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Geography Case Studies > Hazards > Flashcards

Hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is Nyiragongo?

A

Congo

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2
Q

On what boundary is Nyiragongo on?

A

East African Rift Valley - hot spot

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3
Q

What type of volcano is Nyiragongo?

A

Basaltic shield volcano

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4
Q

When did the volcano erupt?

A

2002

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5
Q

What happened in Congo in 2002?

A

A 13km fissure opened and lava flowed towards the city Goma

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6
Q

What hazards occurred at Nyiragongo?

A

Lava flows, ash fallout, gases, acid rain

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7
Q

How quickly did the lava at Nyiragongo flow?

A

97kmh

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8
Q

How many people were killed by Nyiragongo?

A

100

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9
Q

How many houses were destroyed by Nyiragongo?

A

20%

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10
Q

What were the secondary impacts of the Nyiragongo eruption?

A

120,000 homeless, cholera spread by refugees in Rwanda, lake polluted, looting of houses

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11
Q

What is the GDP of Congo?

A

$456 per capita

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12
Q

Why do people continue to live near the volcano?

A

Benefits of fertile soil, fatalistic views

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13
Q

Was there any mitigation to Nyiragongo?

A

No preparation - people only told to evacuate 5 minutes before, international aid provided

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14
Q

What was the short term response to Nyiragongo?

A

5 minute evacuation, emergency aid supplied by Oxfam and Christian Aid

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15
Q

What was created following the Nyiragongo eruption?

A

Goma volcanic observatory

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16
Q

How were local people helped in the long term after Nyiragongo?

A

Training of local scientists, education to 70,000 children about the risks

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17
Q

When was the Japanese earthquake?

A

2011

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18
Q

Where is Tohoku?

A

Japan

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19
Q

What plate boundary did the Japanese earthquake occur on?

A

The North American and Pacific plates

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20
Q

How tall was the tsunami?

A

10m high

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21
Q

How high was the sea wall protecting Sendai?

A

10m high

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22
Q

How was Japan prepared for the earthquake?

A

Evacuation routes and warning systems, sea wall

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23
Q

When did evacuation occur during the Tohoku earthquake?

A

Only minutes before as the wave arrived quicker than expected

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24
Q

What is the GDP of Japan?

A

Just under $40,000 per capita

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25
Q

What were the secondary hazards of the Tohoku earthquake?

A

Tsunami, 700 aftershocks, fires

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26
Q

What was the cost of damage of the Japanese earthquake?

A

$300 billion

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27
Q

What happened at the Fukushima power plant?

A

It was flooded by the tsunami causing radiation leaks

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28
Q

How many people were left homeless after then Japanese earthquake?

A

500,000

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29
Q

How many died/missing after the Japanese earthquake?

A

Nearly 20,000

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30
Q

How much land did the tsunami flood?

A

500km2

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31
Q

How many soldiers were sent out to organise aid and rescue after the earthquake in Japan?

A

100,000

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32
Q

Where did Japan receive emergency aid from?

A

USA and China

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33
Q

How was the warning system changed following the earthquake in Japan?

A

A new tsunami warning system was set up

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34
Q

How come rebuilding after the tsunami was so rapid?

A

The government relaxed planning regulations

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35
Q

What was used whilst the Fukushima plant was inactive?

A

Fossil fuels

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36
Q

Why does Australia have bushfires frequently?

A

The Indian Ocean Dipole causing droughts (stuck in positive high pressure phase)

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37
Q

What happened in 2002 in Australia?

A

The Dipole got stuck in the positive phase and temperatures reached 43 degrees C

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38
Q

What else contributed to the wildfires (not temp)?

A

Low humidity, hot winds of 78mph, lots of oil-rich dry vegetation

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39
Q

What triggered the first wildfire?

A

A power line broke

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40
Q

How many wildfires were created over the month?

A

25

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41
Q

What hazards were experienced during the wildfires?

A

Fire, smoke, drought (10 years long)

42
Q

How many people were killed by the Australian wildfires?

A

173

43
Q

How many houses were destroyed by wildfires?

A

2000

44
Q

How many businesses were destroyed by wildfires?

A

More than 60

45
Q

What was the total cost of damage of the wildfires?

A

$4 billion

46
Q

How much land was burned by the wildfires?

A

4300km2

47
Q

Why was Australia vulnerable to wildfires?

A

Few controlled burnings meant the build up of vegetation (eucalyptus)

48
Q

What is the Smokey the Bear campaign?

A

A public awareness campaign used to promote safety in fires

49
Q

How did the Australian Bureau of Meteorology help during the wildfires?

A

Predicted spread of fires to warn people to evacuate

50
Q

How many firefighters/volunteers responded to the wildfires?

A

More than 20,000

51
Q

How much was donated to help rebuild house after the wildfires?

A

$400 million - they were made fire resistant

52
Q

What was the long term strategies to prevent future wildfires?

A

Fire shelters built, improved warning and evacuation strategies, more controlled burnings

53
Q

How many people died due to Hurricane Katrina in Louisiana?

A

Nearly 1500

54
Q

In how many places were the levees breached in New Orleans?

A

Over 50

55
Q

How much of New Orleans was left underwater?

A

80%

56
Q

What was the cost of damage of Hurricane Katrina?

A

$150 billion

57
Q

How many people were left homeless after Hurricane Katrina?

A

1 million

58
Q

How much of New Orleans is below sea level?

A

80%

59
Q

How fast did winds of Hurricane Katrina get up to?

A

175mph

60
Q

How high did the storm surge of Katrina peak at?

A

8.5m

61
Q

How prepared were people for Hurricane Katrina?

A

Evacuations drilled, government set up shelters, little warning before

62
Q

How much of New Orleans evacuated?

A

80%

63
Q

How many shelters were set up along the New Orleans coastline?

A

Over 50

64
Q

How much was given as aid after Katrina?

A

$10.5 billion

65
Q

How long did it take to rebuild the levees after Katrina?

A

Only a year

66
Q

How was Katrina managed in the long term?

A

Floodgates built, charities ran preparedness programmes

67
Q

How much did the 30 year plan to protect the New Orleans coast cost?

A

$14 billion

68
Q

When did Hurricane Katrina strike land?

A

2005

69
Q

What was Hurricane Katrina on the saffir-simpson scale?

A

Category 5 storm

70
Q

When was Typhoon Haiyan?

A

2013

71
Q

What was Typhoon Haiyan on the Saffir-Simpson scale?

A

Category 5 storm

72
Q

Why was the Philippines so vulnerable?

A

No prevention/mitigation/preparedness. Only warnings were just before

73
Q

What is the GDP per capita of the Philippines?

A

Just under $3000

74
Q

What speeds did the winds of Typhoon Haiyan reach?

A

196mph

75
Q

How high was the Typhoon Haiyan storm surge?

A

7.5m

76
Q

How many people died because of Typhoon Haiyan?

A

Over 6000

77
Q

How many buildings were destroyed in Tacloban City in the Philippines?

A

90%

78
Q

What was the cost of damage of Typhoon Haiyan?

A

Over $8 billion

79
Q

How many were made homeless in Tacloban city in the Philippines?

A

5 million

80
Q

How many boats were destroyed by Typhoon Haiyan?

A

30,000

81
Q

Why was aid distributed so badly after Typhoon Haiyan?

A

It was unorganised and difficult due to ruined infrastructure

82
Q

What % of those who needed aid received it after Typhoon Haiyan?

A

20%

83
Q

How much was given as aid to the Philippines after Typhoon Haiyan?

A

$500 million

84
Q

What was the name of schemes set up to rebuild Tacloban City in the Philippines?

A

“Cash for work”

85
Q

How was soft engineering used after to mitigate after Typhoon Haiyan?

A

Creation of mangrove plantations

86
Q

How has the government helped those living in coastal regions in the Philippines?

A

Construction of over 200,000 homes as part of the scheme “build back better”

87
Q

What % of the mangrove growing target has been achieved by the Philippines so far?

A

Only 1%

88
Q

Why is the Philippines physically a vulnerable area?

A
  • made of 7000 islands, not high above sea level
  • on multiple plate boundaries including Ring of Fire
  • located in Typhoon belt
89
Q

Why is the Philippines a socially vulnerable area?

A
  • high population density with 60% in coastal regions
  • rapid unstable urbanisation
  • low GDP per capita
90
Q

Why do earthquakes occur in the Philippines?

A

The Philippine plate is subducting under the Eurasian plate

91
Q

An example of an earthquake in the Philippine?

A

Luzon earthquake, 1990

Magnitude 7.8, killing 1600 and destroying 20,000km2 of land due to liquefaction/ground ruptures

92
Q

How are earthquakes managed in the Philippines?

A

+ international aid given and the National Red Cross educate people

  • little mitigation causes dependence on aid and mean they cannot cope long term
93
Q

Why do typhoons occur in the Philippines?

A

It is within 5-20 degrees from the equator in the Typhoon belt

94
Q

An example of a Typhoon in the Philippines?

A

Typhoon Haiyan, 2013

95
Q

How are typhoons being managed in the Philippines?

A

+ improvements to forecasting and evacuations

  • little effort on mitigation but recently have built sea defences
96
Q

Why is the Philippines subject to frequent eruptions?

A

The islands contain 23 active volcanoes

97
Q

An example of a volcanic eruption in the Philippines?

A

Taal - has erupted 33 times and is one of the most active sites

Responsible for 5-6000 deaths

98
Q

How are volcanoes being managed in the Philippines?

A

+ improved warnings
+ education
+ hazard mapping

99
Q

Why is the Philippines susceptible to landslides?

A

Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and typhoons can all trigger them

100
Q

An example of a landslide in the Philippines?

A

Southern Leyte landslide, 2006

Heavy rainfall weakened rock, killing over 1100 people

101
Q

How are landslides being managed in the Philippines?

A

+ Red Cross distribute aid received

  • Disaster rescue teams struggle due to blocked roads, flooding and aftershocks

Geography Case Studies (4 decks)

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