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A Level geog > Hazards > Flashcards

Hazards Flashcards

1
Q

Where did Alberta wildfire occur

A

Started May 2016, swept across the Alberta province and then moved to Fort Mc Murray

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2
Q

How many people evacuated in Alberta Wildfire?

A

90,000 residents

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3
Q

3 Social impacts of the Alberta wildfire

A
  1. 2400 homes and buildings burnt down in Fort Mc Murray - about 15% of all structures
  2. Power supplies disrupted
  3. 90,000 residents evacuated
  4. Water supplies contaminated as untreated water has to be brought into the municipal water supply to help firefighters
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4
Q

Political impacts of Alberta Wildfire

A
  1. Debates have occurred about the impact of climate change and the vulnerability of Alberta in the future
  2. The evacuation process has to be overseen by gov officials who had to coordinate with emergency services to implement the evacuation
  3. Gov had to coordinate reconstruction
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5
Q

Environmental impacts of Alberta Wildfire

A
  1. Several millions tonnes of CO2 released into the atmosphere
  2. Waste and debris had to be disposed of after the fire, a lot of which was toxic
  3. Air pollution occurred as far away as the USA due to toxins being released (e.g mercury) from burning trees and buildings
  4. Heavy rain caused ash to be washed into water courses leading to water pollution and possible contamination of aquatic wildlife
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6
Q

What were 3 economic impacts of Alberta Wildfire?

A
  1. Transport badly affected - nearby international airport
  2. At least 9 major oil companies suspended work
  3. Estimated cost to oil industry at CAN $1bn
  4. Initial insurance estimates suggested CAN $9bn of damage to Fort McMurray
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7
Q

Causes of Alberta Wildfire

A
  1. Fort McMurray only had about 60% of its average precipitation Jan-April 2016
  2. Vegetation was therefore drier than usual
  3. El Niño effect - warmer conditions in Canada than usual so temperatures much above average Jan-March
  4. Ridge of high pressure across western Canada led to May starting out very warm
  5. Average high temperatures in May around 62.4 degrees - hottest day reached 91 degrees (May 3rd)
  6. Low humidity and gusty winds were in place - moisture removed from vegetation
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8
Q

Responses to Alberta Wildfire

A

Not many long term responses bc it only happened recently

  1. 100 firefighters and 19 supervisory staff sent when Alberta requested assistance from Government of Ontario
  2. Alberta gov provided $1250 per adult and $500 per dependant to cover living expenses for those who evacuated
  3. May 4th the provincial gov committed to match donations made to Canadian Red Cross and donate an extra $2 million as seed money and federal government pledged matching all donations the next day - may 9th and $54 million had been donated not including gov contributions
  4. June 2016 gov of Alberta partnered with Adventist Development and Relief Agency of Canada (ADRA Canada) in opening Alberta Wildfire Donation Centre - ADRA Canada managed all material donations for Fort McMurray to prepare and ship them to distribution centres for residents to access - ended Nov 30th
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9
Q

Future prevention of Wildfires

A

FireSmart brochure released 1999 - info on how to reduce risk of wildfires

Alberta provincial department of Sustainable Resource Development (SRD) responsible for health, protection, management and development of Albertas forests, wildlife and public lands. SRD has FireSmart unit in Edmonton, Alberta and forest prevention officers are in regions who are in charge of Wildfire mitigation for their region

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10
Q

3 primary impacts of the Eyjafjallajokull and when it happened

A

Occurred 2010 in Iceland

  1. 500 families has to be evacuated from around the volcano
  2. Fresh food imports stopped
  3. People downwind has to wear goggles and face masks bc of ash
  4. Ash contaminated water supply so livestock affected
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11
Q

3 secondary impacts of the Eyjafjallajokull eruption

A
  1. 107,000 flights cancelled, 10m passengers affected over 8 day period
  2. GCSE time and students and teachers stranded in other countries
  3. £130 million per day cost to airlines and associates businesses
  4. Has emitted - risks to soils and water courses and livestock
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12
Q

Short term responses of Eyjafjallajokull eruption

A
  1. Icelandic government ground all air traffic within 2 hours of eruption
  2. Icelandic Red Cross set up service centres to help with info on insurance, health advice and psychological support
  3. 1500 emergency beds set up by Netherlands Red Cross in Schiphol airport as flights had been cancelled
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13
Q

Long term responses of Eyjafjallajokull

A
  1. New warning system - sends texts to people near volcano
  2. More research to see how much ash planes can fly through
  3. Scientists paid £6million by EU court to review aircraft
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14
Q

Nepal earthquake when where and how strong

A

Nepal
April 2015
7.9 Richter scale

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15
Q

Effects of Nepal earthquake

A
  1. 8000 died
  2. 18 climbers ana Sherpas buries by avalanches and rockfalls
  3. Aftershocks up to 6.9 on Richter scale - people sleeping out in open
  4. Initial suggestions country put back 100 Years
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16
Q

Short term responses Nepal

A
  1. Oxfam put up 11000 litre water tank
  2. Christian aid have our 10,000 hygiene kits for 50,000 people
  3. Nepalese government requested help - US, UK, Pakistan, India, Germany sent help
  4. Temporary schools set up using UN education in a box
17
Q

Long term responses of Nepal earthquake

A
  1. UN and Nepali governments - stricter buildings rules - less future damage
  2. British officials visited - money spent on improving first aid training and skills of first respondents
  3. Geohqzards International - started project to improving management of earthquakes and raise awareness of risks - in Kathmandu
  4. $200m pledges by asian bank to help reconstruction and rehabilitation
18
Q

Typhoon haiyan background

A

Struck Philippines November 2013

19
Q

Impacts of typhoon haiyan

A
  1. 7500 died
  2. 9 million affected
  3. Less affected areas more than doubled in population - refugees
  4. Philippines declare state or national calamity
  5. Major rice ana sugar producing areas destroyed
  6. Coconut plantations flattened
20
Q

Short term responses typhoon haiyan

A
  1. 4 million food assistance from OCHA
  2. 500,000 houses got basic emergency shelter materials
  3. $23 million in grants by other countries e.g Japan
  4. 140,000 got temporary learning sites (OCHA)
21
Q

Long term responses typhoon haiyan

A
  1. 6 health cluster hubs established
  2. 97,000 children screened for malnutrition
  3. 44,000 families given seeds and 80,000 fertiliser
  4. $500 LOAN by asian development bank
22
Q

Hurricane sandy background

A

Hit Caribbean first October 2012

23
Q

Impacts of hurricane sandy

A
  1. 147 death total
  2. 1 million without power in New Jersey
  3. $63 billion worth of damage in USA
  4. 6-7 m storm surge
  5. 70-80% crops washed away in Haiti in affected areas
24
Q

Short term responses Hurricane sandy

A
  1. Direct relief gave emergency deliveries of medicine and supplies to 35 health centres in America - cost $2.2 million
  2. $60 billion total emergency spending by US gov
  3. 12,000 people helped in Haiti by CARE charity - relief supplies e.g water
25
Q

Long term responses hurricane sandy

A
  1. 70 recovery centres and 31 business centres set up in America - access to help for those who need and help businesses start again
  2. CARE extended food program in Grand Arise for 8 months - food for 12,000 families
  3. $17 million to Haiti gov by USAID for recovery
  • more long term in Haiti - America has a lot more money
26
Q

Philippines nature of hazards

A

8th most exposed country to natural hazards
Over 15 has had most deadliest storm, strongest typhoon, most destructive typhoon
Risk of all hazards - on plate

27
Q

Philippines warning system (multi hazards)

A

Project called REaDY-

  • establishes community warning system and hazard maps
  • been given grant of $1.9 million
  • covers 19 provinces

Another project in Philippines evaluates earthquakes hazards to give info on elements at risk in community (REDAS)

5 regional centres in country provide accurate weather system predictions

28
Q

Philippines NDCC

A

National Disaster coordinating Council - created to coordinates Disaster Risk Management (DRM)

  • DRM divides into categories - response, rehabilitation, mitigation, preparedness

Advise president on disaster preparedness programmes and operations

29
Q

Local government role in Philippines multi hazards

A

Take lead in DRM through local disaster coordinating councils DCCs

DCCs protect community and aim to reduce damage

DCCs assumes role of 1st respondents in their area

Set aside portion of funds for disaster relief

30
Q

Preparedness and mitigation - Philippines multi hazards

A

International agencies with with local and national gov - monitor hazardous events

Public awareness campaigns on disaster risk

Department of education - working to get disaster risk strategies in curriculum

Published info on DRM - poor communities cant access

31
Q

Political characteristics of Caracus, Venezuela

A

Gov reasonably stable
High crime levels
Poor country
Lack of building enforcement - no strict controls

32
Q

Caracus background

A

Been destroyed 3 times in last 400 years
Lies on plate boundary - South American and Caribbean
Very densely populated s

33
Q

Economic characteristics of Caracus

A

Quite poor country - gov has limited funds
Few earthquake proof buildings due to cost
7th most urbanised country in world - very dense

34
Q

Social characteristics of Caracus

A

Crime levels high
Houses built in unsafe areas - people at risk
Population at 5m in Caracus
Informal settlements on valley floor where shaking is worse

35
Q

Gov responses to reduce damage of hazards

A

Lack of funds - limited response
Risk zoning done (cheap)
Gov funds some organisation - Venezualean Foundation for Seismological Research - assess risks to different parts of the city
‘No build’ zones in city in areas most at risk - effectiveness reduced as barrios are built illegally
Knowledge has improved at areas of risk from landslides - new construction can be built

36
Q

What should the gov do in Caracus

A

Multi- storey structures withstand earthquakes better - could replace single story ones
Orientation for the buildings and streets to be parallel to direction of debris flow - reduces damage

37
Q

Hazard management cycle

A
  1. Hazard event
  2. Response
  3. Recovery
  4. Mitigation
  5. Preparedness
38
Q

Alberta long-teen responses

A
  1. Not major long term bc didn’t happen that long ago
  2. 9000 families had rent support as houses has been destroyed
  3. Long-term monitoring of environmental impacts of the wildfire

A Level geog (6 decks)

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