Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Behavior > HBS 27-34 > Flashcards

HBS 27-34 Flashcards

1
Q

Do we think logically? No. So what are the two ways of thinking?

A

System 1: Fast, unconscious, intuitive, minimal effort, heuristics.

System 2: Conscious, deductive, slower, analytical, requires effort.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Diagnostic error

A

A diagnosis that is missed, wrong, or late.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Misdiagnosis-related harm

A

Preventable harm that occurs from delay of treatment, or from treatment for a condition that was not actually present.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Medical diagnosing; hypothesis testing:

A

Hypothesis are established tested to be disproved. If they fail they are replaced by further hypothesis until a diagnosis can be proven to be correct. This is the ideal method.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Medical diagnosing; Pattern recognition:

A

Compares patters of symptoms with disease prototypes. Effective for easy diagnosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Medical diagnosing; Heuristics and biases:

A

Diagnoses are made based on rules of thumb or heuristics. Least reliable method.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Heuristics

A

Strategies people use when making decisions or solving problems. Considered short cuts that often lead to biases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cognitive error; Premature closure

A

Narrowing the choice of diagnostic hypothesis too early, thereby missing the correct diagnosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Confirmation bias

A

Inadvertently looking for, noticing, or remembering information with pre-existing expectations, while ignoring information that contradicts expectation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Availability heuristic

A

Overestimating the intensity or frequency of vivid or easily recalled events.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Representativeness heuristic

A

Something that is similar to things in a certain category must be in the category. If it quake like a duck then it must be a duck.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Treatment Framing

A

If treatment outcome is framed by its gains, people are risk averse. However, if treatment is framed by the benefits of treatment, people are more willing to accept risk.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Decision making; Over-confidence

A

A major contributor to diagnostic error. Physicians see them as better than average, which leads them to be more likely to trust their heuristics.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Inadequate feedback loops

A

Physicians use data on patients health outcome as a basis to judge their own capacity. However, many other factors contribute to a patients success. Also, doctors often do not see their patients after diagnosing, and therefore assume they got better.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Illusory correlation

A

Tendency to believe that two events are causally related, when in fact they may be separate and coincidental.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Rules for good decision making:

A

Be aware of base rates.
Entertain alternative hypothesis.
Disprove rather than confirm hypothesis.
Remember that you are wrong more often than you think.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Rules for good decision making:

A

Be aware of base rates.
Entertain alternative hypothesis.
Disprove rather than confirm hypothesis.
Remember that you are wrong more often than you think.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Influences on eating disorders:

A

Biological
Social
Psychological
Developmental

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Social factors in body dissatisfaction:

A

Media
Family
Socioeconomic class

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

4 eating disorders

A

Anorexia nervosa (55%)
Bulimia (8%)
Binge Eating disorder
Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

BMI for underweight

A

> 18.5 underweight

>16.6 severely underweight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Anorexia nervosa

A

Most common amongst teenage girls, although increasing with males. Restricted eating leads to being underweight, sexually and developmentally delayed. Food obsessed/ritualized. Intense fear of gaining weight and dysmorphic self image.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Apical anorexia nervosa

A

Same signs as AN, but without being notably underweight.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Anorexia warning signs (some)

A

Weight loss, calorie counting, body dysmorphia, fatigue/faints, use of diet pills, laxatives, diuretics, low self-esteem, self harm, Jaundice, thin hair, social avoidance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Anorexia health complications

A

Amenorrhea (cessation of menstruation), slow heartbeat, low blood pressure, muscle waste, poor circulation, muscle loss, kidney failure (dehydration), chronic constipation, Osteoporosis, depression, disorientation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Bulimia Nervosa

A

More common than AN but seen less in hospitals. Bulimics have issues with self control and undergo eating binges followed by purging (laxatives, vomiting, fasting, or excessive exercise). Occurs at least once a week for 3 months.

Cases often occur in adulthood, unlike Anorexia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Bulimia warning signs

A

Binging, visits to bathroom after meal, weight fluctuations, abuse of pills, teeth stains, sore throat, heartburn, shame, low self-esteem, depression.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Bulimia health complications

A

Tooth decay, kidney failure, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, malnutrition, GI problems, ulcers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Binging Eating disorder

A

Binge eating without the compensatory behavior of bulimia. However, person feels guilty, ashamed, over stuffed, depressed.

Occurs at least once a week for three months.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder

A

Food restriction so severe that a person is unable to meet nutritional needs, resulting in health or psychological consequences.

Food restriction is not to do with weight concerns, but rather an overall disinterest in food, high selectivity, or other reasons. Eg, fear of choking, only wanting to eat liquid, only eating a certain brand, etc.

31
Q

Bigorexia

A

The male (usually) desire to be big and see themselves as scrawny. Steroids and supplements will often result in complications.

32
Q

SCOFF questions for eating disorder:

A

-Sick: do you ever feel Sick from eating to much?
-Control: do you lack Control?
-One: have you lost One stone in there months?
-Fat: do you believe yourself Fat when others disagree?
Food: does Food dominate your life?

A score of 2 or more indicates anorexia or bulimia.

33
Q

Swiss cheese model

A

Checks and balances are in place to deter errors, but alas, errors manage to get through the gaps in each stop.

34
Q

Ten essentials for Safe surgery

A
  • Operate on correct patient and site.
  • Prevent anesthetic harm
  • Prepare for respiratory loss
  • Prepare for blood loss
  • Avoid drug allergies
  • Prevent retention of surgical tools
  • Minimize infection
  • Secure and identify surgical specimens
  • Team will communicate
  • Hospital will practice surveillance
35
Q

Virtue ethics

A

Theory of ethics: Aristotelean. Act like a virtuous person. Concerned with development of moral character. Develops later in life.

36
Q

Aristotle’s golden mean

A

Virtue lies between deficiency and excess.

Eg. Cowardliness - courage - foolhearted

37
Q

Divine command theory

A

Theory of ethics: action guiding principles are derived from God’s command

38
Q

Deontology

A

Theory of ethics: Derived from Kant. Actions taken out of sense of duty are truly ethical.

39
Q

Rights theory

A

Theory of ethics: derived from John Locke. We all have common, natural rights. Including the right to medicine, self determination, confidentiality.

40
Q

Utilitarianism/Consequentialism

A

Theory of ethics: doing the greatest good for the greatest number. In health it requires allocating resources and public policy.

41
Q

Communitarianism

A

Theory of ethics: stresses kin, tradition, common purpose.Conventions, loyalties and traditions are the guiding principles of ethics. Defends cultural relativism.

42
Q

Adolescence in the brain

A

A second wave of synapse begins in the prefrontal cortex. Reason and risk assessment begin, preparing the youth to take care of themselves.

43
Q

Erikson’s stages of development

A 
Trust vs mistrust - year 1
Autonomy vs shame - year 2,3
Initiative vs guilt - year 4-6
Industry vs inferiority - 6-12
Identity vs Role confusion - puberty
Intimacy vs Isolation - early adulthood
Generatively vs self absorption - mid adult
Integrity vs despair - late adulthood
44
Q

Identity vs Confusion

A

Erik son’s stage of development for adolescents. Teenagers as who am I and where am I going. A time of confusion, experimentation, autonomy and self discovery.

45
Q

Piagat’s stages of cognitive development

A

Sensorimotor, birth-2
Pre operational, 2-7
Concrete operational, 7-11
Format operational period, 11-adult

46
Q

Piagat’s Sensorimotor stage

A

Develop motor skills and object permanence, birth-2

47
Q

Piagat’s preoperational stage

A

Symbolic thought and egocentrism, 2-7

48
Q

Piagat’s concrete operational stage

A

Mastery of conservation (understanding that quality may stay the same even as appearance changes). 7-11

49
Q

Piagat’s formal operational stage

A

Abstract thought and logical/systematic thinking, 11-adulthood

50
Q

What are the four parenting styles and which produces the most happy, capable and successful children?

A

Authoritative. They are demanding but accepting.

51
Q

How to talk to and treat an adolescent:

A 
Speak with alone and confidentially
Be nonjudgemental
Normalize their behavior
Explore and correct their knowledge
Educate about illness
Create short term goals
Give written instructions
Identify barriers
Enlist parental support
Regular monitoring
52
Q

What is the leading cause of death for female teens?

A

Pregnancy. Young mothers are less likely to get prenatal care and twice as likely to die during childbirth.

53
Q

Risk factors for adolescent mental illness

A

Family troubles
Stress
Abuse
Bi/homosexual inclination

54
Q

Marriage and health trends

A

Fewer people getting married. Median age of marriage going up.

However, married people have live healthier lives and have better health, including immune system psychology and fewer risk factors. Divorced men suffer greater detrimental health effects than divorced women.

55
Q

Senescense

A

Deterioration of bodily functions that occurs with age.

56
Q

Types of elder abuse

A 
Psychological
Financial
Physical
Neglect
Sexual
57
Q

Kubler Ross stages of dying

A 
Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance
58
Q

Teratogens

A

Any agent that can cause birth defects. Tobacco, alcohol, drugs, environmental hazards. Dose, timing, and and genetic susceptibility play a role in the severity of the defect.

59
Q

Stages of motor development

A

Milestones about every 2 months. So are stages continuous or discontinuous?

Lifting head, lifting chest, rolling, sitting, support some weight, standing with support, walking.

60
Q

Erikson stage 1 trust vs mistrust

A

Develops trust if needs are met, mistrust if not. 0-1 year.

61
Q

Erikson stage 2 autonomy vs shame

A

Child wishes to do things on their own. Conflict with parents causes shame. 2-3

62
Q

Erikson stage 3 initiative vs guilt

A

Child wishes to build social relationships. Family conflict creates guilt and self-esteem issues. 3-6

63
Q

Erikson stage 4 industry vs inferiority

A

Child practices socializing outside of family. Failure to socialize well creates inferiority. 6-12

64
Q

Erikson stage 5 Identity vs Role confusion

A

Adolescents search for who they are. Involves a lot of experimentation as they prepare for the world.

65
Q

Erikson stage 6 Intimacy vs Isolation

A

People seek loving relationships and social connections. Failure will result in fear of commitment. Early adulthood

66
Q

Erikson stage 7 Generatively vs self absorption

A

People attempt to produce something that makes a difference to society. Inactivity and meaninglessness are common fears during this stage.

67
Q

Erikson stage 8 Integrity vs despair

A

Later in life people look back at their life and assess their accomplishments. Seek general life fulfillment. Failure to find satisfaction will bring irritability and depression.

68
Q

Secure attachment

A

Children are happy to see parents, able to separate from parents, seek comfort when scared. They become social, expressive, confident, and trusting.

69
Q

Ambivalent attachment

A

Wary of strangers, unable to separate from parents, not easily comforted upon return. They become weary to for relations, doubtful of love, distraught when a relationship ends.

70
Q

Avoidant attachment

A

May avoid parents, does not seek their comfort, shows little preference for parents. They develop intimacy problems, don’t invest in social relationships, unwilling to share thought.

71
Q

Temperament types

A

Easy and flexible, Difficult and feisty, slow to warm and cautions, combination.

72
Q

Post-Partum depression

A

Lack of interest, pleasure. Disturbances in appetite, sleep, mood, concentration, esteem. Effects 13% of mothers.

73
Q

Children concepts of illness:

A

-Incomprehension: 0-2 years
-Phenomenism: 3-5. Dragons make people sick.
-Contagion: 5-7. Magical spread of sickness when nearby people.
Contamination: 8-9. Eating dirt, cold touching you.
Internalization: 9-11. The illness is inside the body but don’t know how or why.

Human Behavior (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions