Hazards Flashcards
1
Q
Where is Nyiragongo?
A
Congo
2
Q
On what boundary is Nyiragongo on?
A
East African Rift Valley - hot spot
3
Q
What type of volcano is Nyiragongo?
A
Basaltic shield volcano
4
Q
When did the volcano erupt?
A
2002
5
Q
What happened in Congo in 2002?
A
A 13km fissure opened and lava flowed towards the city Goma
6
Q
What hazards occurred at Nyiragongo?
A
Lava flows, ash fallout, gases, acid rain
7
Q
How quickly did the lava at Nyiragongo flow?
A
97kmh
8
Q
How many people were killed by Nyiragongo?
A
100
9
Q
How many houses were destroyed by Nyiragongo?
A
20%
10
Q
What were the secondary impacts of the Nyiragongo eruption?
A
120,000 homeless, cholera spread by refugees in Rwanda, lake polluted, looting of houses
11
Q
What is the GDP of Congo?
A
$456 per capita
12
Q
Why do people continue to live near the volcano?
A
Benefits of fertile soil, fatalistic views
13
Q
Was there any mitigation to Nyiragongo?
A
No preparation - people only told to evacuate 5 minutes before, international aid provided
14
Q
What was the short term response to Nyiragongo?
A
5 minute evacuation, emergency aid supplied by Oxfam and Christian Aid
15
Q
What was created following the Nyiragongo eruption?
A
Goma volcanic observatory
16
Q
How were local people helped in the long term after Nyiragongo?
A
Training of local scientists, education to 70,000 children about the risks
17
Q
When was the Japanese earthquake?
A
2011
18
Q
Where is Tohoku?
A
Japan
19
Q
What plate boundary did the Japanese earthquake occur on?
A
The North American and Pacific plates
20
Q
How tall was the tsunami?
A
10m high
21
Q
How high was the sea wall protecting Sendai?
A
10m high
22
Q
How was Japan prepared for the earthquake?
A
Evacuation routes and warning systems, sea wall
23
Q
When did evacuation occur during the Tohoku earthquake?
A
Only minutes before as the wave arrived quicker than expected
24
Q
What is the GDP of Japan?
A
Just under $40,000 per capita
25
What were the secondary hazards of the Tohoku earthquake?
Tsunami, 700 aftershocks, fires
26
What was the cost of damage of the Japanese earthquake?
$300 billion
27
What happened at the Fukushima power plant?
It was flooded by the tsunami causing radiation leaks
28
How many people were left homeless after then Japanese earthquake?
500,000
29
How many died/missing after the Japanese earthquake?
Nearly 20,000
30
How much land did the tsunami flood?
500km2
31
How many soldiers were sent out to organise aid and rescue after the earthquake in Japan?
100,000
32
Where did Japan receive emergency aid from?
USA and China
33
How was the warning system changed following the earthquake in Japan?
A new tsunami warning system was set up
34
How come rebuilding after the tsunami was so rapid?
The government relaxed planning regulations
35
What was used whilst the Fukushima plant was inactive?
Fossil fuels
36
Why does Australia have bushfires frequently?
The Indian Ocean Dipole causing droughts (stuck in positive high pressure phase)
37
What happened in 2002 in Australia?
The Dipole got stuck in the positive phase and temperatures reached 43 degrees C
38
What else contributed to the wildfires (not temp)?
Low humidity, hot winds of 78mph, lots of oil-rich dry vegetation
39
What triggered the first wildfire?
A power line broke
40
How many wildfires were created over the month?
25
41
What hazards were experienced during the wildfires?
Fire, smoke, drought (10 years long)
42
How many people were killed by the Australian wildfires?
173
43
How many houses were destroyed by wildfires?
2000
44
How many businesses were destroyed by wildfires?
More than 60
45
What was the total cost of damage of the wildfires?
$4 billion
46
How much land was burned by the wildfires?
4300km2
47
Why was Australia vulnerable to wildfires?
Few controlled burnings meant the build up of vegetation (eucalyptus)
48
What is the Smokey the Bear campaign?
A public awareness campaign used to promote safety in fires
49
How did the Australian Bureau of Meteorology help during the wildfires?
Predicted spread of fires to warn people to evacuate
50
How many firefighters/volunteers responded to the wildfires?
More than 20,000
51
How much was donated to help rebuild house after the wildfires?
$400 million - they were made fire resistant
52
What was the long term strategies to prevent future wildfires?
Fire shelters built, improved warning and evacuation strategies, more controlled burnings
53
How many people died due to Hurricane Katrina in Louisiana?
Nearly 1500
54
In how many places were the levees breached in New Orleans?
Over 50
55
How much of New Orleans was left underwater?
80%
56
What was the cost of damage of Hurricane Katrina?
$150 billion
57
How many people were left homeless after Hurricane Katrina?
1 million
58
How much of New Orleans is below sea level?
80%
59
How fast did winds of Hurricane Katrina get up to?
175mph
60
How high did the storm surge of Katrina peak at?
8.5m
61
How prepared were people for Hurricane Katrina?
Evacuations drilled, government set up shelters, little warning before
62
How much of New Orleans evacuated?
80%
63
How many shelters were set up along the New Orleans coastline?
Over 50
64
How much was given as aid after Katrina?
$10.5 billion
65
How long did it take to rebuild the levees after Katrina?
Only a year
66
How was Katrina managed in the long term?
Floodgates built, charities ran preparedness programmes
67
How much did the 30 year plan to protect the New Orleans coast cost?
$14 billion
68
When did Hurricane Katrina strike land?
2005
69
What was Hurricane Katrina on the saffir-simpson scale?
Category 5 storm
70
When was Typhoon Haiyan?
2013
71
What was Typhoon Haiyan on the Saffir-Simpson scale?
Category 5 storm
72
Why was the Philippines so vulnerable?
No prevention/mitigation/preparedness. Only warnings were just before
73
What is the GDP per capita of the Philippines?
Just under $3000
74
What speeds did the winds of Typhoon Haiyan reach?
196mph
75
How high was the Typhoon Haiyan storm surge?
7.5m
76
How many people died because of Typhoon Haiyan?
Over 6000
77
How many buildings were destroyed in Tacloban City in the Philippines?
90%
78
What was the cost of damage of Typhoon Haiyan?
Over $8 billion
79
How many were made homeless in Tacloban city in the Philippines?
5 million
80
How many boats were destroyed by Typhoon Haiyan?
30,000
81
Why was aid distributed so badly after Typhoon Haiyan?
It was unorganised and difficult due to ruined infrastructure
82
What % of those who needed aid received it after Typhoon Haiyan?
20%
83
How much was given as aid to the Philippines after Typhoon Haiyan?
$500 million
84
What was the name of schemes set up to rebuild Tacloban City in the Philippines?
“Cash for work”
85
How was soft engineering used after to mitigate after Typhoon Haiyan?
Creation of mangrove plantations
86
How has the government helped those living in coastal regions in the Philippines?
Construction of over 200,000 homes as part of the scheme “build back better”
87
What % of the mangrove growing target has been achieved by the Philippines so far?
Only 1%
88
Why is the Philippines physically a vulnerable area?
- made of 7000 islands, not high above sea level
- on multiple plate boundaries including Ring of Fire
- located in Typhoon belt
89
Why is the Philippines a socially vulnerable area?
- high population density with 60% in coastal regions
- rapid unstable urbanisation
- low GDP per capita
90
Why do earthquakes occur in the Philippines?
The Philippine plate is subducting under the Eurasian plate
91
An example of an earthquake in the Philippine?
Luzon earthquake, 1990
Magnitude 7.8, killing 1600 and destroying 20,000km2 of land due to liquefaction/ground ruptures
92
How are earthquakes managed in the Philippines?
+ international aid given and the National Red Cross educate people
- little mitigation causes dependence on aid and mean they cannot cope long term
93
Why do typhoons occur in the Philippines?
It is within 5-20 degrees from the equator in the Typhoon belt
94
An example of a Typhoon in the Philippines?
Typhoon Haiyan, 2013
95
How are typhoons being managed in the Philippines?
+ improvements to forecasting and evacuations
- little effort on mitigation but recently have built sea defences
96
Why is the Philippines subject to frequent eruptions?
The islands contain 23 active volcanoes
97
An example of a volcanic eruption in the Philippines?
Taal - has erupted 33 times and is one of the most active sites
Responsible for 5-6000 deaths
98
How are volcanoes being managed in the Philippines?
+ improved warnings
+ education
+ hazard mapping
99
Why is the Philippines susceptible to landslides?
Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and typhoons can all trigger them
100
An example of a landslide in the Philippines?
Southern Leyte landslide, 2006
Heavy rainfall weakened rock, killing over 1100 people
101
How are landslides being managed in the Philippines?
+ Red Cross distribute aid received
- Disaster rescue teams struggle due to blocked roads, flooding and aftershocks
