HAZARDS Flashcards
- Explain the rehabilitation stage of the park model
In the park model once the immediate impacts are under control, the population begin to try and resolve long term problems such as homelessness by building shelter and providing temporary accommodation.
- Briefly outline the four stages of the Hazard Management Cycle
Mitigation: this aims to minimize the impact of future disasters
- Preparedness: this involves planning how to respond to the hazard e.g. warning systems or education.
- Response: this is the initial reaction and immediate relief.
- Recovery: this involved rebuilding the area and helping it return to its original state.
- Assess the extent to which people’s perceptions of Hazards Is likely to affect their responses to them
Peoples personal circumstances affect their perception of hazards, firstly the level of wealth can affect their response as richer people can afford to move to areas less prone to hazards or adapt their homes to lower their individual risk, however poorer people may have to accept their fate. Religion can also affect response as some people view hazards as an act of god to punish certain individuals and therefore trying to avoid them would be impossible and going against gods will, this a fatalistic response. Furthermore, the level of education possessed may help in choosing the right mitigation and response methods as they should have a better understanding of the risks. Finally, people who have experienced Hazards before will be more likely to mitigate, prepare and adapt to a hazard prone life as their perceived risk of future hazards increases. Traumatic past experiences can even cause individuals to move away from the area or purchase better quality housing. Due to these factors the level of response taken by different groups differ, some may try and prevent a hazard and reduce its magnitude although this isn’t possible for all hazards, some choose to insure their home in case of a hazard, while others Accept that the hazard cannot be avoided as it is naturally occurring despite predictions and mitigation methods. To prevent the variety of the perceived risk some governments may coordinate responses to manage the hazard more effectively and more equitably.
- disadvantages of the park model
The park model does not take into account the fact that some countries will never return to “normality” that existed prior to the disaster, for instance LICS will have fewer mitigation strategies implemented and less equipped emergency services to deal with the hazard. These countries cannot afford to rebuild houses and businesses. In Haiti in 2010 all the money donated was used to initially rescue and treat people rather than improving infrastructure making it then impossible to return to normality, again proving the weakness of the model.
5.Advantages of the park model
as it can help pinpoint the different kinds of response needed at particular points in time and allow the country to come up with a specific plan quickly. It can also provide hope for the country, with the optimistic view that a full recovery is possible. It also helps to provide a way to analyse the different types of response and which methods would be most appropriate, allowing the model to fit into any hazard scenario
- Name the two landforms that are created at constructive margins
constructive plates move apart to form earthquakes and volcanoes
- Ocean ridge e.g. the mid- Atlantic ridge
- Rift valleys e.g. The great African rift valley
- At what type of plate margin to fold mountains form?
destructive plate boundary
- Explain what happens when two continental plates meet
When two continental crusts on a destructive plate boundary move together neither is subducted so only earthquakes occur from the pressure that builds up. Fold mountains can also occur.
- What happens at conservative plate margins?
Two plates slide past each other, the two plates get locked together and pressure builds up, the plates then jerk past each other, releasing the energy as an Earthquake
- Briefly summarise where active volcanoes are found?
Volcanoes occur on both destructive and constructive plate boundaries, they occur around the pacific ring of fire and in hotspots above magma plumes.
- What is meant by pyroclastic flow?
A pyroclastic flow is a mixture of super-heated gas, ash and volcanic rock that flows down the sides of a volcano at very high speeds, they can cause widespread death and destruction.
- What is meant by a lava flow?
Lave flows down the side of the volcano, most flows are relatively slow so people have a chance to evacuate. However, lava flows destroy anything in their path, including buildings and vegetation.
- Describe the differences between short-term and long-term responses to a volcanic hazard
Short- term responses tend to occur immediately after the hazard begins or during the hazard, they include things like evacuating people are providing emergency food supplies. Long-term responses are designed to reduce the impacts of future eruptions by managing the risks, by preparedness, prevention and adaptation.
- What is meant by the predictability of a volcanic event?
The regularity in which a volcano erupts can help scientists predict when it might erupt, they can monitor any gases or bulge’s that occur which may suggest an eruption is imminent.
- Describe what the focus of an earthquake is?
The focus is the pint underground where the shockwaves came from, near the focus the waves are stronger and cause more damage.
- Name two seismic hazards caused by earthquakes?
tsunamis and landslides
- Give three possible environmental impacts of seismic hazards
- Power plants can be damaged causing leaks of chemicals and radioactive material that damages the environment
- Fires started by damaged gas and electricity lines can destroy ecosystems
- Tsunamis can flood freshwater ecosystems, killing plants and animals.
