theological debates; primarily Catholic

Portugal and Spain split the globe;

Spain interested in colonization
Portugal interested in trade routes

42
Q

Name one example of a “spiritual conquest” in Central and South America.

A

Hispaniola

Iberian Christianity took over land and people as disease decreased native population

43
Q

Name an example of how native belief systems survived as Christianity expanded in Central and South America.

A

Yucatan Peninsula

Mayans worshiped idols in caves and then Franciscans tortured those found with them

Natives worshipped old system with new tradition of the Catholic church

44
Q

Name an example of “hybrid Christianity.”

A

Our Lady of Guadalupe

Represents an appropriation of Christian saints being practiced by natives like their previous worship of the goddess

45
Q

What are some key points about Our Lady of Guadalupe?

A
  • Outside of Mexico City the Spanish destroyed a temple of the Aztec goddess Tonatzin and replaced with a church for the Virgin Mary
  • Mary came to native Juan Diego in a vision which resulted on many natives making pilgrimages to this site
46
Q

How were the African slaves in Brazil and example of hybrid Christiainity and why was this able to continue?

A

Slaves adjusted to local practices; combined Christian symbols and infused them with African beliefs from their homeland; specifically amulets, mediums, etc.

Mostly away from urban centers so not much clergy and the clergy found it difficult to work with the native populations; not much oversight over slaves

47
Q

Identify and describe the importance of the career of Bartolomé de Las Casas.

A
  • first person to be ordained as a priest in the Americas; was a tax collector first
  • becomes a defender of the natives and wanted to change policy and goes back to Spain
  • Named “protector of the natives” and returns to the New World and joins the Dominican order in 1522
48
Q

What were Las Casas’ propositions on how to convert the natives and spread the gospel?

A
  • that the gospel should be taught to all people and that the natives should not be treated in an unjust or tyrannical way and that the natives should be granted restitution
  • should be both illegal to apply force to convert native
  • this method should be recognized as ineffective counter-productive
49
Q

Early Christian history in Africa

A
  • Longer history of Christianity than the Americas; Tertullian and Augustine of Hippo and others influenced the early church
  • 600-900 Islam rises and then pushed back but Africa is never reclaimed by Christians; Christianity goes underground in Africa and less prominent in Egypt
50
Q

Early Christian history in Egypt

A
  • Very influential on early Christianity
    • Clement of Alexandria
    • Origen
    • Cyril of Alexandria
    • Monastic Tradition
  • After Chalcedon, they lose contact with the west
  • Miaphysite vs. Monophysite
51
Q

Early Christian history in Kingdom of Kongo

A
  • Under Portuguese rule
  • King converted to Christianity in 1490’s and the country converts with him to Roman Catholicism and establishes trade with Europe
  • Main trade is slavery from inland
52
Q

How is the Council of Trent different from protestant reform?

A

___

53
Q

The first phase of the Council of Trent is strong on ___ but weak on ___.

A

doctrine

reform

54
Q

Teresa of Avila:

Importance of “Book of Her Life” exerpt

A

Teresa is not condemning male hierarchy, but she is still subverting it – forced to really defend her spiritual mysticism and religious experiences

55
Q

Describe the relationship of piety, knowledge of God, and scripture in Calvin.

A

“I call piety that reverence joined by love of God which the knowledge of his benefice induces.”

  • Wants to explore the relationship between God and piety.
  • The only possible understanding of God will be relational.
  • Not a series of good works that lead to piety
  • True piety is understanding what God has done for humanity
56
Q

According to Teresa of Avila, what is the point of reaching a spiritual union?

A

The point of reaching spiritual union is not the union itself – but instead after the union, to live a life of good works – the fruit of spiritual marriage is good works

57
Q

How does Calvin define providence?

A

“all events are governed by God’s secret plan” (Institutes I.xvi.2)

58
Q

Identify the three uses of the law in Calvin.

A

1) Convicts
2) Restrains
3) Normative guide for Christians

59
Q

How does Calvin view the relationship of the law to the role of Christ?

A

Christ is the ultimate prophet for Calvin

60
Q

Explain how Calvin’s understanding of justification and sanctification modifies Luther and Zwingli and their principle differences.

A

Luther had the idea that we were simultaneously saint and sinner and would get upset if you ever had the idea that you were better than someone else. Wanted people to constantly be moving back and forth between I want to be a better person, but I’m really a terrible person and I need justification.

Calvin able to see a trajectory going forward into the future. Launches you forward into progress and someone can become holier in your life. There are better Christians than others.

61
Q

Compare and contrast Calvin’s view of the sacraments and the church with that of Luther.

A

Agreed with Luther that they were only 2 baptism and

communion.

Agreed that sacraments were a “Visible form of an invisible grace” “visible sign joined of a sacred thing”

“It seems to me that a simple and proper definition [of a sacrament] would be to say that it is an outward sign by which the Lord seals on our consciences the promises of his good will toward us in order to sustain the weakness of our faith; and we in turn attest our piety toward in the presence of the Lord and of his angels before men.” IV.xiv.1

62
Q

Compare and contrast Calvin’s view of the sacraments and the church with that of Zwingli.

A
  • Differed from Zwingli in that he had no problem acknowledging that Christ presence in the eucharist was real, but agrees with him on opposing the ubiquity of Christ’s body in the eucharist.
  • Corrects the understanding that they are not bare signs of the absence body of Christ, but signs that the reality of elements are signs to which Christ’s saving presence is conjoined.
  • Believed that the elements are instruments that God uses efficaciously when he pleases and can be means of grace.
  • He doesn’t resolve how the real presence is resolved
63
Q

According to Calvin, what is the threefold office of Christ?

A
  • Prophetic: bears witness to grace of God
  • Kingly: rules over the Church and each Christian • Christ rules over us all
  • Priestly: atones for human sinfulness and intercedes with God.
    • Through Christ atonement he is able to act as a mediator for God.
    • Continuing to intercede for us
64
Q

What are some key pionts on Calvin’s Bibical Humanism?

A
  • Scripture is the avenue of revelation
  • God and humanity must always be understood together
  • Structures the institute to follow God’s instructions to humans intellectual ability.
    • Structure follows Apostles Creed
    • God the Creator, Christ the Redeemer, Holy Spirit and the Church
  • Major Themes: Sovereignty of God, grace and Redemption of undeserving human beings
65
Q

How does Calvin understand scripture?

A
  • Scripture is necessary for the knowledge of God and is the source of our knowledge of God.
  • We can’t wait for God to come to us.
  • God is present in nature and is manifest, but bc of our fallen nature it’s only through scripture that we have the possibility to understand God
  • Scripture as a set of spectacles
    • It allows us to have right knowledge of God.
    • Doesn’t restore 20/20 vision
    • If you take away scripture, we lose our vision.
66
Q

Was Calvin a biblical literalist?

A

Not a biblical literalist(Agrees with Luther) Scripture is intrinsic to the Word of God

The same Spirit that speaks to the prophet allows scripture to speak to us and penetrate our hearts.

Authority of scripture depends on the H.S.

67
Q

How does Calvin understand the relationship between Christs’ role and the Fall?

A

“The whole human race perished.” Fallen human nature requires the necessity of Mediator
Faith in Christ - Christ is the indispensable link between God and humanity.

The role of Christ is absolutely pivotal

The soul cannot overcome the condemnation of sin even if we are aware of God without Christ

Without Christ there is no comprehension of a true God.

Humanity is just like grub worms.

68
Q

According to Calvin, how do we receive the benefits of the grace that God gave to Christ?

A

Through faith.

  • How do we obtain faith?
    • Luther - HS
    • Calvin - the witness of Holy Scripture
69
Q

How does Calvin understand Divine election/divine reprobation?

A
  • Divine election/divine reprobation as part of freedom and omnipotence of God.
    • God can elect or reprobate anyone that He chooses.
    • You cannot apply human values to God’s reasoning.
70
Q

How does Calvin view justification and sanctification compared to Zwingli and Luther?

A
  • The believer is grafted into Christ
  • Calvin argued that one is judged righteous because of Christ’s righteousness.
  • It matches the Lutheran idea of imputation
  • rejects Zwinglian that regeneration is a part of justification
  • Calvin argues that justification doesn’t make sanctification superfluous.
    • Argues that it is a direct result of the believers incorporation into Christ and that what propels one onto the path of sanctification(moral improvement).
  • Moral regeneration not dependent on justification but on union with Christ
    • Luther’s ideas of justification seemed to deny any place of obedience of the Christian life.
    • Zwingli seemed to make it dependent upon a type of moral generation.
71
Q

Flow chart of Calvin’s justificiation and sanctification.

A

Election —> personal union/Christ — >

Justification

{ —>glorification

Sanctification

72
Q

How does Calvin want to see the office of ministry structured?

A

He wanted to structure the church on a more biblicist basis than Luther.

Calvin moved along Luther’s idea that clergy weren’t different from the rest of society, but they had specific roles.

Zwingli wanted to to have this unitary understanding, but Calvin wanted to preserve the independence of the church from secular law.

73
Q

What’s the main difference beween Luther and Calvin’s central ideas?

A

Luther the central idea was doctrine of justification Calvin the central idea was glorification of God.

  • Christians are called to act in the world not to achieve salvation, but because these activities express the glory of God in creation.
74
Q

Radical

A

Radical = back to the root: back to the primitive church.

Luther and Zwingli have no problems with the Ecumenical councils, but the Radicals want to go back to the early church prior to the 4th and 5th c. doctrine.

75
Q

What were the three strands of Radical Reformation?

A
  • Spiritualists - Thomas Müntzer (1490-1525); Kaspar von Schwenckfeld (1490-1561)
    • A non-biblical notion of spirituality, e.g., through the Spirit someone can continue to have divine inspiration.
  • _Evangelical Rationalists - _Fausto Paolo Sozzini (1539-1604); Michael Servetus (1511-1553)
  • Anabaptists - (Menno Simons 1496-1561, Michael Sattler, et al.)
    • ”re-baptism” but it’s not an actual re-baptism so much as a movement that does not recognize infant baptism.
76
Q

Dissent in Germany

A

Dissent in Germany was due to Karlstadt’s growing iconoclastic fervor.

Luther wanted to use public sentiment for a slow and steady reform, while Karlstadt wanted to expedite reforms.

77
Q

The Peasants War

A

“Twelve Articles” 1525, by the Upper Swabian Peasants

“The gospel is not a cause of rebellions or insurrection” because it teaches love and peace. Also, “since the peasants want to be taught and to live by the gospel, they cannot be called disobedient or seditious”

78
Q

How did Luther respond to the Peasants war?

A

Luther was principally opposed to defending the Gospel through forceful means but the revolution outran Luther.

He published “Against the Robbing and Murdering Hordes of Peasants,” which told the ruling class to put down the peasants through any possible means, which they did. This severed ties between Luther and many peasants.

79
Q

Müntzer and Revolution

A
  • believed that the questioning of authority promoted by the Lutheran Reformation should also be applied to the economic sphere.
  • Luther distanced himself from Müntzer, stating that the Reformation he supported did not overthrow the civil order.
  • Müntzer believed and taught of the “living word of God” (i.e., continued revelation and prophecy), the banning of infant baptism, and that the wine and bread of the Eucharist were only emblems of Jesus Christ’s sacrifice.
  • Because of his position on infant baptism, Müntzer ranks as one of the founders of the Anabaptist movement, yet doubt exists as to whether he ever received adult “rebaptism”. (*Wikipedia*) In “Sermon to the Princes” (1524), Müntzer not only criticizes the catholic mass but presents an alternative eucharist.
80
Q

Anabaptist revolutionaries

A
  • “believer’s baptism” or re-baptism
  • rejected infant baptism because of its absence from New Testament
  • Anabaptists were persecuted and drowned by the thousands; Felix Manz was drowned in 1527 in Zurich
81
Q

Debacle in Münster

A

1533, rise of apocalypticism

1534 Jan Matthijs declares Münster the New Jerusalem. Unbelievers are expelled. Münster becomes a pilgrimage destination. Radical immigrants are entering while unbelievers are kicked out.

1535 Protestants and Catholics are willing to unite to fight the Anabaptist revolutionaries.

82
Q

Pacifist Anabaptists

A

Sattler, Michael: chaired the council that produced the Schleitheim articles

Simons, Menno:

  • Emerges after debacle in Münster.
  • Emphasizes pacifism, returns to principles close to Schleitheim. Establish Mennonite tradition
83
Q

Schleitheim articles

A
  1. Believer’s Baptism: afterthefact baptism is more of a seal of what has been done than a part of the gift of grace. This is offered for penitent believers but NOT INFANTS.
  2. Ban: would ban a member from the community, based on the idea that they could recognize a righteous individual not just a righteous community.
  3. Breaking of Bread: no sacramental quality; only the baptized may partake.
  4. Separation from abomination: want to withdraw from the world and the evil they see in it. There is a free will ability that allows one to be differentiated. (Cf. with other reformers’ ideas of free will)
  5. Pastors: “shepherd” who reads the Scriptures and teaches the community what they say, but the Pastor can be disciplined by the community.
  6. The Sword (Pacifism): The only weapon of the church is the Ban. They don’t take part in civil authorities or activities that would require them to “pass sentence in dispute and strife about worldly matters.”
  7. Refusal to take oaths: See oaths as contrary to Scripture.
84
Q

Legacy of Anabaptists

A
  • voluntary membership into churches
  • there was absolutely NO tolerance during this time. Thus the anabaptists were the ones breaking the mold from Christendom. The Protestants were just retrofitted Catholics, but the Anabaptists were willing to do something new and at great costs.
85
Q

Women in the Late Middle Ages

A

Women had some options for their lives.

They may have been able to join an order to avoid the risks and responsibilities of childbirth.

In contemplative orders, their jobs were to pray for society; in tertiary orders, the emphasis was on perfect living through caring for the poor and sick.

86
Q

Women in the Early Modern Period

A
  • Some women were able to use their education to engage with academics, such as Schutz Zell and von Grumbach.
  • Others were inspired by visions, which were subversive of the conventional track for authority because the knowledge comes from God rather than the educated readings of Scripture.
  • Losses for women: closing of cloister schools for women; radical voice and participation in Reformation; safety of convents.
87
Q

Caritas Pirckheimer

A

an abbess at an order of the Poor Clares, who opposed many reforms in the 1520s. Was ordered to release the women from their vows, but Pirckheimer believed she could not undo the vows the women had made to God only that she could release them from the vows the made to her.

88
Q

Argula von Grumbach

A
  • Wrote the “Open Letter to Ingolstadt” in 1523, in defense of Master Seehofer who was forced to confess and recant his heresy for teaching Luther and Melanchthon.
  • Grumbach uses Scripture to defend the teachings of Luther and Melanchthon, which she declares are based on Scripture. She argues that to deny Luther would be to deny Scripture, which is the sole authority–not the Church or traditions. Claims the church leaders have led the princes and laity astray (Cf. Müntzer).
  • “A disputation is easily won when one argues with force, not Scripture” (84). Spiritual authority only pushes when temporal authority pushes beyond its boundaries.
89
Q

How does Luther change the understanding of marriage?

A

Removes sacramental element from marriage because it does not meet his 4 criteria.

Instead marriage is for

  • 1) procreation and raising children,
  • 2) containment of lust/sexuality within marriage, and
  • 3) companionship.

This makes marriage more normative and reduces options of women from vocations to…marriage.

90
Q

How did Katharina Schütz Zell adopt and modify her understanding of marriage it in her own context?

A
  • wrote “Apologia for Master Matthew Zell” in 1524 in which she defends her husband’s honor, as he was one of the first reformers to defiantly break canon law through his marriage.
  • She also refutes the superior holiness of celibacy as an invention of the Roman church rather than a teaching of holy Scripture.
  • Her basis for these arguments is the authority of Scripture–sola scriptura–which did not depend on the traditions or authority of the Roman church. Instead, she ridicules the arguments of the church–that clerical marriages would reduce taxes on harlotry and that priests would have to choose between wives and mistresses. She counters by saying clerical marriage would allow priests to preach against adultery and would help care for widows and help them maintain their property.
  • BUT the Protestant reformers, though welcoming her voice at the beginning of the Reformation, became more conservative and patriarchal and distanced themselves from Schutz Zell.
91
Q
A

Grumbach teaching scirpture.

  • Had contact with Luther
  • Threatened with imprisonment for encouraging people to become Protestant

HC 504 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions