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Hazards > Hazards BK 4 - Seismic Hazards > Flashcards

Hazards BK 4 - Seismic Hazards Flashcards

1
Q

what are 3 types of seismic hazards

A

earthquakes , tsunamis and aftershocks

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2
Q

what are 2 primary impacts of a seismic hazard

A

shaking of the ground
deformation

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3
Q

what is deformation

A

changing of the earths surface due to a seismic hazard

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4
Q

what are some secondary impacts of seismic hazards

A

mass movement
flooding
death/injury
evacuation
homelessness
fires
liquefaction

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5
Q

what is the definition of focus

A

the point where the pressure released from an earthquake occurs in the crust, where shockwaves radiate from

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6
Q

what is the definition of epicentre

A

the point immediately above the focus

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7
Q

which focus earthquake causes the most damage

A

shallow focus

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8
Q

what are the two main types of wave

A

body and surface

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9
Q

what are body waves

A

they transmit much of their energy deep underground

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10
Q

what are surface waves

A

waves that vibrate through the earths crust creating destructive surface waves

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11
Q

what are the two types of body waves

A

P waves and S waves

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12
Q

what are some factors of P waves

A

fast moving
cause rock to expand and contract
travel through liquids and solids, so can pass through the centre of the earth
cause little destruction

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13
Q

what are some factors of s waves

A

slower moving and can’t pass through liquid
exert force up and down
these waves can be destructive

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14
Q

what are the two types of surface waves

A

love waves
rayleigh waves

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15
Q

what are some factors of love waves

A

they cause the ground to shake from side to side
cause a lot of damage and destruction

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16
Q

what are some factors of rayleigh waves

A

very destructive
ground moves forwards and backwards and up and down too

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17
Q

how fast do P and S waves tend to travel

A

P= 6km per minute
S= 3km per minute

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18
Q

do the british isles still get earthquakes?

A

yes but they’re very small so mostly aren’t felt by anybody

19
Q

what 3 ways are earthquakes measured

A

the richter scale
the moment magnitude scale
the mercalli scale

20
Q

why are some scientists concerned about the richter scale

A

it was not developed to allow for accurate measurements of deeper focus quakes but it has been adapted.

21
Q

what scale is now used by seismologists instead of the richter scale

A

the moment magnitude scale

22
Q

whats the moment magnitude scale mkre reliable in measuring

A

measuring larger scale earthquakes more accurately

23
Q

what scale does the richter scale measure to and from

A

1-9

24
Q

what is the mercalli scale based on

A

the intensity of an earthquake as measured by the damage that it causes, in terms of the visual observation of effects

25
Q

how many numbers does the mercalli scale go too

A

12

26
Q

what are some impacts of seismic hazards

A

fires
shockwaves
tsunamis
soil liquefaction
mass movement
damage to infrastructure

27
Q

what determines the severity of the ground shaking due to an earthquake

A

magnitude
depth
distance from epicentre
local geological conditions

28
Q

what’s the definition of ground rupture

A

the visible breaking and displacement of the earths surface, usually along a line or fault

29
Q

what two things does ground displacement involve

A

uplift and subsidence

30
Q

what is liquefaction

A

when soil is shaken violently and takes on the properly of a liquid

31
Q

what damage can liquefaction cause

A

infrastructure to collapse
uproot trees
damage to underground pipes

32
Q

why do fires tend to follow earthquakes in urban areas more than rural ones

A

more gas pipes and electrical systems in urban areas

33
Q

what is a tsunami

A

a giant sea wave generated by shallow focus underwater earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and large landslides into the sea

34
Q

what are some factors of tsunamis

A

long wavelength
low wave height
height increases nearer the shore

35
Q

what is the first warning of a tsunami

A

reduction in sea level at the shoreline

36
Q

what are 8 techniques that can be used to manage seismic hazards

A

1)hazard resistant structures
2)education
3)fire preventation
4)emergency services
5)land use planning
6)insurance
7)aid
8)Building preparedness

37
Q

how do hazard resistant structures work

A

1)large concrete weight ontop of building so it moves in opposite direction
2)large rubber shock absorbers in foundations
3)cross bracing to structure to hold it together when it shakes

38
Q

how does education of seismic hazards work

A

authorities tend to give out instructions about how to prepare for these hazards , earthquake evacuation at school etc

39
Q

how does fire preventation management work

A

smart meters that have been made will be cut off in event of a high magnitude earthquake

40
Q

how does emergency services work in terms of the management of a seismic event

A

heavy lifting gear always available
first aid trained people

41
Q

how does land use planning work in terms of managing a seismic event

A

help understand which areas are most and least at risk
areas can be grouped

42
Q

how does insurance work in terms of managing a seismic hazard

A

more affluent areas see rich take out and invest in insurance to cover their losses
very expensive

43
Q

how does aid work in terms of managing a seismic event

A

poorer countries tend to receive more aid e.g. medical support, tents etc

44
Q

how does building preparedness work in terms of managing a seismic event

A

buildings and homes made using light walls, straw, bamboo to reinforce walls
better than having light roofs which can easily fall or collapse

Hazards (13 decks)

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