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Applied Cognitive Psychology > HC 6 - Visual Attention & Distraction > Flashcards

HC 6 - Visual Attention & Distraction Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition of attention

A

Ability to maintain interest in a thought without getting distracted

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2
Q

3 types of attention

A
  1. Selective attention
  2. Divided attention
  3. Sustained attention
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3
Q

Selective attention

Definition

A

Process of DIRECTING awareness to RELEVANT stimuli, while IGNORING IRRELEVANT stimuli

Spotlight = attention

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4
Q

Topdown

-exo/endo?
- stimulus/goal driven?
- example

A
  • Endogenous cues
  • Goal driven
  • looking for a friend in the crowd/Waldo
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5
Q

Bottom up

  • exo/endo?
  • stimulus/goal driven?
  • example
A
  • Exogenous/physical cues
  • Stimulus driven
  • red umbrella in a crowd of black ones
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6
Q

Attributes that guide attention

A
  • DIFFERENT THAN SURROUNDING -> salient
  • colour
  • motion
  • orientation
  • size

guidance by stimulus salience (bottom-up)

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7
Q

Bottom or top distraction is salient?

A

Bottom - up! Caughts attention

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8
Q

2 fundamental rules of visual salience

(salience of target increases with:)

A
  1. target-distractor heterogeneity
  2. distractor-distractor homogeneity
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9
Q

Target-distractor heterogeneity

A

differences between target & distractor

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10
Q

Distractor - distractor homogeneity

A

Similarities of 2 disctractor

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11
Q

Van Gogh experiment

result child/adults bottom-top

A

Children: more bottom up strategy
Adults: more top down strategy -> driven by thoughts

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12
Q

3 items that attract more attention than others

A
  1. items relevant to survival (snakes)
  2. faces
  3. babies (human & puppies)
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13
Q

Biases:

Centre bias

Photographer bias

Viewing strategy

+ solution to biases

A

focus on the centre of an image

putting relevant salient items in the centre

-

focus less on centre!

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14
Q

definition Divided attention

A
  • our brains ability to attend to two different stimuli at the same time -> multitasking

tasks compete for limited attentional resources

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15
Q

2 theories of capacity of attention

A
  1. central capacity theory
    - 1 pool of attentional resources. Empty = distracted
  2. multiple resource theory
    - 3 pools of attentional resources: visual, auditory and other modality
    - shifting between these 3!
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16
Q

Automaticity & attention

A

Well-practised tasks require fewer resources and are easier to perform

17
Q

3 things that affect divided attention

A
  1. interfering tasks that involve similar activities
  2. tasks that share 1 sensory modality (listening to 2 people)
  3. extra: anxiety, arousal, task difficulty, skills
18
Q

Driving + cell phone on performance

A

DIMINISHES performance

Slower reactions AND miss more things

19
Q

inattentional blindness

A

failing to notice full-visible unexpected object because attention on other task/object

20
Q

Switching costs

A

switching rapidly between tasks (distracted learning), that causes negative effects

  • mental fatique, negative performance, tasks take longer to complete

WE NOT GOOD AT MULTITASKING

21
Q

3 things to improve learning

A
  1. increase cognitive control abilities (exercise, meditation)
  2. managing distractions around/within you (increase metacognition, decrease accessability & boredom with planned distraction)
  3. strengthen your goals (set clear and achievable goals, implementation intention: WHAT and WHEN)
22
Q

Sustained attention definition/other words

A

Vigilance/alertness

the ability to maintain focus of attention and remain alert to stimuli over prolonged time-period

It is hard!

23
Q

4 main factors affecting vigilance and attention

A
  1. time on task
    - limited ability -> performance declines after 30/15/5 minutes
  2. rest to activity radio
    - amount of rest when performing a task can strongly impact vigilance
  3. sleeploss
    - induces lapses, negative effects quickly seen
    - noise has different effects: normal sleep + silence = best, most error when sleeploss AND silence
  4. motivation
    - intrinsic: internal factors, feedback
    - extrinsic: external factors, reward punishment
    - better performance on important recruitment taks than lab experiment
24
Q

Reaction ability in automated system

A

No reaction OR extremely late!

Applied Cognitive Psychology (7 decks)

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